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Yu J, Han W, Suleiman AA, Han S, Miao N, Ling FCC. Recent Advances on Pulsed Laser Deposition of Large-Scale Thin Films. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301282. [PMID: 38084465 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
2D thin films, possessing atomically thin thickness, are emerging as promising candidates for next-generation electronic devices, due to their novel properties and high performance. In the early years, a wide variety of 2D materials are prepared using several methods (mechanical/liquid exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, etc.). However, the limited size of 2D flakes hinders their fundamental research and device applications, and hence the effective large-scale preparation of 2D films is still challenging. Recently, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has appeared to be an impactful method for wafer-scale growth of 2D films, owing to target-maintained stoichiometry, high growth rate, and efficiency. In this review, the recent advances on the PLD preparation of 2D films are summarized, including the growth mechanisms, strategies, and materials classification. First, efficacious strategies of PLD growth are highlighted. Then, the growth, characterization, and device applications of various 2D films are presented, such as graphene, h-BN, MoS2, BP, oxide, perovskite, semi-metal, etc. Finally, the potential challenges and further research directions of PLD technique is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Wei Han
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
- School of Microelectronics, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Abdulsalam Aji Suleiman
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University UNAM, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Siyu Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Naihua Miao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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2
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Xiang B, Wang R, Chen Y, Wang Y, Qin T, Zhang M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Duan W, Tang P, Liu H, Xiong Q. Chirality-Dependent Dynamic Evolution for Trions in Monolayer WS 2. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6592-6600. [PMID: 38787539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit valley-dependent excitonic characters with a large binding energy, acting as the building block for future optoelectronic functionalities. Herein, combined with pump-probe ultrafast transient transmission spectroscopy and theoretical simulations, we reveal the chirality-dependent trion dynamics in h-BN encapsulated monolayer tungsten disulfide. By resonantly pumping trions in a single valley and monitoring their temporal evolution, we identify the temperature-dependent competition between two relaxation channels driven by chirality-dependent scattering processes. At room temperature, the phonon-assisted upconversion process predominates, converting excited trions to excitons within the same valley on a sub-picosecond (ps) time scale. As temperature decreases, this process becomes less efficient, while alternative channels, notably valley depolarization process for trions, assume importance, leading to an increase of trion density in the unpumped valley within a ps time scale. Our time-resolved valley-contrast results provide a comprehensive insight into trion dynamics in 2D materials, thereby advancing the development of novel valleytronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing,100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Renqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing,100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhong Chen
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing,100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tingxiao Qin
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Wenhui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing,100084, P. R. China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Peizhe Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing,100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
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Koo Y, Moon T, Kang M, Joo H, Lee C, Lee H, Kravtsov V, Park KD. Dynamical control of nanoscale light-matter interactions in low-dimensional quantum materials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:30. [PMID: 38272869 PMCID: PMC10810844 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced nano-spectroscopy and -imaging have significantly advanced our understanding of low-dimensional quantum materials and their interactions with light, providing a rich insight into the underlying physics at their natural length scale. Recently, various functionalities of the plasmonic tip expand the capabilities of the nanoscopy, enabling dynamic manipulation of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. In this review, we focus on a new paradigm of the nanoscopy, shifting from the conventional role of imaging and spectroscopy to the dynamical control approach of the tip-induced light-matter interactions. We present three different approaches of tip-induced control of light-matter interactions, such as cavity-gap control, pressure control, and near-field polarization control. Specifically, we discuss the nanoscale modifications of radiative emissions for various emitters from weak to strong coupling regime, achieved by the precise engineering of the cavity-gap. Furthermore, we introduce recent works on light-matter interactions controlled by tip-pressure and near-field polarization, especially tunability of the bandgap, crystal structure, photoluminescence quantum yield, exciton density, and energy transfer in a wide range of quantum materials. We envision that this comprehensive review not only contributes to a deeper understanding of the physics of nanoscale light-matter interactions but also offers a valuable resource to nanophotonics, plasmonics, and materials science for future technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Koo
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Moon
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Huitae Joo
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongwoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Kyoung-Duck Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Mueller NS, Arul R, Kang G, Saunders AP, Johnson AC, Sánchez-Iglesias A, Hu S, Jakob LA, Bar-David J, de Nijs B, Liz-Marzán LM, Liu F, Baumberg JJ. Photoluminescence upconversion in monolayer WSe 2 activated by plasmonic cavities through resonant excitation of dark excitons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5726. [PMID: 37714855 PMCID: PMC10504321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-Stokes photoluminescence (PL) is light emission at a higher photon energy than the excitation, with applications in optical cooling, bioimaging, lasing, and quantum optics. Here, we show how plasmonic nano-cavities activate anti-Stokes PL in WSe2 monolayers through resonant excitation of a dark exciton at room temperature. The optical near-fields of the plasmonic cavities excite the out-of-plane transition dipole of the dark exciton, leading to light emission from the bright exciton at higher energy. Through statistical measurements on hundreds of plasmonic cavities, we show that coupling to the dark exciton leads to a near hundred-fold enhancement of the upconverted PL intensity. This is further corroborated by experiments in which the laser excitation wavelength is tuned across the dark exciton. We show that a precise nanoparticle geometry is key for a consistent enhancement, with decahedral nanoparticle shapes providing an efficient PL upconversion. Finally, we demonstrate a selective and reversible switching of the upconverted PL via electrochemical gating. Our work introduces the dark exciton as an excitation channel for anti-Stokes PL in WSe2 and paves the way for large-area substrates providing nanoscale optical cooling, anti-Stokes lasing, and radiative engineering of excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas S Mueller
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rakesh Arul
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Gyeongwon Kang
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Ashley P Saunders
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amalya C Johnson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ana Sánchez-Iglesias
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 5, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Shu Hu
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lukas A Jakob
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jonathan Bar-David
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Bart de Nijs
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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Wu YC, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Yan J. Valley Polarized Holes Induced Exciton Polaron Valley Splitting. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15641-15647. [PMID: 37527333 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors are promising valleytronic materials. Among various quasi-particle excitations hosted by the system, the valley polarized holes are particularly interesting due to their long valley lifetime preserved by the large spin-orbit splitting and spin-valley locking in the valence band. Here we report that in the absence of any magnetic field a surprising valley splitting of exciton polarons can be induced by such valley polarized holes in monolayer WSe2. The size of the splitting is comparable to that of the Zeeman effect in a magnetic field as high as 7 T and offers a quantitative approach to extract the hole density imbalance between the two valleys. We find that the density difference can easily achieve more than 1011 per cm2, and it is tunable by gate voltage as well as optical excitation power. Our study highlights the response of exciton polarons to optical pumping and advances understanding of valley dependent phenomena in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chun Wu
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Hao K, Shreiner R, Kindseth A, High AA. Optically controllable magnetism in atomically thin semiconductors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7650. [PMID: 36179032 PMCID: PMC9524837 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report evidence that ferromagnetic order in electrostatically doped, monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductors can be stabilized and controlled at zero magnetic field by local optical pumping. We use circular dichroism (CD) in reflectivity from excitonic states as a spatially resolved probe of charge-carrier spin polarization. At electron densities ne ~ 1012 cm-2, a diffraction-limited, circularly polarized optical pump breaks symmetry between oppositely polarized magnetic states and stabilizes long-range magnetic order, with carrier polarization exceeding 80% over an 8 μm by 5 μm extent. In time-resolved measurements with pulsed optical excitation, we observe that magnetic interactions amplify the initial pump-induced spin polarization by more than an order of magnitude. The optical control of magnetism with local optical pumps will unlock advancements in spin and optical technologies and provides a versatile tool in the study of correlated phases in two-dimensional electron gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert Shreiner
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Andrew Kindseth
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander A. High
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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Żuberek E, Majak M, Lubczyński J, Debus J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Ho CH, Bryja L, Jadczak J. Upconversion photoluminescence excitation reveals exciton-trion and exciton-biexciton coupling in hBN/WS[Formula: see text]/hBN van der Waals heterostructures. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13699. [PMID: 35953508 PMCID: PMC9372078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides with direct band gap located at the binary [Formula: see text] points of the Brillouin zone are promising materials for applications in opto- and spin-electronics due to strongly enhanced Coulomb interactions and specific spin-valley properties. They furthermore represent a unique platform to study electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in diverse exciton complexes. Here, we demonstrate processes in which the neutral biexciton and two negative trions, namely the spin-triplet and spin-singlet trions, upconvert light into a bright intravalley exciton in an hBN-encapsulated WS[Formula: see text] monolayer. We propose that the energy gains required in the polarized upconversion photoluminescence originate from different interactions including resonant optical phonons, a cooling of resident electrons and a non-local and an anisotropic electron-hole exchange, respectively. The temperature dependence (7-120 K) of the excitonic upconversion intensity obtained at excitation energies corresponding to the biexciton and trions provides insight into an increasing phonon population as well as a thermally enhanced electron scattering. Our study sheds new light on the understanding of excitonic spin and valley properties of van der Waals heterostructures and improves the understanding of photonic upconversion mechanisms in two-dimensional quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Żuberek
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martyna Majak
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Lubczyński
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joerg Debus
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Ching-Hwa Ho
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | - Leszek Bryja
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Jadczak
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Ren L, Lombez L, Robert C, Beret D, Lagarde D, Urbaszek B, Renucci P, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Crooker SA, Marie X. Optical Detection of Long Electron Spin Transport Lengths in a Monolayer Semiconductor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:027402. [PMID: 35867459 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.027402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using a spatially resolved optical pump-probe experiment, we measure the lateral transport of spin-valley polarized electrons over very long distances (tens of micrometers) in a single WSe_{2} monolayer. By locally pumping the Fermi sea of 2D electrons to a high degree of spin-valley polarization (up to 75%) using circularly polarized light, the lateral diffusion of the electron polarization can be mapped out via the photoluminescence induced by a spatially separated and linearly polarized probe laser. Up to 25% spin-valley polarization is observed at pump-probe separations up to 20 μm. Characteristic spin-valley diffusion lengths of 18±3 μm are revealed at low temperatures. The dependence on temperature, pump helicity, pump intensity, and electron density highlight the key roles played by spin relaxation time and pumping efficiency on polarized electron transport in monolayer semiconductors possessing spin-valley locking.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ren
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - L Lombez
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - C Robert
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - D Beret
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - D Lagarde
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - B Urbaszek
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - P Renucci
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - T Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-00044, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-00044, Japan
| | - S A Crooker
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - X Marie
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
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