1
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Lytle KM, Brass EL, Roman BJ, Sheldon MT. Thermal Activation of Anti-Stokes Photoluminescence in CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Nanocrystals: The Role of Surface Polaron States. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18457-18464. [PMID: 38965899 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Optically driven cooling of a material, or optical refrigeration, is possible when optical up-conversion via anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) is achieved with near-unity quantum yield. The recent demonstration of optical cooling of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) has provided a path forward in the development of semiconductor-based optical refrigeration strategies. However, the mechanism of ASPL in CsPbBr3 NCs is not yet settled, and the prospects for cooling technologies strongly depend on details of the mechanism. By analyzing the Arrhenius behavior of ASPL in CsPbBr3 NCs, we investigated the relationship between the average energy gained per photon during up conversion, ΔE, and the thermal activation energy, Ea. We find that Ea is systematically larger than ΔE, and that Ea increases for larger ΔE. We suggest that the additional energetic cost is due to a rearrangement of the crystal lattice as charge carriers pass from surface localized, structurally distinct sub-gap polaron states to the free exciton state during up-conversion. Our interpretation is further corroborated by quantifying the impact of ligand coverage on the NC surface. These findings help inform the development of CsPbBr3 NCs for applications in optical refrigeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Lytle
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840-7896, United States
| | - Emma L Brass
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Benjamin J Roman
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840-7896, United States
| | - Matthew T Sheldon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840-7896, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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2
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Karwowski BT. The Influence of Oxidized Imino-Allantoin in the Presence of OXOG on Double Helix Charge Transfer: A Theoretical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5962. [PMID: 38892152 PMCID: PMC11172559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The genome is continuously exposed to a variety of harmful factors that result in a significant amount of DNA damage. This article examines the influence of a multi-damage site containing oxidized imino-allantoin (OXIa) and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (OXOdG) on the spatial geometry, electronic properties, and ds-DNA charge transfer. The ground stage of a d[A1OXIa2A3OXOG4A5]*d[T5C4T3C2T1] structure was obtained at the M06-2X/6-D95**//M06-2X/sto-3G level of theory in the condensed phase, with the energies obtained at the M06-2X/6-31++G** level. The non-equilibrated and equilibrated solvent-solute interactions were also considered. Theoretical studies reveal that the radical cation prefers to settle on the OXOG moiety, irrespective of the presence of OXIa in a ds-oligo. The lowest vertical and adiabatic ionization potential values were found for the OXOG:::C base pair (5.94 and 5.52 [eV], respectively). Conversely, the highest vertical and adiabatic electron affinity was assigned for OXIaC as follows: 3.15 and 3.49 [eV]. The charge transfers were analyzed according to Marcus' theory. The highest value of charge transfer rate constant for hole and excess electron migration was found for the process towards the OXOGC moiety. Surprisingly, the values obtained for the driving force and activation energy of electro-transfer towards OXIa2C4 located this process in the Marcus inverted region, which is thermodynamically unfavorable. Therefore, the presence of OXIa can slow down the recognition and removal processes of other DNA lesions. However, with regard to anticancer therapy (radio/chemo), the presence of OXIa in the structure of clustered DNA damage can result in improved cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boleslaw T Karwowski
- DNA Damage Laboratory of Food Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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3
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Li Q, Wu K, Zhu H, Yang Y, He S, Lian T. Charge Transfer from Quantum-Confined 0D, 1D, and 2D Nanocrystals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5695-5763. [PMID: 38629390 PMCID: PMC11082908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The properties of colloidal quantum-confined semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), including zero-dimensional (0D) quantum dots, 1D nanorods, 2D nanoplatelets, and their heterostructures, can be tuned through their size, dimensionality, and material composition. In their photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications, a key step is to generate spatially separated and long-lived electrons and holes by interfacial charge transfer. These charge transfer properties have been extensively studied recently, which is the subject of this Review. The Review starts with a summary of the electronic structure and optical properties of 0D-2D nanocrystals, followed by the advances in wave function engineering, a novel way to control the spatial distribution of electrons and holes, through their size, dimension, and composition. It discusses the dependence of NC charge transfer on various parameters and the development of the Auger-assisted charge transfer model. Recent advances in understanding multiple exciton generation, decay, and dissociation are also discussed, with an emphasis on multiple carrier transfer. Finally, the applications of nanocrystal-based systems for photocatalysis are reviewed, focusing on the photodriven charge separation and recombination processes that dictate the function and performance of these materials. The Review ends with a summary and outlook of key remaining challenges and promising future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Li
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Ye Yang
- The
State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM
(Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials),
College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Sheng He
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Liu Z, Sun X. Instantaneous Marcus theory for photoinduced charge transfer dynamics in multistate harmonic model systems. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:315201. [PMID: 38657642 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad42f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Modeling the dynamics of photoinduced charge transfer (CT) in condensed phases presents challenges due to complicated many-body interactions and the quantum nature of electronic transitions. While traditional Marcus theory is a robust method for calculating CT rate constants between electronic states, it cannot account for the nonequilibrium effects arising from the initial nuclear state preparation. In this study, we employ the instantaneous Marcus theory (IMT) to simulate photoinduced CT dynamics. IMT incorporates nonequilibrium structural relaxation following a vertical photoexcitation from the equilibrated ground state, yielding a time-dependent rate coefficient. The multistate harmonic (MSH) model Hamiltonian characterizes an organic photovoltaic carotenoid-porphyrin-fullerene triad dissolved in explicit tetrahydrofuran solvent, constructed by mapping all-atom inputs from molecular dynamics simulations. Our calculations reveal that the electronic population dynamics of the MSH models obtained with IMT agree with the more accurate quantum-mechanical nonequilibrium Fermi's golden rule. This alignment suggests that IMT provides a practical approach to understanding nonadiabatic CT dynamics in condensed-phase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengkui Liu
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 567 West Yangsi Road, Shanghai 200124, People's Republic of China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States of America
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 567 West Yangsi Road, Shanghai 200124, People's Republic of China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States of America
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5
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Ye C, Zhang DS, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Interfacial Charge Transfer Regulates Photoredox Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:529-542. [PMID: 38559307 PMCID: PMC10979487 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Photoredox catalytic processes offer the potential for precise chemical reactions using light and materials. The central determinant is identified as interfacial charge transfer, which simultaneously engenders distinctive behavior in the overall reaction. An in-depth elucidation of the main mechanism and highlighting of the complexity of interfacial charge transfer can occur through both diffusive and direct transfer models, revealing its potential for sophisticated design in complex transformations. The fundamental photophysics uncover these comprehensive applications and offer a clue for future development. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on interfacial charge transfer in photoredox catalysis and sets the stage for further exploration of this fascinating area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ye
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
New Cornerstone Laboratory, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - De-Shan Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
New Cornerstone Laboratory, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
New Cornerstone Laboratory, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
New Cornerstone Laboratory, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
New Cornerstone Laboratory, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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6
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Shah SH, Debnath T. CuInS 2-Decorated Perovskite Nanoarchitecture: Halide-Driven Energy and Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2580-2586. [PMID: 38416791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are an emergent and game-changing entrant in semiconductor research, yet the research on the corresponding nanoheterostructures remains in its infancy. In this work, we fabricate a type II nanoarchitecture of CsPbX3 NCs (where X = Cl, Br, or I) and CuInS2 quantum dots to investigate the energy and charge transfer (ET and CT, respectively) processes. Optical measurements of CsPbX3/CuInS2 show efficient photoluminescence (PL) quenching when X = Br or I, while the PL quenching efficiency of the X = Cl compound is 2 orders of magnitude lower. We argue the drastic PL quenching in the X = I compound is solely due to the CT process, while for the X = Br compound, a predominantly ET process is active. In contrast to the driving force (-ΔG) for the CT process, we observe the reverse order of the electron transfer process, for which we propose the electron transfer occurs in the Marcus inverted region. Our halide-dependent controlled regulation of CT and ET processes in these nanoarchitectures may find promising optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim H Shah
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Tushar Debnath
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
- Nano Physical Spectroscopy Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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7
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De A, Mora Perez C, Liang A, Wang K, Dou L, Prezhdo O, Huang L. Tunneling-Driven Marcus-Inverted Triplet Energy Transfer in a Two-Dimensional Perovskite. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4260-4269. [PMID: 38305175 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Quantum tunneling, a phenomenon that allows particles to pass through potential barriers, can play a critical role in energy transfer processes. Here, we demonstrate that the proper design of organic-inorganic interfaces in two-dimensional (2D) hybrid perovskites allows for efficient triplet energy transfer (TET), where quantum tunneling of the excitons is the key driving force. By employing temperature-dependent and time-resolved photoluminescence and pump-probe spectroscopy techniques, we establish that triplet excitons can transfer from the inorganic lead-iodide sublattices to the pyrene ligands with rapid and weakly temperature-dependent characteristic times of approximately 50 ps. The energy transfer rates obtained based on the Marcus theory and first-principles calculations show good agreement with the experiments, indicating that the efficient tunneling of triplet excitons within the Marcus-inverted regime is facilitated by high-frequency molecular vibrations. These findings offer valuable insights into how one can effectively manipulate the energy landscape in 2D hybrid perovskites for energy transfer and the creation of diverse excitonic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana De
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Carlos Mora Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Aihui Liang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Kang Wang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Letian Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Oleg Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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8
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Waly SMA, Benniston AC, Harriman A. Deducing the conformational space for an octa-proline helix. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1657-1671. [PMID: 38303943 PMCID: PMC10829019 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A molecular dyad, PY-P8-PER, comprising a proline octamer sandwiched between pyrene and perylene terminals has been synthesized in order to address the dynamics of electronic energy transfer (EET) along the oligo-proline chain. A simple pyrene-based control compound equipped with a bis-proline attachment serves as a reference for spectroscopic studies. The N-H NMR signal at the terminal pyrene allows distinction between cis and trans amides and, although the crystal structure for the control has the trans conformation, temperature-dependent NMR studies provide clear evidence for trans/cis isomerisation in D6-DMSO. Polar solvents tend to stabilise the trans structure for the pyrene amide group, even for longer oligo-proline units. Circular dichroism shows that the proline spacer for PY-P8-PER exists mainly in the all-trans geometry in methanol. Preferential excitation of the pyrene chromophore is possible at wavelengths in the 320-350 nm range and, for the dyad, is followed by efficacious EET to the perylene emitter. The probability for intramolecular EET, obtained from analysis of steady-state spectroscopic data, is ca. 80-90% in solvents of disparate polarity. Comparison with the Förster critical distance suggests the terminals are ca. 18 Å apart. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, in conjunction with DFT calculations, indicates the dyad exists as a handful of conformers displaying a narrow range of EET rates. Optimisation of a distributive model allows accurate simulation of the EET dynamics in terms of reasonable structures based on isomerisation of certain amide groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M A Waly
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, Bedson Building, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Andrew C Benniston
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, Bedson Building, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, Bedson Building, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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9
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Wei Z, Mulder JT, Dubey RK, Evers WH, Jager WF, Houtepen AJ, Grozema FC. Tuning the Driving Force for Charge Transfer in Perovskite-Chromophore Systems. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:15406-15415. [PMID: 37583440 PMCID: PMC10424230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c03815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between the kinetics and energetics of photophysical processes in perovskite-chromophore hybrid systems is crucial for realizing their potential in optoelectronics, photocatalysis, and light-harvesting applications. By combining steady-state optical characterizations and transient absorption spectroscopy, we have investigated the mechanism of interfacial charge transfer (CT) between colloidal CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets (NPLs) and surface-anchored perylene derivatives and have explored the possibility of controlling the CT rate by tuning the driving force. The CT driving force was tuned systematically by attaching acceptors with different electron affinities and by varying the bandgap of NPLs via thickness-controlled quantum confinement. Our data show that the charge-separated state is formed by selectively exciting either the electron donors or acceptors in the same system. Upon exciting attached acceptors, hole transfer from perylene derivatives to CsPbBr3 NPLs takes place on a picosecond time scale, showing an energetic behavior in line with the Marcus normal regime. Interestingly, such energetic behavior is absent upon exciting the electron donor, suggesting that the dominant CT mechanism is energy transfer followed by ultrafast hole transfer. Our findings not only elucidate the photophysics of perovskite-molecule systems but also provide guidelines for tailoring such hybrid systems for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jence T. Mulder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rajeev K. Dubey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wiel H. Evers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wolter F. Jager
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand C. Grozema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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10
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Vonk SJW, Rabouw FT. Biexciton Blinking in CdSe-Based Quantum Dots. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5353-5361. [PMID: 37276380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Experiments on single colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have revealed temporal fluctuations in the emission efficiency of the single-exciton state. These fluctuations, often termed "blinking", are caused by opening/closing of charge-carrier traps and/or charging/discharging of the QD. In the regime of strong optical excitation, multiexciton states are formed. The emission efficiencies of multiexcitons are lower because of Auger processes, but a quantitative characterization is challenging. Here, we quantify fluctuations of the biexciton efficiency for single CdSe/CdS/ZnS core-shell QDs. We find that the biexciton efficiency "blinks" significantly. The additional electron due to charging of a QD accelerates Auger recombination by a factor of 2 compared to the neutral biexciton, while opening/closing of a charge-carrier trap leads to an increase of the nonradiative recombination rate by a factor of 4. To understand the fast rate of trap-assisted recombination, we propose a revised model for trap-assisted recombination based on reversible trapping. Finally, we discuss the implications of biexciton blinking for lasing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander J W Vonk
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy T Rabouw
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Abstract
The theory of electron transfer reactions establishes the conceptual foundation for redox solution chemistry, electrochemistry, and bioenergetics. Electron and proton transfer across the cellular membrane provide all energy of life gained through natural photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration. Rates of biological charge transfer set kinetic bottlenecks for biological energy storage. The main system-specific parameter determining the activation barrier for a single electron-transfer hop is the reorganization energy of the medium. Both harvesting of light energy in natural and artificial photosynthesis and efficient electron transport in biological energy chains require reduction of the reorganization energy to allow fast transitions. This review article discusses mechanisms by which small values of the reorganization energy are achieved in protein electron transfer and how similar mechanisms can operate in other media, such as nonpolar and ionic liquids. One of the major mechanisms of reorganization energy reduction is through non-Gibbsian (nonergodic) sampling of the medium configurations on the reaction time. A number of alternative mechanisms, such as electrowetting of active sites of proteins, give rise to non-parabolic free energy surfaces of electron transfer. These mechanisms, and nonequilibrium population of donor-acceptor vibrations, lead to a universal phenomenology of separation between the Stokes shift and variance reorganization energies of electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Matyushov
- School of Molecular Sciences and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA.
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12
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Sebastian E, Hariharan M. A Symmetry-Broken Charge-Separated State in the Marcus Inverted Region. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216482. [PMID: 36697363 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a long-lived charge-separated state in a chromophoric pair (DC-PDI2 ) that uniquely integrates the advantages of fundamental processes of photosynthetic reaction centers: i) Symmetry-breaking charge-separation (SB-CS) and ii) Marcus-inverted-region dependence. The near-orthogonal bichromophoric DC-PDI2 manifests an ultrafast evolution of the SB-CS state with a time constant of τ S B - C S ${{\tau }_{{\rm S}{\rm B}-{\rm C}{\rm S}}}$ =0.35±0.02 ps and a slow charge recombination (CR) kinetics with τ C R ${{\tau }_{{\rm C}{\rm R}}}$ =4.09±0.01 ns in ACN. The rate constant of CR of DC-PDI2 is 11 686 times slower than SB-CS in ACN, as the CR of the PDI radical ion-pair occurs in the deep inverted region of the Marcus parabola ( - Δ G C R ${{-{\rm \Delta }G}_{{\rm C}{\rm R}}}$ >λ). In contrast, an analogous benzyloxy (BnO)-substituted DC-BPDI2 showcases a ≈10-fold accelerated CR kinetics with τ C R / τ S B - C S ${{\tau }_{{\rm C}{\rm R}}/{\tau }_{{\rm S}{\rm B}-{\rm C}{\rm S}}}$ lowering to ≈1536 in ACN, by virtue of a decreased CR driving force. The present investigation demonstrates a control of molecular engineering to tune the energetics and kinetics of the SB-CS material, which is essential for next-generation optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebin Sebastian
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Kerala, India
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13
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Kong GD, Byeon SE, Jang J, Kim JW, Yoon HJ. Electronic Mechanism of In Situ Inversion of Rectification Polarity in Supramolecular Engineered Monolayer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7966-7971. [PMID: 35500106 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This Communication describes polarity inversion in molecular rectification and the related mechanism. Using a supramolecular engineered, ultrastable, binary-mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) composed of an organic molecular diode (SC11BIPY) and an inert reinforcement molecule (SC8), we probed a rectification ratio (r)-voltage relationship over an unprecedentedly wide voltage range (up to |3.5 V|) with statistical significance. We observed positive polarity in rectification at |1.0 V| (r = 107), followed by disappearance of rectification at ∼|2.25 V|, and then eventual emergence of new rectification with the opposite polarity at ∼|3.5 V| (r = 0.006; 1/r = 162). The polarity inversion occurred with a span over 4 orders of magnitude in r. Low-temperature experiments, electronic structure analysis, and theoretical calculations revealed that the unusually wide voltage range permits access to molecular orbital energy levels that are inaccessible in the traditional narrow voltage regime, inducing the unprecedented in situ inversion of polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Don Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seo Eun Byeon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jiung Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jeong Won Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Nagelj N, Brumberg A, Peifer S, Schaller RD, Olshansky JH. Compositionally Tuning Electron Transfer from Photoexcited Core/Shell Quantum Dots via Cation Exchange. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3209-3216. [PMID: 35377650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is critical to find methods to control the thermodynamic driving force for photoexcited charge transfer from quantum dots (QDs) and explore how this affects charge transfer rates, since the efficiency of QD-based photovoltaic and photocatalysis technologies depends on both this rate and the associated energetic losses. In this work, we introduce a single-pot shell growth and Cu-catalyzed cation exchange method to synthesize CdxZn1-xSe/CdyZn1-yS QDs with tunable driving forces for electron transfer. Functionalizing them with two molecular electron acceptors─naphthalenediimide (NDI) and anthraquinone (AQ)─allowed us to probe nearly 1 eV of driving forces. For AQ, at lower driving forces, we find that higher Zn content results in a 130-fold increase of electron transfer rate constants. However, at higher driving forces electron transfer dynamics are unaltered. The data are understood using an Auger-assisted electron transfer model and analyzed with computational work to determine approximate binding geometries of these electron acceptors. Our work provides a method to tune QD reducing power and produces useful metrics for optimizing QD charge transfer systems that maximize rates of electron transfer while minimizing energetic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Nagelj
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Alexandra Brumberg
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shoshanna Peifer
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jacob H Olshansky
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
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Liu M, Wang J, Liang G, Luo X, Zhao G, He S, Wang L, Liang W, Li J, Wu K. Spin-enabled photochemistry using nanocrystal-molecule hybrids. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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