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Desantis F, Miotto M, Milanetti E, Ruocco G, Di Rienzo L. Computational evidences of a misfolding event in an aggregation-prone light chain preceding the formation of the non-native pathogenic dimer. Proteins 2024; 92:797-807. [PMID: 38314653 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Antibody light chain amyloidosis is a disorder in which protein aggregates, mainly composed of immunoglobulin light chains, deposit in diverse tissues impairing the correct functioning of organs. Interestingly, due to the high susceptibility of antibodies to mutations, AL amyloidosis appears to be strongly patient-specific. Indeed, every patient will display their own mutations that will make the proteins involved prone to aggregation thus hindering the study of this disease on a wide scale. In this framework, determining the molecular mechanisms that drive the aggregation could pave the way to the development of patient-specific therapeutics. Here, we focus on a particular patient-derived light chain, which has been experimentally characterized. We investigated the early phases of the aggregation pathway through extensive full-atom molecular dynamics simulations, highlighting a structural rearrangement and the exposure of two hydrophobic regions in the aggregation-prone species. Next, we moved to consider the pathological dimerization process through docking and molecular dynamics simulations, proposing a dimeric structure as a candidate pathological first assembly. Overall, our results shed light on the first phases of the aggregation pathway for a light chain at an atomic level detail, offering new structural insights into the corresponding aggregation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausta Desantis
- The Open University Affiliated Research Centre at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Mattia Miotto
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science, Roma, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science, Roma, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Rienzo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science, Roma, Italy
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2
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Vogel J, Carpinteiro A, Luedike P, Buehning F, Wernhart S, Rassaf T, Michel L. Current Therapies and Future Horizons in Cardiac Amyloidosis Treatment. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2024:10.1007/s11897-024-00669-7. [PMID: 38809394 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a condition characterized by misfolding and extracellular deposition of proteins, leading to organ dysfunction. While numerous forms of CA exist, two subtypes dominate clinical prevalence: Transthyretin amyloid (ATTR) and immunoglobulin light chain amyloid. RECENT FINDINGS The current scientific landscape reflects the urgency to advance therapeutic interventions with over 100 ongoing clinical trials. Heart failure treatment is affected by CA phenotype with poor tolerance of otherwise frequently used medications. Treating comorbidities including atrial fibrillation and valvular disease remains a challenge in CA, driven by technical difficulties and uncertain outcomes. Tafamidis is the first ATTR-stabilizer approved with a rapidly growing rate of clinical use. In parallel, various new therapeutic classes are in late-stage clinical trials including silencers, antibodies and genetic therapy. Managing CA is a critical challenge for future heart failure care. This review delineates the current standard-of-care and scientific landscape of CA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vogel
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Carpinteiro
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Luedike
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Buehning
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Wernhart
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Michel
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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3
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Lavatelli F, Natalello A, Marchese L, Ami D, Corazza A, Raimondi S, Mimmi MC, Malinverni S, Mangione PP, Palmer MT, Lampis A, Concardi M, Verona G, Canetti D, Arbustini E, Bellotti V, Giorgetti S. Truncation of the constant domain drives amyloid formation by immunoglobulin light chains. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107174. [PMID: 38499153 PMCID: PMC11016911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
AL amyloidosis is a life-threatening disease caused by deposition of immunoglobulin light chains. While the mechanisms underlying light chains amyloidogenesis in vivo remain unclear, several studies have highlighted the role that tissue environment and structural amyloidogenicity of individual light chains have in the disease pathogenesis. AL natural deposits contain both full-length light chains and fragments encompassing the variable domain (VL) as well as different length segments of the constant region (CL), thus highlighting the relevance that proteolysis may have in the fibrillogenesis pathway. Here, we investigate the role of major truncated species of the disease-associated AL55 light chain that were previously identified in natural deposits. Specifically, we study structure, molecular dynamics, thermal stability, and capacity to form fibrils of a fragment containing both the VL and part of the CL (133-AL55), in comparison with the full-length protein and its variable domain alone, under shear stress and physiological conditions. Whereas the full-length light chain forms exclusively amorphous aggregates, both fragments generate fibrils, although, with different kinetics, aggregate structure, and interplay with the unfragmented protein. More specifically, the VL-CL 133-AL55 fragment entirely converts into amyloid fibrils microscopically and spectroscopically similar to their ex vivo counterpart and increases the amorphous aggregation of full-length AL55. Overall, our data support the idea that light chain structure and proteolysis are both relevant for amyloidogenesis in vivo and provide a novel biocompatible model of light chain fibrillogenesis suitable for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lavatelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Research Area, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Loredana Marchese
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Corazza
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Raimondi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Mimmi
- Transplant Research Area and Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Malinverni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Patrizia Mangione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Research Area, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Manel Terrones Palmer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Lampis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Concardi
- Transplant Research Area and Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Verona
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Centre for Amyloidosis, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Canetti
- Centre for Amyloidosis, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eloisa Arbustini
- Transplant Research Area and Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bellotti
- Research Area, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sofia Giorgetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Research Area, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
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4
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Wong S, West ME, Morgan GJ. Kinetic evidence for multiple aggregation pathways in antibody light chain variable domains. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4871. [PMID: 38100259 PMCID: PMC10868443 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of antibody light chain proteins is associated with the progressive disease light chain amyloidosis. Patient-derived amyloid fibrils are formed from light chain variable domain residues in non-native conformations, highlighting a requirement that light chains unfold from their native structures in order to aggregate. However, mechanistic studies of amyloid formation have primarily focused on the self-assembly of natively unstructured peptides, and the role of native state unfolding is less well understood. Using a well-studied light chain variable domain protein known as WIL, which readily aggregates in vitro under conditions where the native state predominates, we asked how the protein concentration and addition of pre-formed fibril "seeds" alter the kinetics of aggregation. Monitoring aggregation with thioflavin T fluorescence revealed a distinctly non-linear dependence on concentration, with a maximum aggregation rate observed at 8 μM protein. This behavior is consistent with formation of alternate aggregate structures in the early phases of amyloid formation. Addition of N- or C-terminal peptide tags, which did not greatly affect the folding or stability of the protein, altered the concentration dependence of aggregation. Aggregation rates increased in the presence of pre-formed seeds, but this effect did not eliminate the delay before aggregation and became saturated when the proportion of seeds added was greater than 1 in 1600. The complexity of aggregation observed in vitro highlights how multiple species may contribute to amyloid pathology in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Wong
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madeline E West
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Nutini A. Amyloid oligomers and their membrane toxicity - A perspective study. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 187:9-20. [PMID: 38211711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a condition involving a disparate group of pathologies characterized by the extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrils composed of broken-down proteins. These proteins can accumulate locally, causing peculiar symptoms, or in a widespread way, involving many organs and. causing severe systemic failure. The damage that is created is related not only to the accumulation of. amyloid fibrils but above all to the precursor oligomers of the fibrils that manage to enter the cell in a very particular way. This article analyzes the current state of research related to the entry of these oligomers into the cell membrane and the theories related to their toxicity. The paper proposed here not only aims to review the contents in the literature but also proposes a new vision of amyloid toxicity. that could occur in a multiphase process catalyzed by the cell membrane itself. In this process, the denaturation of the lipid bilayer is followed by the stabilization of a pore through energetically favorable self-assembly processes which are achieved through particular oligomeric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nutini
- Biology and Biomechanics Dept - Centro Studi Attività Motorie, Italy.
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Aubrey LD, Ninkina N, Ulamec SM, Abramycheva NY, Vasili E, Devine OM, Wilkinson M, Mackinnon E, Limorenko G, Walko M, Muwanga S, Amadio L, Peters OM, Illarioshkin SN, Outeiro TF, Ranson NA, Brockwell DJ, Buchman VL, Radford SE. Substitution of Met-38 to Ile in γ-synuclein found in two patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis induces aggregation into amyloid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309700120. [PMID: 38170745 PMCID: PMC10786281 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
α-, β-, and γ-Synuclein are intrinsically disordered proteins implicated in physiological processes in the nervous system of vertebrates. α-synuclein (αSyn) is the amyloidogenic protein associated with Parkinson's disease and certain other neurodegenerative disorders. Intensive research has focused on the mechanisms that cause αSyn to form amyloid structures, identifying its NAC region as being necessary and sufficient for amyloid assembly. Recent work has shown that a 7-residue sequence (P1) is necessary for αSyn amyloid formation. Although γ-synuclein (γSyn) is 55% identical in sequence to αSyn and its pathological deposits are also observed in association with neurodegenerative conditions, γSyn is resilient to amyloid formation in vitro. Here, we report a rare single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the SNCG gene encoding γSyn, found in two patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The SNP results in the substitution of Met38 with Ile in the P1 region of the protein. These individuals also had a second, common and nonpathological, SNP in SNCG resulting in the substitution of Glu110 with Val. In vitro studies demonstrate that the Ile38 variant accelerates amyloid fibril assembly. Contrastingly, Val110 retards fibril assembly and mitigates the effect of Ile38. Substitution of residue 38 with Leu had little effect, while Val retards, and Ala increases the rate of amyloid formation. Ile38 γSyn also results in the formation of γSyn-containing inclusions in cells. The results show how a single point substitution can enhance amyloid formation of γSyn and highlight the P1 region in driving amyloid formation in another synuclein family member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D. Aubrey
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Ninkina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod308015, Russian Federation
| | - Sabine M. Ulamec
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Y. Abramycheva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Tissue Engineering, Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow125367, Russia
| | - Eftychia Vasili
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Oliver M. Devine
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wilkinson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Eilish Mackinnon
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Galina Limorenko
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Martin Walko
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Muwanga
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Amadio
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Owen M. Peters
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey N. Illarioshkin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Tissue Engineering, Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow125367, Russia
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen37075, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen37075, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon TyneNE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- Scientific employee with a honorary contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Göttingen37075, Germany
| | - Neil A. Ranson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Brockwell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir L. Buchman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod308015, Russian Federation
| | - Sheena E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Hughes MS, Lentzsch S. Safety and Efficacy of Subcutaneous Daratumumab in Systemic AL Amyloidosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2023; 19:1063-1074. [PMID: 38164204 PMCID: PMC10758190 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s325859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic AL amyloidosis, a plasma cell dyscrasia, is characterized by the production of misfolded immunoglobulin light chain. These misfolded proteins aggregate into amyloid fibrils and deposit throughout the body, resulting in widespread organ dysfunction and ultimately death. Achieving rapid and maximal elimination of the plasma cell clone is crucial to long-term survival. Daratumumab, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody delivered intravenously, has been swiftly incorporated into standard first-line treatment regimens. A novel formulation of daratumumab has been developed that can be injected subcutaneously. Areas Covered As a retrospective qualitative review of prior publications involving daratumumab, this work briefly summarizes the existing data regarding the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous (SC) daratumumab, compared to intravenous (IV) daratumumab. SC daratumumab appears to deliver the same disease benefit as IV daratumumab to patients with decreased infusion-related reactions (IRRs), decreased time for administration, and similar rates of adverse events (AEs) intrinsically related to daratumumab. Expert Opinion SC daratumumab is preferred over IV daratumumab, but the clinical situation ultimately should determine route of administration. Further investigation into cost-effectiveness benefit is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sang Hughes
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne Lentzsch
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Golatkar V, Bhatt LK. Emerging therapeutic avenues in cardiac amyloidosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176142. [PMID: 37866746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac Amyloidosis (CA) is a toxic infiltrative cardiomyopathy occurred by the deposition of the amyloid fibres in the extracellular matrix of the myocardium. This results in severe clinical complications such as increased left ventricular wall thickness and interventricular stiffness, a decrease in left ventricular stroke volume and cardiac output, diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmia, etc. In a prolonged period, this condition progresses into heart failure. The amyloid fibres affecting the heart include immunoglobulin light chain (AL - amyloidosis) and transthyretin protein (ATTR - amyloidosis) misfolded amyloid fibres. ATTRwt has the highest prevalence of 155 to 191 cases per million while ATTRv has an estimated prevalence of 5.2 cases per million. The pathological findings and therapeutic approaches developed recently have aided in the treatment regimen of cardiac amyloidosis patients. In recent years, understanding the pathophysiology of amyloid fibres formation and mechanistic pathways triggered in both types of cardiac amyloidosis has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches and agents. This review focuses on the current status of emerging therapeutic agents in clinical trials. Earlier, melphalan and bortezomib in combination with alkylating agents and immunomodulatory drugs were used as a standard therapy for AL amyloidosis. Tafamidis, approved recently by FDA is used as a standard for ATTR amyloidosis. However, the emerging therapeutic agents under development for the treatment of AL and ATTR cardiac amyloidosis have shown a potent and rapid effect with a safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Golatkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
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Klimtchuk ES, Peterle D, Bullitt EA, Connors LH, Engen JR, Gursky O. Role of complementarity-determining regions 1 and 3 in pathologic amyloid formation by human immunoglobulin κ1 light chains. Amyloid 2023; 30:364-378. [PMID: 37216473 PMCID: PMC10663386 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2023.2212397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin light chain (LC) amyloidosis is a life-threatening disease complicated by vast numbers of patient-specific mutations. We explored 14 patient-derived and engineered proteins related to κ1-family germline genes IGKVLD-33*01 and IGKVLD-39*01. METHODS Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis of conformational dynamics in recombinant LCs and their fragments was integrated with studies of thermal stability, proteolytic susceptibility, amyloid formation and amyloidogenic sequence propensity. The results were mapped on the structures of native and fibrillary proteins. RESULTS Proteins from two κ1 subfamilies showed unexpected differences. Compared to their germline counterparts, amyloid LC related to IGKVLD-33*01 was less stable and formed amyloid faster, whereas amyloid LC related to IGKVLD-39*01 had similar stability and formed amyloid slower, suggesting different major factors influencing amyloidogenesis. In 33*01-related amyloid LC, these factors involved destabilization of the native structure and probable stabilization of amyloid. The atypical behavior of 39*01-related amyloid LC stemmed from increased dynamics/exposure of amyloidogenic segments in βC'V and βEV that could initiate aggregation and decreased dynamics/exposure near the Cys23-Cys88 disulfide. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest distinct amyloidogenic pathways for closely related LCs and point to the complementarity-defining regions CDR1 and CDR3, linked via the conserved internal disulfide, as key factors in amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S. Klimtchuk
- Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, United States
| | - Daniele Peterle
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Esther A. Bullitt
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Lawreen H. Connors
- Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, United States
| | - John R. Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Olga Gursky
- Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118, United States
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
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10
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Wees I, Hendren NS, Kaur G, Roth LR, Grodin JL. Natriuretic Peptides and Cardiac Troponins: Markers of Disease Progression and Risk in Light Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2023; 20:350-357. [PMID: 37428428 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-023-00616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Light chain (AL) amyloidosis can cause an infiltrative cardiomyopathy that can result in symptomatic heart failure. The vague, nonspecific onset of signs and symptoms may lead to a delay in diagnosis and treatment leading to poor outcomes. Cardiac biomarkers, such as troponins and natriuretic peptides, play a pivotal role in diagnosis, determining prognosis, and assessing treatment response in patients with AL amyloidosis. Because of the evolving landscape for both diagnosis and treatment of AL cardiac amyloidosis, we review the critical role these and other biomarkers play in the clinical management of this disease. RECENT FINDINGS A number of conventional cardiac and noncardiac serum biomarkers are commonly used in AL cardiac amyloidosis and may be surrogates for cardiac involvement and inform prognosis. These include typical heart failure biomarkers such as levels of circulating natriuretic peptides as well as cardiac troponins. Other noncardiac biomarkers frequently measured in AL cardiac amyloidosis included difference between the involved and uninvolved free light chains (dFLC) and markers of endothelial cell activation and damage such as von Willebrand factor antigen and matrix metalloproteinases. AL amyloidosis can lead to cardiac involvement which has been associated with poor outcomes, especially if not identified and treated early. Natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponins are cornerstones for the diagnosis and management of AL cardiac amyloidosis. Their levels may represent cardiac stress, injury, and possibly degree of cardiac involvement, and they play a key role in AL amyloidosis disease staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Wees
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas S Hendren
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gurbakhash Kaur
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lori R Roth
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Justin L Grodin
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Lacham-Hartman S, Moshe R, Ben-Zichri S, Shmidov Y, Bitton R, Jelinek R, Papo N. APPI-Derived Cyclic Peptide Enhances Aβ42 Aggregation and Reduces Aβ42-Mediated Membrane Destabilization and Cytotoxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3385-3397. [PMID: 37579500 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An amyloid precursor protein inhibitor (APPI) and amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) are both subdomains of the human transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP). In the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Aβ42 oligomerizes into aggregates of various sizes, with intermediate, low-molecular-weight Aβ42 oligomers currently being held to be the species responsible for the most neurotoxic effects associated with the disease. Strategies to ameliorate the toxicity of these intermediate Aβ42 oligomeric species include the use of short, Aβ42-interacting peptides that either inhibit the formation of the Aβ42 oligomeric species or promote their conversion to high-molecular-weight aggregates. We therefore designed such an Aβ42-interacting peptide that is based on the β-hairpin amino acid sequence of the APPI, which exhibits high similarity to the β-sheet-like aggregation site of Aβ42. Upon tight binding of this 20-mer cyclic peptide to Aβ42 (in a 1:1 molar ratio), the formation of Aβ42 aggregates was enhanced, and consequently, Aβ42-mediated cell toxicity was ameliorated. We showed that in the presence of the cyclic peptide, interactions of Aβ42 with both plasma and mitochondrial membranes and with phospholipid vesicles that mimic these membranes were inhibited. Specifically, the cyclic peptide inhibited Aβ42-mediated mitochondrial membrane depolarization and reduced Aβ42-mediated apoptosis and cell death. We suggest that the cyclic peptide modulates Aβ42 aggregation by enhancing the formation of large aggregates─as opposed to low-molecular-weight intermediates─and as such has the potential for further development as an AD therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Lacham-Hartman
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Reut Moshe
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Shani Ben-Zichri
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yulia Shmidov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ronit Bitton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science &Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science &Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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12
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Wong S, West ME, Morgan GJ. Kinetic evidence for multiple aggregation pathways in antibody light chain variable domains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.555139. [PMID: 37693524 PMCID: PMC10491100 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of antibody light chain proteins is associated with the progressive disease light chain amyloidosis. Patient-derived amyloid fibrils are formed from light chain variable domain residues in non-native conformations, highlighting a requirement that light chains unfold from their native structures in order to aggregate. However, mechanistic studies of amyloid formation have primarily focused on the self-assembly of natively unstructured peptides, and the role of native state unfolding is less well understood. Using a well-studied light chain variable domain protein known as WIL, which readily aggregates in vitro under conditions where the native state predominates, we asked how the protein concentration and addition of pre-formed fibril "seeds" alter the kinetics of aggregation. Monitoring aggregation with thioflavin T fluorescence revealed a distinctly non-linear dependence on concentration, with a maximum aggregation rate observed at 8 μM protein. This behavior is consistent with formation of alternate aggregate structures in the early phases of amyloid formation. Addition of N- or C-terminal peptide tags, which did not greatly affect the folding or stability of the protein, altered the concentration dependence of aggregation. Aggregation rates increased in the presence of pre-formed seeds, but this effect did not eliminate the delay before aggregation and became saturated when the proportion of seeds added was greater than 1 in 1600. The complexity of aggregation observed in vitro highlights how multiple species may contribute to amyloid pathology in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Wong
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madeline E West
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Pradhan T, Sarkar R, Meighen-Berger KM, Feige MJ, Zacharias M, Reif B. Mechanistic insights into the aggregation pathway of the patient-derived immunoglobulin light chain variable domain protein FOR005. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3755. [PMID: 37353525 PMCID: PMC10290123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic antibody light chain (AL) amyloidosis is characterized by deposition of amyloid fibrils. Prior to fibril formation, soluble oligomeric AL protein has a direct cytotoxic effect on cardiomyocytes. We focus on the patient derived λ-III AL variable domain FOR005 which is mutated at five positions with respect to the closest germline protein. Using solution-state NMR spectroscopy, we follow the individual steps involved in protein misfolding from the native to the amyloid fibril state. Unfavorable mutations in the complementary determining regions introduce a strain in the native protein structure which yields partial unfolding. Driven by electrostatic interactions, the protein converts into a high molecular weight, oligomeric, molten globule. The high local concentration of aggregation prone regions in the oligomer finally catalyzes the conversion into fibrils. The topology is determined by balanced electrostatic interactions in the fibril core implying a 180° rotational switch of the beta-sheets around the conserved disulfide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini Pradhan
- Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology (STB), Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HMGU), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Riddhiman Sarkar
- Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology (STB), Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HMGU), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kevin M Meighen-Berger
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias J Feige
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Bernd Reif
- Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany.
- Institute of Structural Biology (STB), Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HMGU), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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14
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Meunier-Carmenate Y, Valdés-García G, Maya-Martinez R, French-Pacheco L, Fernández-Silva A, González-Onofre Y, Millan-Pacheco C, Pastor N, Amero C. Unfolding and Aggregation Pathways of Variable Domains from Immunoglobulin Light Chains. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1000-1011. [PMID: 36802343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis. This disease is caused by the formation and deposition of amyloid fibers made from immunoglobulin light chains. Environmental conditions such as pH and temperature can affect protein structure and induce the development of these fibers. Several studies have shed light on the native state, stability, dynamics, and final amyloid state of these proteins; however, the initiation process and the fibril formation pathway remain poorly understood structurally and kinetically. To study this, we analyzed the unfolding and aggregation process of the 6aJL2 protein under acidic conditions, with temperature changes, and upon mutation, using biophysical and computational techniques. Our results suggest that the differences in amyloidogenicity displayed by 6aJL2 under these conditions are caused by traversing different aggregation pathways, including unfolded intermediates and the formation of oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira Meunier-Carmenate
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Valdés-García
- Centro de Investigacion en Dinámica Celular-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Roberto Maya-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Leidys French-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Arline Fernández-Silva
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Yoselin González-Onofre
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Cesar Millan-Pacheco
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Nina Pastor
- Centro de Investigacion en Dinámica Celular-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Carlos Amero
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
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15
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Absmeier RM, Rottenaicher GJ, Svilenov HL, Kazman P, Buchner J. Antibodies gone bad - the molecular mechanism of light chain amyloidosis. FEBS J 2023; 290:1398-1419. [PMID: 35122394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a systemic disease in which abnormally proliferating plasma cells secrete large amounts of mutated antibody light chains (LCs) that eventually form fibrils. The fibrils are deposited in various organs, most often in the heart and kidney, and impair their function. The prognosis for patients diagnosed with AL is generally poor. The disease is set apart from other amyloidoses by the huge number of patient-specific mutations in the disease-causing and fibril-forming protein. The molecular mechanisms that drive the aggregation of mutated LCs into fibrils have been enigmatic, which hindered the development of efficient diagnostics and therapies. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on AL amyloidosis and discuss open issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona M Absmeier
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Georg J Rottenaicher
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hristo L Svilenov
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Pamina Kazman
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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16
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Klimtchuk ES, Peterle D, Bullitt EA, Connors LH, Engen JR, Gursky O. Role of Complementarity-Determining Regions 1 and 3 in Pathologic Amyloid Formation by Human Immunoglobulin κ1 Light Chains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526662. [PMID: 36778378 PMCID: PMC9915687 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain (LC) amyloidosis is a life-threatening disease whose understanding and treatment is complicated by vast numbers of patient-specific mutations. To address molecular origins of the disease, we explored 14 patient-derived and engineered proteins related to κ1-family germline genes IGKVLD-33*01 and IGKVLD-39*01. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis of local conformational dynamics in full-length recombinant LCs and their fragments was integrated with studies of thermal stability, proteolytic susceptibility, amyloid formation, and amyloidogenic sequence propensities using spectroscopic, electron microscopic and bioinformatics tools. The results were mapped on the atomic structures of native and fibrillary proteins. Proteins from two κ1 subfamilies showed unexpected differences. Compared to their germline counterparts, amyloid LC related to IGKVLD-33*01 was less stable and formed amyloid faster, whereas amyloid LC related to IGKVLD-39*01 had similar stability and formed amyloid slower. These and other differences suggest different major factors influencing amyloid formation. In 33*01-related amyloid LC, these factors involved mutation-induced destabilization of the native structure and probable stabilization of amyloid. The atypical behaviour of 39*01-related amyloid LC tracked back to increased dynamics/exposure of amyloidogenic segments in βC' V and βE V that could initiate aggregation, combined with decreased dynamics/exposure near the Cys23-Cys88 disulfide whose rearrangement is rate-limiting to amyloidogenesis. The results suggest distinct amyloidogenic pathways for closely related LCs and point to the antigen-binding, complementarity-determining regions CDR1 and CDR3, which are linked via the conserved internal disulfide, as key factors in amyloid formation by various LCs.
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17
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Tomiyama R, So M, Yamaguchi K, Miyanoiri Y, Sakurai K. The residual structure of acid-denatured β 2 -microglobulin is relevant to an ordered fibril morphology. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4487. [PMID: 36321362 PMCID: PMC9793977 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
β2 -Microglobulin (β2m) forms amyloid fibrils in vitro under acidic conditions. Under these conditions, the residual structure of acid-denatured β2m is relevant to seeding and fibril extension processes. Disulfide (SS) bond-oxidized β2m has been shown to form rigid, ordered fibrils, whereas SS bond-reduced β2m forms curvy, less-ordered fibrils. These findings suggest that the presence of an SS bond affects the residual structure of the monomer, which subsequently influences the fibril morphology. To clarify this process, we herein performed NMR experiments. The results obtained revealed that oxidized β2m contained a residual structure throughout the molecule, including the N- and C-termini, whereas the residual structure of the reduced form was localized and other regions had a random coil structure. The range of the residual structure in the oxidized form was wider than that of the fibril core. These results indicate that acid-denatured β2m has variable conformations. Most conformations in the ensemble cannot participate in fibril formation because their core residues are hidden by residual structures. However, when hydrophobic residues are exposed, polypeptides competently form an ordered fibril. This conformational selection phase may be needed for the ordered assembly of amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tomiyama
- Graduate School of Biology‐oriented Science and TechnologyKindai UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Masatomo So
- Institute for Protein ResearchOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and InformaticsOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | | | - Kazumasa Sakurai
- Graduate School of Biology‐oriented Science and TechnologyKindai UniversityWakayamaJapan,High Pressure Protein Research Center, Institute of Advanced TechnologyKindai UniversityWakayamaJapan
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18
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Martinez-Rivas G, Bender S, Sirac C. Understanding AL amyloidosis with a little help from in vivo models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008449. [PMID: 36458006 PMCID: PMC9707859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a rare but severe disease that may occur when a B or plasma cell clone secretes an excess of free Ig light chains (LCs). Some of these LCs tend to aggregate into organized fibrils with a β-sheet structure, the so-called amyloid fibrils, and deposit into the extracellular compartment of organs, such as the heart or kidneys, causing their dysfunction. Recent findings have confirmed that the core of the amyloid fibrils is constituted by the variable (V) domain of the LCs, but the mechanisms underlying the unfolding and aggregation of this fragment and its deposition are still unclear. Moreover, in addition to the mechanical constraints exerted by the massive accumulation of amyloid fibrils in organs, the direct toxicity of these variable domain LCs, full-length light chains, or primary amyloid precursors (oligomers) seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Many in vitro studies have focused on these topics, but the variability of this disease, in which each LC presents unique properties, and the extent and complexity of affected organs make its study in vivo very difficult. Accordingly, several groups have focused on the development of animal models for years, with some encouraging but mostly disappointing results. In this review, we discuss the experimental models that have been used to better understand the unknowns of this pathology with an emphasis on in vivo approaches. We also focus on why reliable AL amyloidosis animal models remain so difficult to obtain and what this tells us about the pathophysiology of the disease.
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19
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Micsonai A, Moussong É, Wien F, Boros E, Vadászi H, Murvai N, Lee YH, Molnár T, Réfrégiers M, Goto Y, Tantos Á, Kardos J. BeStSel: webserver for secondary structure and fold prediction for protein CD spectroscopy. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:W90-W98. [PMID: 35544232 PMCID: PMC9252784 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is widely used to characterize the secondary structure composition of proteins. To derive accurate and detailed structural information from the CD spectra, we have developed the Beta Structure Selection (BeStSel) method (PNAS, 112, E3095), which can handle the spectral diversity of β-structured proteins. The BeStSel webserver provides this method with useful accessories to the community with the main goal to analyze single or multiple protein CD spectra. Uniquely, BeStSel provides information on eight secondary structure components including parallel β-structure and antiparallel β-sheets with three different groups of twist. It overperforms any available method in accuracy and information content, moreover, it is capable of predicting the protein fold down to the topology/homology level of the CATH classification. A new module of the webserver helps to distinguish intrinsically disordered proteins by their CD spectrum. Secondary structure calculation for uploaded PDB files will help the experimental verification of protein MD and in silico modelling using CD spectroscopy. The server also calculates extinction coefficients from the primary sequence for CD users to determine the accurate protein concentrations which is a prerequisite for reliable secondary structure determination. The BeStSel server can be freely accessed at https://bestsel.elte.hu.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Micsonai
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Éva Moussong
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Frank Wien
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette 91192, France
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Vadászi
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Murvai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang 28119, Republic of Korea.,Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University (CNU), Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tamás Molnár
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Matthieu Réfrégiers
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette 91192, France.,Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Orléans, France
| | - Yuji Goto
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ágnes Tantos
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - József Kardos
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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20
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Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Amyloidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010025. [PMID: 35008444 PMCID: PMC8744761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac involvement has a profound effect on the prognosis of patients with systemic amyloidosis. Therapeutic methods for suppressing the production of causative proteins have been developed for ATTR amyloidosis and AL amyloidosis, which show cardiac involvement, and the prognosis has been improved. However, a method for removing deposited amyloid has not been established. Methods for reducing cytotoxicity caused by amyloid deposition and amyloid precursor protein to protect cardiovascular cells are also needed. In this review, we outline the molecular mechanisms and treatments of cardiac amyloidosis.
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