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Fu T, Lin J, Xu Y, Jia J, Wang Y, Zhang S, Xu H. Transverse Spin-Orbit Interaction of Light. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10783-10789. [PMID: 39167720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Light carries both longitudinal and transverse spin angular momentum. The spin can couple with its orbital counterpart, known as the spin-orbit interaction (SOI) of light. Complementary to the longitudinal SOI known previously, here we show that transverse SOI of light is inherent in the Helmholtz equation when transverse spinning light propagates in curved paths. It lifts the degeneracy of dispersion relations of light for opposite transverse spin states, analogous to the Dresselhaus effect. Transverse SOI is ubiquitous in nanophotonic systems where transverse spin and optical path bending are inevitable. It can explain anomalous effects like the dispersion relation of surface plasmon polaritons on curved paths and the energy level of whispering gallery modes. Our results reveal the analogies of spin photonics and spintronics and offer a new degree of freedom for integrated photonics, spin photonics, and astrophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Junji Jia
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglong Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, People's Republic of China
- School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
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2
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Lee J, Kweun MJ, Lee W, Seung HM, Kim YY. Perfect circular polarization of elastic waves in solid media. Nat Commun 2024; 15:992. [PMID: 38346969 PMCID: PMC10861468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Elastic waves involving mechanical particle motions of solid media can couple volumetric and shear deformations, making their manipulation more difficult than electromagnetic waves. Thereby, circularly polarized waves in the elastic regime have been little explored, unlike their counterparts in the electromagnetic regime, where their practical usage has been evidenced in various applications. Here, we explore generating perfect circular polarization of elastic waves in an isotropic solid medium. We devise a novel strategy for converting a linearly polarized wave into a circularly polarized wave by employing an anisotropic medium, which induces a so-far-unexplored coupled resonance phenomenon; it describes the simultaneous occurrence of the Fabry-Pérot resonance in one diagonal plane and the quarter-wave resonance in another diagonal plane orthogonal to the former with an exact 90° out-of-phase relation. We establish a theory explaining the involved physics and validate it numerically and experimentally. As a potential application of elastic circular polarization, we present simulation results demonstrating that a circularly polarized elastic wave can detect an arbitrarily oriented crack undetectable by a linearly polarized elastic wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeseung Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minwoo Joshua Kweun
- Department of Applied Nano Mechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Woorim Lee
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Min Seung
- Intelligent Wave Engineering Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Precision Measurement, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoon Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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Indaleeb MM, Banerjee S. Spin resolved topological bulk state in acoustics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3213. [PMID: 38332231 PMCID: PMC10853175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Extremely rare topologically protected acoustic energy sink is presented in this article. Acoustic topological phenomena are generally described using quantum anomalous hall effects (QAHE), quantum valley hall effects (QVHE), and quantum spin hall effects (QSHE) where spin orbit coupling is predominant. Topological edge states are demonstrated by bulk-boundary distinction when the bulk is insulated. In this article topological acoustic conductor and its phenomena are theoretically demonstrated where the boundaries are insulated. This is exactly opposite to the behavior of a topological acoustic insulator. Phenomena presented in this article could not be explained by any of the trio Quantum Hall effects. To explain the phenomenon phononic crystals or PnCs were designed to obtain accidental triple degeneracies, resulting a Dirac-like cone at the Γ point ([Formula: see text]). The phenomenon is microarchitecture and microrotation field independent. Here time reversal symmetry or the space inversion symmetry is not broken, and the degenerated 'Deaf band' dominates the local dispersion with a syncline top band. This scenario results in continuously changing 'up spin' and 'down spin' of the wave energy in the media and remain trapped without specific preferential direction of wave transport. The spin was found to generate the spin angular momentum, causing the switching in geometric phase from [Formula: see text] in cyclic pattern, keeping the energy trapped inside the bulk media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustahseen M Indaleeb
- Integrated Material Assessment and Predictive Simulation Laboratory (i-MAPS), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Integrated Material Assessment and Predictive Simulation Laboratory (i-MAPS), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Alhaïtz L, Brunet T, Aristégui C, Poncelet O, Baresch D. Confined Phase Singularities Reveal the Spin-to-Orbital Angular Momentum Conversion of Sound Waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:114001. [PMID: 37774300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
We identify an acoustic process in which the conversion of angular momentum between its spin and orbital form takes place. The interaction between an evanescent wave propagating at the interface of two immiscible fluids and an isolated droplet is considered. The elliptical motion of the fluid supporting the incident wave is associated with a simple state of spin angular momentum, a quantity recently introduced for acoustic waves in the literature. We experimentally observe that this field predominantly forces a directional wave transport circling the droplet's interior, revealing the existence of confined phase singularities. The circulation of the phase, around a singular point, is characteristic of angular momentum in its orbital form, thereby demonstrating the conversion mechanism. The numerical and experimental observations presented in this Letter have implications for the fundamental understanding of the angular momentum of acoustic waves, and for applications such as particle manipulation with radiation forces or torques, acoustic sensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Alhaïtz
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, I2M, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Thomas Brunet
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, I2M, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Olivier Poncelet
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, I2M, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Diego Baresch
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, I2M, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France
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5
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Ge H, Liu S, Xu XY, Long ZW, Tian Y, Liu XP, Lu MH, Chen YF. Spatiotemporal Acoustic Vortex Beams with Transverse Orbital Angular Momentum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:014001. [PMID: 37478448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.014001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the discovery of optical spatiotemporal (ST) vortex beams with transverse orbital angular momentum (OAM) has attracted increasing attention and is expected to extend the research scope and open new opportunities for practical applications of OAM states. The ST vortex beams are also applicable to other physical fields that involve wave phenomena, and here we develop the ST vortex concept in the field of acoustics and report the generation of Bessel-type ST acoustic vortex beams. The ST vortex beams are fully characterized using the scalar approach for the pressure field and the vector approach for the velocity field. We further investigate the transverse spreading effect and construct ST vortex beams with an ellipse-shaped spectrum to reduce the spreading effect. We also experimentally demonstrated the orthogonality relations between ST vortex beams with different charges. Our study successfully demonstrates the versatility of the acoustic system for exploring and discovering spatiotemporally structured waves, inspiring further investigation of exotic wave physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ge
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiang-Yuan Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zi-Wei Long
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ming-Hui Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yan-Feng Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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6
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Zerbib M, Romanet M, Sylvestre T, Wolff C, Stiller B, Beugnot JC, Phan Huy K. Spin-orbit interaction in nanofiber-based Brillouin scattering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22284-22295. [PMID: 37475343 DOI: 10.1364/oe.486550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Angular momentum is an important physical property that plays a key role in light-matter interactions, such as spin-orbit interaction. Here, we investigate theoretically and experimentally the spin-orbit interaction between a circularly polarized optical (spin) and a transverse vortex acoustic wave (orbital) using Brillouin backscattering in a silica optical nanofiber. We specifically explore the state of polarization of Brillouin backscattering induced by the TR21 torso-radial vortex acoustic mode that carries an orbital angular momentum. Using a full-vectorial theoretical model, we predict and observe two operating regimes for which the backscattered Brillouin signal is either depolarized or circularly polarized, depending on the input pump polarization. We demonstrate that when the pump is circularly polarized and thus carries a spin angular momentum, the backscattered signal undergoes a handedness reversal of circular polarization due to opto-acoustic spin-orbit interaction and the conservation of overall angular momentum.
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7
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Abstract
The topological properties of an object, associated with an integer called the topological invariant, are global features that cannot change continuously but only through abrupt variations, hence granting them intrinsic robustness. Engineered metamaterials (MMs) can be tailored to support highly nontrivial topological properties of their band structure, relative to their electronic, electromagnetic, acoustic and mechanical response, representing one of the major breakthroughs in physics over the past decade. Here, we review the foundations and the latest advances of topological photonic and phononic MMs, whose nontrivial wave interactions have become of great interest to a broad range of science disciplines, such as classical and quantum chemistry. We first introduce the basic concepts, including the notion of topological charge and geometric phase. We then discuss the topology of natural electronic materials, before reviewing their photonic/phononic topological MM analogues, including 2D topological MMs with and without time-reversal symmetry, Floquet topological insulators, 3D, higher-order, non-Hermitian and nonlinear topological MMs. We also discuss the topological aspects of scattering anomalies, chemical reactions and polaritons. This work aims at connecting the recent advances of topological concepts throughout a broad range of scientific areas and it highlights opportunities offered by topological MMs for the chemistry community and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ni
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Simon Yves
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Alex Krasnok
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College, The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Physics Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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8
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Bliokh KY. Elastic Spin and Orbital Angular Momenta. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:204303. [PMID: 36462016 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.204303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by recent theoretical and experimental interest in the spin and orbital angular momenta of elastic waves, we revisit canonical wave momentum, spin, and orbital angular momentum in isotropic elastic media. We show that these quantities are described by simple universal expressions, which differ from the results of Chaplain et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 064301 (2022)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.128.064301] and do not require separation of the longitudinal and transverse parts of the wave field. For cylindrical elastic modes, the normalized z component of the total (spin+orbital) angular momentum is quantized and equals the azimuthal quantum number of the mode, while the orbital and spin parts are not quantized due to the spin-orbit geometric-phase effects. In contrast to the claims of the above article, longitudinal, transverse, and "hybrid" contributions to the angular momenta are equally important in general and cannot be neglected. As another example, we calculate the transverse spin angular momentum of a surface Rayleigh wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Y Bliokh
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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9
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Muelas-Hurtado RD, Volke-Sepúlveda K, Ealo JL, Nori F, Alonso MA, Bliokh KY, Brasselet E. Observation of Polarization Singularities and Topological Textures in Sound Waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:204301. [PMID: 36461995 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.204301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polarization singularities and topological polarization structures are generic features of inhomogeneous vector wave fields of any nature. However, their experimental studies mostly remain restricted to optical waves. Here, we report the observation of polarization singularities, topological Möbius-strip structures, and skyrmionic textures in 3D polarization fields of inhomogeneous sound waves. Our experiments are made in the ultrasonic domain using nonparaxial propagating fields generated by space-variant 2D acoustic sources. We also retrieve distributions of the 3D spin density in these fields. Our results open the avenue to investigations and applications of topological features and nontrivial 3D vector properties of structured sound waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben D Muelas-Hurtado
- School of Civil and Geomatic Engineering, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
| | - Karen Volke-Sepúlveda
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Joao L Ealo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioinformática y Fotónica, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Konstantin Y Bliokh
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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10
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Peng J, Zhang RY, Jia S, Liu W, Wang S. Topological near fields generated by topological structures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq0910. [PMID: 36240266 PMCID: PMC9565808 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The central idea of metamaterials and metaoptics is that, besides their base materials, the geometry of structures offers a broad extra dimension to explore for exotic functionalities. Here, we discover that the topology of structures fundamentally dictates the topological properties of optical fields and offers a new dimension to exploit for optical functionalities that are irrelevant to specific material constituents or structural geometries. We find that the nontrivial topology of metal structures ensures the birth of polarization singularities (PSs) in the near field with rich morphologies and intriguing spatial evolutions including merging, bifurcation, and topological transition. By mapping the PSs to non-Hermitian exceptional points and using homotopy theory, we extract the core invariant that governs the topological classification of the PSs and the conservation law that regulates their spatial evolutions. The results bridge singular optics, topological photonics, and non-Hermitian physics, with potential applications in chiral sensing, chiral quantum optics, and beyond photonics in other wave systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruo-Yang Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiqi Jia
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Shubo Wang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
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11
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Chen W, Zhang W, Liu Y, Meng FC, Dudley JM, Lu YQ. Time diffraction-free transverse orbital angular momentum beams. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4021. [PMID: 35821372 PMCID: PMC9276663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of optical transverse orbital angular momentum (OAM) has broadened our understanding of light and is expected to promote optics and other physics. However, some fundamental questions concerning the nature of such OAM remain, particularly whether they can survive from observed mode degradation and hold OAM values higher than 1. Here, we show that the strong degradation actually origins from inappropriate time-delayed kx-ω modulation, instead, for transverse OAM having inherent space-time coupling, immediate modulation is necessary. Thus, using immediate x-ω modulation, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally degradation-free spatiotemporal Bessel (STB) vortices with transverse OAM even beyond 102. Remarkably, we observe a time-symmetrical evolution, verifying pure time diffraction on transverse OAM beams. More importantly, we quantify such nontrivial evolution as an intrinsic dispersion factor, opening the door towards time diffraction-free STB vortices via dispersion engineering. Our results may find analogues in other physical systems, such as surface plasmon-polaritons, superfluids, and Bose-Einstein condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Wang Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Fan-Chao Meng
- Institut FEMTO-ST, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté CNRS UMR 6174, Besançon, 25000, France
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - John M Dudley
- Institut FEMTO-ST, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté CNRS UMR 6174, Besançon, 25000, France
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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