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Duecker K, Doelling KB, Breska A, Coffey EBJ, Sivarao DV, Zoefel B. Challenges and Approaches in the Study of Neural Entrainment. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1234242024. [PMID: 39358026 PMCID: PMC11450538 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1234-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
When exposed to rhythmic stimulation, the human brain displays rhythmic activity across sensory modalities and regions. Given the ubiquity of this phenomenon, how sensory rhythms are transformed into neural rhythms remains surprisingly inconclusive. An influential model posits that endogenous oscillations entrain to external rhythms, thereby encoding environmental dynamics and shaping perception. However, research on neural entrainment faces multiple challenges, from ambiguous definitions to methodological difficulties when endogenous oscillations need to be identified and disentangled from other stimulus-related mechanisms that can lead to similar phase-locked responses. Yet, recent years have seen novel approaches to overcome these challenges, including computational modeling, insights from dynamical systems theory, sophisticated stimulus designs, and study of neuropsychological impairments. This review outlines key challenges in neural entrainment research, delineates state-of-the-art approaches, and integrates findings from human and animal neurophysiology to provide a broad perspective on the usefulness, validity, and constraints of oscillatory models in brain-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Duecker
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Keith B Doelling
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, AP-HP, Inserm, Fondation Pour l'Audition, Institut de l'Audition, IHU reConnect, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Assaf Breska
- Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Digavalli V Sivarao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Benedikt Zoefel
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), UMR 5549 CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse F-31052, France
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2
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Snell J. Flexible word position coding in reading: Roles for attention and memory. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-024-01623-7. [PMID: 39172204 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Readers may fail to notice the error in 'Do love you me?': this is the recently established transposed-word (TW) phenomenon. Word position coding is a novel cognitive construct, and researchers are presently debating the underlying mechanisms. Here I investigated roles for attention and memory. Participants (N = 54) made grammaticality judgements to four-word sequences that formed correct sentences ('The man can run', 'The dog was here'), TW sentences ('The can man run', 'The was dog here'), or ungrammatical control sentences ('The man dog run', 'The was can here'). Sequences were replaced by post-masks after 200 ms, and that post-mask was accompanied by a 50-ms retro-cue in the form of an 'X' presented at a critical location (where one could have locally inferred grammaticality; e.g., between the first and second word of 'The was dog here') or a non-critical location (e.g., between the third and fourth word of 'The was dog here'). TW sentences were harder to reject than control sentences - the classic TW effect - and crucially, this effect was modulated by cue validity, with valid cues attenuating TW effects compared to invalid cues. The present results suggest that focused attention aids the process of binding words to locations. Furthermore, as cues appeared after sentence offset, these results suggest that word position coding may take place in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Snell
- Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Porras MM, Campen CANKV, González-Rosa JJ, Sánchez-Fernández FL, Guzmán JIN. Eye tracking study in children to assess mental calculation and eye movements. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18901. [PMID: 39143324 PMCID: PMC11324728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Eye tracking technology is a high-potential tool for different mathematic cognition research areas. Moreover, there is a dire need for more studies that provide detailed information on the quality of registered eye data. This study aimed to illustrate the applicability of eye tracking in the examination of mathematical cognition, focusing specifically on primary school students completing a computerized mental arithmetic task. Results suggested that the eye tracking device effectively captured high-quality eye movement data when primary school children engaged in this specific task. Furthermore, significant negative correlations have been found between task performance and number of eye fixations. Finally, eye movements distinctions between "Areas of Interest" have been found, indicating different visual tracking associated with different components of arithmetic calculations. This study underscores the extensive possibilities for future research employing eye tracking devices during computerized calculation tasks as assessment tools to explore the complex visual and cognitive processes.
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Trang KB, Pahl MC, Pippin JA, Su C, Littleton SH, Sharma P, Kulkarni NN, Ghanem LR, Terry NA, O’Brien JM, Wagley Y, Hankenson KD, Jermusyk A, Hoskins JW, Amundadottir LT, Xu M, Brown KM, Anderson SA, Yang W, Titchenell PM, Seale P, Cook L, Levings MK, Zemel BS, Chesi A, Wells AD, Grant SF. 3D genomic features across >50 diverse cell types reveal insights into the genomic architecture of childhood obesity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.08.30.23294092. [PMID: 37693606 PMCID: PMC10491377 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.23294092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, along with the associated common comorbidities of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in later life. Motivated by evidence for a strong genetic component, our prior genome-wide association study (GWAS) efforts for childhood obesity revealed 19 independent signals for the trait; however, the mechanism of action of these loci remains to be elucidated. To molecularly characterize these childhood obesity loci we sought to determine the underlying causal variants and the corresponding effector genes within diverse cellular contexts. Integrating childhood obesity GWAS summary statistics with our existing 3D genomic datasets for 57 human cell types, consisting of high-resolution promoter-focused Capture-C/Hi-C, ATAC-seq, and RNA-seq, we applied stratified LD score regression and calculated the proportion of genome-wide SNP heritability attributable to cell type-specific features, revealing pancreatic alpha cell enrichment as the most statistically significant. Subsequent chromatin contact-based fine-mapping was carried out for genome-wide significant childhood obesity loci and their linkage disequilibrium proxies to implicate effector genes, yielded the most abundant number of candidate variants and target genes at the BDNF , ADCY3 , TMEM18 and FTO loci in skeletal muscle myotubes and the pancreatic beta-cell line, EndoC-BH1. One novel implicated effector gene, ALKAL2 - an inflammation-responsive gene in nerve nociceptors - was observed at the key TMEM18 locus across multiple immune cell types. Interestingly, this observation was also supported through colocalization analysis using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) derived from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) dataset, supporting an inflammatory and neurologic component to the pathogenesis of childhood obesity. Our comprehensive appraisal of 3D genomic datasets generated in a myriad of different cell types provides genomic insights into pediatric obesity pathogenesis. KEY POINTS Question: What are the causal variants and corresponding effector genes conferring pediatric obesity susceptibility in different cellular contexts?Findings: Our method of assessing 3D genomic data across a range of cell types revealed heritability enrichment of childhood obesity variants, particularly within pancreatic alpha cells. The mapping of putative causal variants to cis-regulatory elements revealed candidate effector genes for cell types spanning metabolic, neural, and immune systems.Meaning: We gain a systemic view of childhood obesity genomics by leveraging 3D techniques that implicate regulatory regions harboring causal variants, providing insights into the disease pathogenesis across different cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh B. Trang
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew C. Pahl
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James A. Pippin
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chun Su
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheridan H. Littleton
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prabhat Sharma
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikhil N. Kulkarni
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Louis R. Ghanem
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natalie A. Terry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan M. O’Brien
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Penn Medicine Center for Ophthalmic Genetics in Complex Disease
| | - Yadav Wagley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kurt D. Hankenson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ashley Jermusyk
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason W. Hoskins
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laufey T. Amundadottir
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mai Xu
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stewart A. Anderson
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenli Yang
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M. Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Babette S. Zemel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alessandra Chesi
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew D. Wells
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Struan F.A. Grant
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Pan Y, Frisson S, Federmeier KD, Jensen O. Early parafoveal semantic integration in natural reading. eLife 2024; 12:RP91327. [PMID: 38968325 PMCID: PMC11226228 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans can read and comprehend text rapidly, implying that readers might process multiple words per fixation. However, the extent to which parafoveal words are previewed and integrated into the evolving sentence context remains disputed. We investigated parafoveal processing during natural reading by recording brain activity and eye movements using MEG and an eye tracker while participants silently read one-line sentences. The sentences contained an unpredictable target word that was either congruent or incongruent with the sentence context. To measure parafoveal processing, we flickered the target words at 60 Hz and measured the resulting brain responses (i.e. Rapid Invisible Frequency Tagging, RIFT) during fixations on the pre-target words. Our results revealed a significantly weaker tagging response for target words that were incongruent with the previous context compared to congruent ones, even within 100ms of fixating the word immediately preceding the target. This reduction in the RIFT response was also found to be predictive of individual reading speed. We conclude that semantic information is not only extracted from the parafovea but can also be integrated with the previous context before the word is fixated. This early and extensive parafoveal processing supports the rapid word processing required for natural reading. Our study suggests that theoretical frameworks of natural reading should incorporate the concept of deep parafoveal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Pan
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Steven Frisson
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Kara D Federmeier
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisChampaignUnited States
| | - Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
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6
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Melcher D, Alaberkyan A, Anastasaki C, Liu X, Deodato M, Marsicano G, Almeida D. An early effect of the parafoveal preview on post-saccadic processing of English words. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024:10.3758/s13414-024-02916-4. [PMID: 38956003 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A key aspect of efficient visual processing is to use current and previous information to make predictions about what we will see next. In natural viewing, and when looking at words, there is typically an indication of forthcoming visual information from extrafoveal areas of the visual field before we make an eye movement to an object or word of interest. This "preview effect" has been studied for many years in the word reading literature and, more recently, in object perception. Here, we integrated methods from word recognition and object perception to investigate the timing of the preview on neural measures of word recognition. Through a combined use of EEG and eye-tracking, a group of multilingual participants took part in a gaze-contingent, single-shot saccade experiment in which words appeared in their parafoveal visual field. In valid preview trials, the same word was presented during the preview and after the saccade, while in the invalid condition, the saccade target was a number string that turned into a word during the saccade. As hypothesized, the valid preview greatly reduced the fixation-related evoked response. Interestingly, multivariate decoding analyses revealed much earlier preview effects than previously reported for words, and individual decoding performance correlated with participant reading scores. These results demonstrate that a parafoveal preview can influence relatively early aspects of post-saccadic word processing and help to resolve some discrepancies between the word and object literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Melcher
- Psychology Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Brain and Health, NYUAD Research Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ani Alaberkyan
- Psychology Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chrysi Anastasaki
- Psychology Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Psychology Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Washington Rd, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Michele Deodato
- Psychology Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Brain and Health, NYUAD Research Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gianluca Marsicano
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40121, Bologna, Italy
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47023, Cesena, Italy
| | - Diogo Almeida
- Psychology Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Chota S, Bruat AT, Van der Stigchel S, Strauch C. Steady-state Visual Evoked Potentials Reveal Dynamic (Re)allocation of Spatial Attention during Maintenance and Utilization of Visual Working Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:800-814. [PMID: 38261370 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Visual working memory (VWM) allows storing goal-relevant information to guide future behavior. Prior work suggests that VWM is spatially organized and relies on spatial attention directed toward locations at which memory items were encoded, even if location is task-irrelevant. Importantly, attention often needs to be dynamically redistributed between locations, for example, in preparation for an upcoming probe. Very little is known about how attentional resources are distributed between multiple locations during a VWM task and even less about the dynamic changes governing such attentional shifts over time. This is largely due to the inability to use behavioral outcomes to reveal fast dynamic changes within trials. We here demonstrated that EEG steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) successfully track the dynamic allocation of spatial attention during a VWM task. Participants were presented with to-be-memorized gratings and distractors at two distinct locations, tagged with flickering discs. This allowed us to dynamically track attention allocated to memory and distractor items via their coupling with space by quantifying the amplitude and coherence of SSVEP responses in the EEG signal to flickering stimuli at the former memory and distractor locations. SSVEP responses did not differ between memory and distractor locations during early maintenance. However, shortly before probe comparison, we observed a decrease in SSVEP coherence over distractor locations indicative of a reallocation of spatial attentional resources. RTs were shorter when preceded by stronger decreases in SSVEP coherence at distractor locations, likely reflecting attentional shifts from the distractor to the probe or memory location. We demonstrate that SSVEPs can inform about dynamic processes in VWM, even if location does not have to be reported by participants. This finding not only supports the notion of a spatially organized VWM but also reveals that SSVEPs betray a dynamic prioritization process of working memory items and locations over time that is directly predictive of memory performance.
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Laurin AS, Ouerfelli-Ethier J, Pisella L, Khan AZ. Reduced spatial attentional distribution in older adults. J Vis 2024; 24:8. [PMID: 38591941 PMCID: PMC11008755 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Older adults show decline in visual search performance, but the underlying cause remains unclear. It has been suggested that older adults' altered performance may be related to reduced spatial attention to peripheral visual information compared with younger adults. In this study, 18 younger (M = 21.6 years) and 16 older (M = 69.1 years) participants performed pop-out and serial visual search tasks with variously sized gaze-contingent artificial central scotomas (3°, 5°, or 7° diameter). By occluding central vision, we measured how attention to the periphery was contributing to the search performance. We also tested the effect of target eccentricity on search times and eye movements. We hypothesized that, if attention is reduced primarily in the periphery in older adults, we would observe longer search times for more eccentric targets and with central occlusion. During the pop-out search, older adults showed a steeper decline in search performance with increasing eccentricity and central scotoma size compared with younger adults. In contrast, during the serial search, older adults had longer search times than younger adults overall, independent of target eccentricity and scotoma size. Longer search times were attributed to higher cost-per-item slopes, indicating increased difficulty in simultaneously processing complex symbols made up of separable features in aging, possibly stemming from challenges in spatially binding individual features. Altogether, our findings point to fewer attentional resources of simultaneous visual processing to distribute over space or separable features of objects, consistent with decreased dorsal visual stream functioning in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Ouerfelli-Ethier
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028, Bron, France
| | - Laure Pisella
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028, Bron, France
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Seijdel N, Schoffelen JM, Hagoort P, Drijvers L. Attention Drives Visual Processing and Audiovisual Integration During Multimodal Communication. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0870232023. [PMID: 38199864 PMCID: PMC10919203 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0870-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
During communication in real-life settings, our brain often needs to integrate auditory and visual information and at the same time actively focus on the relevant sources of information, while ignoring interference from irrelevant events. The interaction between integration and attention processes remains poorly understood. Here, we use rapid invisible frequency tagging and magnetoencephalography to investigate how attention affects auditory and visual information processing and integration, during multimodal communication. We presented human participants (male and female) with videos of an actress uttering action verbs (auditory; tagged at 58 Hz) accompanied by two movie clips of hand gestures on both sides of fixation (attended stimulus tagged at 65 Hz; unattended stimulus tagged at 63 Hz). Integration difficulty was manipulated by a lower-order auditory factor (clear/degraded speech) and a higher-order visual semantic factor (matching/mismatching gesture). We observed an enhanced neural response to the attended visual information during degraded speech compared to clear speech. For the unattended information, the neural response to mismatching gestures was enhanced compared to matching gestures. Furthermore, signal power at the intermodulation frequencies of the frequency tags, indexing nonlinear signal interactions, was enhanced in the left frontotemporal and frontal regions. Focusing on the left inferior frontal gyrus, this enhancement was specific for the attended information, for those trials that benefitted from integration with a matching gesture. Together, our results suggest that attention modulates audiovisual processing and interaction, depending on the congruence and quality of the sensory input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Seijdel
- Neurobiology of Language Department - The Communicative Brain, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 HT, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hagoort
- Neurobiology of Language Department - The Communicative Brain, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 HT, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Drijvers
- Neurobiology of Language Department - The Communicative Brain, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 HT, The Netherlands
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10
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Minarik T, Berger B, Jensen O. Optimal parameters for rapid (invisible) frequency tagging using MEG. Neuroimage 2023; 281:120389. [PMID: 37751812 PMCID: PMC10577447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequency tagging has been demonstrated to be a useful tool for identifying representational-specific neuronal activity in the auditory and visual domains. However, the slow flicker (<30 Hz) applied in conventional frequency tagging studies is highly visible and might entrain endogenous neuronal oscillations. Hence, stimulation at faster frequencies that is much less visible and does not interfere with endogenous brain oscillatory activity is a promising new tool. In this study, we set out to examine the optimal stimulation parameters of rapid frequency tagging (RFT/RIFT) with magnetoencephalography (MEG) by quantifying the effects of stimulation frequency, size and position of the flickering patch. Rapid frequency tagging using flickers above 50 Hz results in almost invisible stimulation which does not interfere with slower endogenous oscillations; however, the signal is weaker as compared to tagging at slower frequencies so certainty over the optimal parameters of stimulation delivery are crucial. The here presented results examining the frequency range between 60 Hz and 96 Hz suggest that RFT induces brain responses with decreasing strength up to about 84 Hz. In addition, even at the smallest flicker patch (2°) focally presented RFT induces a significant and measurable oscillatory brain signal (steady state visual evoked potential/field, SSVEP/F) at the stimulation frequency (66 Hz); however, the elicited response increases with patch size. While focal RFT presentation elicits the strongest response, off-centre presentations do generally mainly elicit a measureable response if presented below the horizontal midline. Importantly, the results also revealed considerable individual differences in the neuronal responses to RFT stimulation. Finally, we discuss the comparison of oscillatory measures (coherence and power) and sensor types (planar gradiometers and magnetometers) in order to achieve optimal outcomes. Based on our extensive findings we set forward concrete recommendations for using rapid frequency tagging in human cognitive neuroscience investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Minarik
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Barbara Berger
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
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11
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Yu R, Wu Y, Gu F. Parallel phonological processing of Chinese characters revealed by flankers tasks. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1239256. [PMID: 37868597 PMCID: PMC10587470 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1239256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An important and extensively researched question in the field of reading is whether readers can process multiple words in parallel. An unresolved issue regarding this question is whether the phonological information from foveal and parafoveal words can be processed in parallel, i.e., parallel phonological processing. The present study aims to investigate whether there is parallel phonological processing of Chinese characters. The original and the revised flankers tasks were applied. In both tasks, a foveal target character was presented in isolation in the no-flanker condition, flanked on both sides by a parafoveal homophone in the homophone-flanker condition, and by a non-homophonic character in the unrelated-flanker condition. Participants were instructed to fixate on the target characters and press two keys to indicate whether they knew the target characters (lexical vs. non-lexical). In the original flankers task, the stimuli were presented for 150 ms without a post-mask. In the revised flankers task, we set the stimulus exposure time (duration of the stimuli plus the blank interval between the stimuli and the post-mask) to each participant's lexical decision threshold to prevent participants from processing the target and flanker characters serially. In both tasks, reaction times to the lexical targets were significantly shorter in the homophone-flanker condition than in the unrelated-flanker condition, suggesting parallel phonological processing of Chinese characters. In the revised flankers task, accuracy rates to the lexical targets were significantly lower in the unrelated-flanker condition compared to the homophone-flanker condition, further supporting parallel phonological processing of Chinese characters. Moreover, reaction times to the lexical targets were the shortest in the no-flanker condition in both tasks, reflecting the attention distribution over both the target and flanker characters. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the parallel processing mechanisms involved in reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Yu
- Neurocognitive Laboratory for Linguistics and Semiotics, College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Digital Convergence Laboratory of Chinese Cultural Inheritance and Global Communication, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunong Wu
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Feng Gu
- Neurocognitive Laboratory for Linguistics and Semiotics, College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Digital Convergence Laboratory of Chinese Cultural Inheritance and Global Communication, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Heilbron M, van Haren J, Hagoort P, de Lange FP. Lexical Processing Strongly Affects Reading Times But Not Skipping During Natural Reading. Open Mind (Camb) 2023; 7:757-783. [PMID: 37840763 PMCID: PMC10575561 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In a typical text, readers look much longer at some words than at others, even skipping many altogether. Historically, researchers explained this variation via low-level visual or oculomotor factors, but today it is primarily explained via factors determining a word's lexical processing ease, such as how well word identity can be predicted from context or discerned from parafoveal preview. While the existence of these effects is well established in controlled experiments, the relative importance of prediction, preview and low-level factors in natural reading remains unclear. Here, we address this question in three large naturalistic reading corpora (n = 104, 1.5 million words), using deep neural networks and Bayesian ideal observers to model linguistic prediction and parafoveal preview from moment to moment in natural reading. Strikingly, neither prediction nor preview was important for explaining word skipping-the vast majority of explained variation was explained by a simple oculomotor model, using just fixation position and word length. For reading times, by contrast, we found strong but independent contributions of prediction and preview, with effect sizes matching those from controlled experiments. Together, these results challenge dominant models of eye movements in reading, and instead support alternative models that describe skipping (but not reading times) as largely autonomous from word identification, and mostly determined by low-level oculomotor information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Heilbron
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorie van Haren
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hagoort
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. de Lange
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Zhou W, Wang S, Yan M. Fixation-related fMRI analysis reveals the neural basis of natural reading of unspaced and spaced Chinese sentences. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10401-10410. [PMID: 37566912 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are many eye-movement studies focusing on natural sentence reading and functional magnetic resonance imaging research on reading with serial visual presentation paradigms, there is a scarcity of investigations into the neural mechanism of natural sentence reading. The present study recruited 33 adults to read unspaced and spaced Chinese sentences with the eye tracking and functional magnetic resonance imaging data recorded simultaneously. By using fixation-related functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis, this study showed that natural reading of Chinese sentences produced activations in ventral visual, dorsal attention, and semantic brain regions, which were modulated by the properties of words such as word length and word frequency. The multivoxel pattern analysis showed that the activity pattern in the left middle temporal gyrus could significantly predict the visual layout categories (i.e. unspaced vs. spaced conditions). Dynamic causal modeling analysis showed that there were bidirectional brain connections between the left middle temporal gyrus and the left inferior occipital cortex in the unspaced Chinese sentence reading but not in the spaced reading. These results provide a neural mechanism for the natural reading of Chinese sentences from the perspective of word segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Beijing Key Lab of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Sile Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
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14
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Nghiem TAE, Lee B, Chao THH, Branigan NK, Mistry PK, Shih YYI, Menon V. Space wandering in the rodent default mode network. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.31.555793. [PMID: 37693501 PMCID: PMC10491169 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.31.555793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) is a large-scale brain network known to be suppressed during a wide range of cognitive tasks. However, our comprehension of its role in naturalistic and unconstrained behaviors has remained elusive because most research on the DMN has been conducted within the restrictive confines of MRI scanners. Here we use multisite GCaMP fiber photometry with simultaneous videography to probe DMN function in awake, freely exploring rats. We examined neural dynamics in three core DMN nodes- the retrosplenial cortex, cingulate cortex, and prelimbic cortex- as well as the anterior insula node of the salience network, and their association with the rats' spatial exploration behaviors. We found that DMN nodes displayed a hierarchical functional organization during spatial exploration, characterized by stronger coupling with each other than with the anterior insula. Crucially, these DMN nodes encoded the kinematics of spatial exploration, including linear and angular velocity. Additionally, we identified latent brain states that encoded distinct patterns of time-varying exploration behaviors and discovered that higher linear velocity was associated with enhanced DMN activity, heightened synchronization among DMN nodes, and increased anticorrelation between the DMN and anterior insula. Our findings highlight the involvement of the DMN in collectively and dynamically encoding spatial exploration in a real-world setting. Our findings challenge the notion that the DMN is primarily a "task-negative" network disengaged from the external world. By illuminating the DMN's role in naturalistic behaviors, our study underscores the importance of investigating brain network function in ecologically valid contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Byeongwook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
| | - Tzu-Hao Harry Chao
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Percy K. Mistry
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University
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15
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Cheung BH, Alisoltani A, Kochan TJ, Lebrun-Corbin M, Nozick SH, Axline CMR, Bachta KER, Ozer EA, Hauser AR. Genome-wide screens reveal shared and strain-specific genes that facilitate enteric colonization by Klebsiella pneumoniae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555643. [PMID: 37693543 PMCID: PMC10491162 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) colonization by Klebsiella pneumoniae is a risk factor for subsequent infection as well as transmission to other patients. Additionally, colonization is achieved by many strain types that exhibit high diversity in genetic content. Thus, we aimed to study strain-specific requirements for K. pneumoniae GI colonization by applying transposon insertion sequencing to three classical clinical strains: a carbapenem-resistant strain, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing strain, and a non-epidemic antibiotic-susceptible strain. The transposon insertion libraries were screened in a murine model of GI colonization. At three days post-inoculation, 27 genes were required by all three strains for colonization. Isogenic deletion mutants for three genes/operons (acrA, carAB, tatABCD) confirmed colonization defects in each of the three strains. Additionally, deletion of acrA reduced bile tolerance in vitro, while complementation restored both bile tolerance in vitro and colonization ability in vivo. Transposon insertion sequencing suggested that some genes were more important for colonization of one strain than the others. For example, deletion of the sucrose porin-encoding gene scrY resulted in a colonization defect in the carbapenemase-producing strain but not in the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producer or the antibiotic-susceptible strain. These findings demonstrate that classical K. pneumoniae strains use both shared and strain-specific strategies to colonize the mouse GI tract. IMPORTANCE Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of difficult-to-treat infections due to its propensity to express resistance to many antibiotics. For example, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-Kp) has been named an urgent threat by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gastrointestinal colonization of patients with K. pneumoniae has been linked to subsequent infection, making it a key process to control in prevention of multidrug-resistant infections. However, the bacterial factors which contribute to K. pneumoniae colonization are not well understood. Additionally, individual strains exhibit large amounts of genetic diversity, begging the question of whether some colonization factors are strain-dependent. This study identifies the enteric colonization factors of 3 classical strains using transposon mutant screens to define a core colonization program for K. pneumoniae as well as detecting strain-to-strain differences in colonization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina H Cheung
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arghavan Alisoltani
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Travis J Kochan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marine Lebrun-Corbin
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophia H Nozick
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher MR Axline
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelly ER Bachta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Egon A Ozer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alan R Hauser
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Garcia-Medina JJ, Bascuñana-Mas N, Sobrado-Calvo P, Gomez-Molina C, Rubio-Velazquez E, De-Paco-Matallana M, Zanon-Moreno V, Pinazo-Duran MD, Del-Rio-Vellosillo M. Macular Anatomy Differs in Dyslexic Subjects. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062356. [PMID: 36983356 PMCID: PMC10057708 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The macula, as the central part of the retina, plays an important role in the reading process. However, its morphology has not been previously studied in the context of dyslexia. In this research, we compared the thickness of the fovea, parafovea and perifovea between dyslexic subjects and normal controls, in 11 retinal segmentations obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT). With this aim, we considered the nine sectors of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid and also summarized data from sectors into inner ring subfield (parafovea) and outer ring subfield (perifovea). The thickness in all the four parafoveal sectors was significantly thicker in the complete retina, inner retina and middle retina of both eyes in the dyslexic group, as well as other macular sectors (fovea and perifovea) in the inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), IPL + INL and outer plexiform layer + outer nuclear layer (OPL + ONL). Additionally, the inner ring subfield (parafovea), but not the outer ring subfield (perifovea), was thicker in the complete retina, inner retina, middle retina (INL + OPL + ONL), OPL + ONL, IPL + INL and INL in the dyslexic group for both eyes. In contrast, no differences were found between the groups in any of the sectors or subfields of the outer retina, retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer or ganglion cell complex in any eye. Thus, we conclude from this exploratory research that the macular morphology differs between dyslexic and normal control subjects, as measured by OCT, especially in the parafovea at middle retinal segmentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Javier Garcia-Medina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Optometry, Otolaryngology and Pathology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- General University Hospital Reina Sofia, 30003 Murcia, Spain
- General University Hospital Morales Meseguer, 30008 Murcia, Spain
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolia", 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology OFTARED RD16/0008/0022, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases RICORS, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Sobrado-Calvo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Optometry, Otolaryngology and Pathology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- General University Hospital Reina Sofia, 30003 Murcia, Spain
- Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology OFTARED RD16/0008/0022, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases RICORS, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Gomez-Molina
- General University Hospital Reina Sofia, 30003 Murcia, Spain
- General University Hospital Morales Meseguer, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Vicente Zanon-Moreno
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolia", 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology OFTARED RD16/0008/0022, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases RICORS, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of Valencia, 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Pinazo-Duran
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolia", 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology OFTARED RD16/0008/0022, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases RICORS, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Monica Del-Rio-Vellosillo
- University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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17
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Seijdel N, Marshall TR, Drijvers L. Rapid invisible frequency tagging (RIFT): a promising technique to study neural and cognitive processing using naturalistic paradigms. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1626-1629. [PMID: 35452080 PMCID: PMC9977367 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency tagging has been successfully used to investigate selective stimulus processing in electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies. Recently, new projectors have been developed that allow for frequency tagging at higher frequencies (>60 Hz). This technique, rapid invisible frequency tagging (RIFT), provides two crucial advantages over low-frequency tagging as (i) it leaves low-frequency oscillations unperturbed, and thus open for investigation, and ii) it can render the tagging invisible, resulting in more naturalistic paradigms and a lack of participant awareness. The development of this technique has far-reaching implications as oscillations involved in cognitive processes can be investigated, and potentially manipulated, in a more naturalistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Seijdel
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Tom R Marshall
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Linda Drijvers
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
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18
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Cui X, Richlan F, Zhou W. Fixation-related fMRI analysis reveals the neural basis of parafoveal processing in self-paced reading of Chinese words. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2609-2621. [PMID: 35997831 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While parafoveal word processing plays an important role in natural reading, the underlying neural mechanism remains unclear. The present study investigated the neural basis of parafoveal processing during Chinese word reading with the co-registration of eye-tracking and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using fixation-related fMRI analysis. In the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm, preview conditions (words that are identical, orthographically similar, and unrelated to target words), pre-target word frequency and target word frequency were manipulated. When fixating the pre-target word, the identical preview condition elicited lower brain activation in the left fusiform gyrus relative to unrelated and orthographically similar preview conditions and there were significant interactions of preview condition and pre-target word frequency on brain activation of the left middle frontal gyrus, left fusiform gyrus and supplementary motor area. When fixating the target word, there was a significant main effect of preview condition on brain activation of the right fusiform gyrus and a significant interaction of preview condition and pre-target word frequency on brain activation of the left middle frontal gyrus. These results suggest that fixation-related brain activation provides immediate measures and new perspectives to understand the mechanism of parafoveal processing in self-paced reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Cui
- Beijing Key Lab of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fabio Richlan
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wei Zhou
- Beijing Key Lab of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Egashira Y, Kaga Y, Gunji A, Kita Y, Kimura M, Hironaga N, Takeichi H, Hayashi S, Kaneko Y, Takahashi H, Hanakawa T, Okada T, Inagaki M. Detection of deviance in Japanese kanji compound words. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:913945. [PMID: 36046210 PMCID: PMC9421146 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.913945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading fluency is based on the automatic visual recognition of words. As a manifestation of the automatic processing of words, an automatic deviance detection of visual word stimuli can be observed in the early stages of visual recognition. To clarify whether this phenomenon occurs with Japanese kanji compounds—since their lexicality is related to semantic association—we investigated the brain response by utilizing three types of deviants: differences in font type, lexically correct or incorrect Japanese kanji compound words and pseudo-kanji characters modified from correct and incorrect compounds. We employed magnetoencephalography (MEG) to evaluate the spatiotemporal profiles of the related brain regions. The study included 22 adult native Japanese speakers (16 females). The abovementioned three kinds of stimuli containing 20% deviants were presented during the MEG measurement. Activity in the occipital pole region of the brain was observed upon the detection of font-type deviance within 250 ms of stimulus onset. Although no significant activity upon detecting lexically correct/incorrect kanji compounds or pseudo-kanji character deviations was observed, the activity in the posterior transverse region of the collateral sulcus (pCoS)—which is a fusiform neighboring area—was larger when detecting lexically correct kanji compounds than when detecting pseudo-kanji characters. Taken together, these results support the notion that the automatic detection of deviance in kanji compounds may be limited to a low-level feature, such as the stimulus stroke thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Egashira
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuka Egashira,
| | - Yoshimi Kaga
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Gunji
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
- College of Education, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kita
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kimura
- Department of Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naruhito Hironaga
- Brain Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Takeichi
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
- Open Systems Information Science Team, Advanced Data Science Project, RIKEN Information R&D and Strategy Headquarters (R-IH), RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sayuri Hayashi
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yuu Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takahashi
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku-shi, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
- Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
| | - Masumi Inagaki
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tottori Prefectural Rehabilitation Center, Tottori, Japan
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20
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Jensen O, Pan Y, Frisson S, Wang L. An oscillatory pipelining mechanism supporting previewing during visual exploration and reading. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:1033-1044. [PMID: 34544653 PMCID: PMC7615059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Humans have a remarkable ability to efficiently explore visual scenes and text using eye movements. Humans typically make eye movements (saccades) every ~250 ms. Since saccade initiation and execution take 100 ms, this leaves only ~150 ms to recognize the fixated object (or word) while simultaneously previewing candidates for the next saccade goal. We propose a pipelining mechanism where serial processing occurs within a specific brain region, whereas parallel processing occurs across different brain regions. The mechanism is timed by alpha oscillations that coordinate the saccades, visual recognition, and previewing in the cortical hierarchy. Consequently, the neuronal mechanism supporting natural vision and saccades must be studied in unison to uncover the brain mechanisms supporting visual exploration and reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Yali Pan
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steven Frisson
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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21
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Pan Y, Frisson S, Jensen O. Neural evidence for lexical parafoveal processing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5234. [PMID: 34475391 PMCID: PMC8413448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the reduced visual acuity, parafoveal information plays an important role in natural reading. However, competing models on reading disagree on whether words are previewed parafoveally at the lexical level. We find neural evidence for lexical parafoveal processing by combining a rapid invisible frequency tagging (RIFT) approach with magnetoencephalography (MEG) and eye-tracking. In a silent reading task, target words are tagged (flickered) subliminally at 60 Hz. The tagging responses measured when fixating on the pre-target word reflect parafoveal processing of the target word. We observe stronger tagging responses during pre-target fixations when followed by low compared with high lexical frequency targets. Moreover, this lexical parafoveal processing is associated with individual reading speed. Our findings suggest that reading unfolds in the fovea and parafovea simultaneously to support fluent reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Pan
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Steven Frisson
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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