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Li H, Vargo E, Xie Z, Ma L, Pieters PF, Shelton SW, Alivisatos AP, Xu T, Liu Y. Multilaminate Energy Storage Films from Entropy-Driven Self-Assembled Supramolecular Nanocomposites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401954. [PMID: 38669470 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Composite materials comprising polymers and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are promising for energy storage applications, though challenges in controlling NP dispersion often result in performance bottlenecks. Realizing nanocomposites with controlled NP locations and distributions within polymer microdomains is highly desirable for improving energy storage capabilities but is a persistent challenge, impeding the in-depth understanding of the structure-performance relationship. In this study, a facile entropy-driven self-assembly approach is employed to fabricate block copolymer-based supramolecular nanocomposite films with highly ordered lamellar structures, which are then used in electrostatic film capacitors. The oriented interfacial barriers and well-distributed inorganic NPs within the self-assembled multilaminate nanocomposites effectively suppress leakage current and mitigate the risk of breakdown, showing superior dielectric strength compared to their disordered counterparts. Consequently, the lamellar nanocomposite films with optimized composition exhibit high energy efficiency (>90% at 650 MV m-1), along with remarkable energy density and power density. Moreover, finite element simulations and statistical modeling have provided theoretical insights into the impact of the lamellar structure on electrical conduction, electric field distribution, and electrical tree propagation. This work marks a significant advancement in the design of organic-inorganic hybrids for energy storage, establishing a well-defined correlation between microstructure and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Emma Vargo
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zongliang Xie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Le Ma
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Steve W Shelton
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Armand Paul Alivisatos
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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2
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Liu C, Liang H, Xie R, Zhou Q, Qi M, Yang C, Gu X, Wang Y, Zhang G, Li J, Gong X, Chen J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Ge X, Wang Y, Yang C, Liu Y, Liu X. A Three-in-One Hybrid Strategy for High-Performance Semiconducting Polymers Processed from Anisole. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401345. [PMID: 38647436 PMCID: PMC11220690 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of semiconducting polymers with good processability in green solvents and competitive electrical performance is essential for realizing sustainable large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of organic electronics. A major obstacle is the processability-performance dichotomy that is dictated by the lack of ideal building blocks with balanced polarity, solubility, electronic structures, and molecular conformation. Herein, through the integration of donor, quinoid and acceptor units, an unprecedented building block, namely TQBT, is introduced for constructing a serial of conjugated polymers. The TQBT, distinct in non-symmetric structure and high dipole moment, imparts enhanced solubility in anisole-a green solvent-to the polymer TQBT-T. Furthermore, PTQBT-T possess a highly rigid and planar backbone owing to the nearly coplanar geometry and quinoidal nature of TQBT, resulting in strong aggregation in solution and localized aggregates in film. Remarkably, PTQBT-T films spuncast from anisole exhibit a hole mobility of 2.30 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is record high for green solvent-processable semiconducting polymers via spin-coating, together with commendable operational and storage stability. The hybrid building block emerges as a pioneering electroactive unit, shedding light on future design strategies in high-performance semiconducting polymers compatible with green processing and marking a significant stride towards ecofriendly organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Liang
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Runze Xie
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Quanfeng Zhou
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Miao Qi
- The Molecular FoundryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Chongqing Yang
- The Molecular FoundryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and EngineeringCenter for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMS39406USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and EngineeringCenter for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMS39406USA
| | - Guoxiang Zhang
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Jinlun Li
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Xiu Gong
- College of PhysicsGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Junwu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Lianjie Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Zesheng Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ge
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Yuanyu Wang
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Big Data and Information EngineeringGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular FoundryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025P. R. China
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3
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Usuba J, Sun Z, Nguyen HPQ, Raju C, Schmidt-Rohr K, Han GGD. Mechanoactivated amorphization and photopolymerization of styryldipyryliums. COMMUNICATIONS MATERIALS 2024; 5:98. [PMID: 38859933 PMCID: PMC11162349 DOI: 10.1038/s43246-024-00539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Conventional topochemical photopolymerization reactions occur exclusively in precisely-engineered photoactive crystalline states, which often produces high-insoluble polymers. To mitigate this, here, we report the mechanoactivation of photostable styryldipyrylium-based monomers, which results in their amorphization-enabled solid-state photopolymerization and produces soluble and processable amorphous polymers. A combination of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, and absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy reveals the crucial role of a mechanically-disordered monomer phase in yielding polymers via photo-induced [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Hence, mechanoactivation and amorphization can expand the scope of topochemical polymerization conditions to open up opportunities for generating polymers that are otherwise difficult to synthesize and analyze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Usuba
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| | - Zhenhuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| | - Han P. Q. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| | - Cijil Raju
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| | - Grace G. D. Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
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4
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Khazeber R, Kana GS, Sureshan KM. Massive Molecular Motion in Crystal Leads to an Unexpected Helical Covalent Polymer in a Solid-state Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316513. [PMID: 38224551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
We designed a proline-derived monomer with azide and alkene functional groups to enable topochemical ene-azide cycloaddition (TEAC) polymerization. In its crystal, the monomer forms supramolecular helices along the 'a' axis through various non-covalent interactions. Along the 'c' axis, the molecules arrange themselves head-to-tail in a wave-like pattern, positioning the azide and alkene groups of adjacent molecules in close proximity and anti-parallel orientation, complying with Schmidt's criteria for topochemical reaction. This prearranged configuration was expected to facilitate smooth topochemical polymerization, resulting in a 1,4-triazoline-linked polymer. Upon heating, the monomer underwent TEAC polymerization in a remarkable single-crystal-to-single-crystal fashion, but, to our surprise, it yielded an unexpected covalent helical polymer linked by 1,5-disubstituted triazoline units. Remarkably, the crystal avoids the ready-to-react arrangement for polymerization, but connects monomer molecules within the supramolecular helix through the cycloaddition of azide and alkene groups, even though they are not in close proximity nor in the expected orientation. This unexpected path, involving a substantial 134° rotation of the alkene group, yields hitherto unknown 1,5-disubstituted triazoline product regiospecifically. This study serves as a cautionary reminder that relying solely on topochemical postulates for predicting reactivity can sometimes be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Khazeber
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Gautham S Kana
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
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5
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Haymaker A, Nannenga BL. Advances and applications of microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED). Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 84:102741. [PMID: 38086321 PMCID: PMC10882645 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Microcrystal electron diffraction, commonly referred to as MicroED, has become a powerful tool for high-resolution structure determination. The method makes use of cryogenic transmission electron microscopes to collect electron diffraction data from crystals that are several orders of magnitude smaller than those used by other conventional diffraction techniques. MicroED has been used on a variety of samples including soluble proteins, membrane proteins, small organic molecules, and materials. Here we will review the MicroED method and highlight recent advancements to the methodology, as well as describe applications of MicroED within the fields of structural biology and chemical crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Haymaker
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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6
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Zhou Q, Liu C, Li J, Xie R, Zhang G, Ge X, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Chen J, Gong X, Yang C, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu X. A skeletal randomization strategy for high-performance quinoidal-aromatic polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:283-296. [PMID: 37943155 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01143g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the solution-processability of conjugated polymers (CPs) without diminishing their thin-film crystallinity is crucial for optimizing charge transport in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, this presents a classic "Goldilocks zone" dilemma, as conventional solubility-tuning methods for CPs typically yield an inverse correlation between solubility and crystallinity. To address this fundamental issue, a straightforward skeletal randomization strategy is implemented to construct a quinoid-donor conjugated polymer, PA4T-Ra, that contains para-azaquinodimethane (p-AQM) and oligothiophenes as repeat units. A systematic study is conducted to contrast its properties against polymer homologues constructed following conventional solubility-tuning strategies. An unusually concurrent improvement of solubility and crystallinity is realized in the random polymer PA4T-Ra, which shows moderate polymer chain aggregation, the highest crystallinity and the least lattice disorder. Consequently, PA4T-Ra-based OFETs, fabricated under ambient air conditions, deliver an excellent hole mobility of 3.11 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is about 30 times higher than that of the other homologues and ranks among the highest for quinoidal CPs. These findings debunk the prevalent assumption that a random polymer backbone sequence results in decreased crystallinity. The considerable advantages of the skeletal randomization strategy illuminate new possibilities for the control of polymer aggregation and future design of high-performance CPs, potentially accelerating the development and commercialization of organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfeng Zhou
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Cheng Liu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Jinlun Li
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Runze Xie
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Guoxiang Zhang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xiang Ge
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zesheng Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lianjie Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junwu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiu Gong
- College of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuanyu Wang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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7
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Zwaihed W, Maurel F, Kobeissi M, Schmaltz B. New Quinoid Bio-Inspired Materials Using Para-Azaquinodimethane Moiety. Molecules 2023; 29:186. [PMID: 38202770 PMCID: PMC10780065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Quinoid single molecules are regarded as promising materials for electronic applications due to their tunable chemical structure-driven properties. A series of three single bio-inspired quinoid materials containing para-azaquinodimethane (p-AQM) moiety were designed, synthesized and characterized. AQM1, AQM2 and AQM3, prepared using aldehydes derived from almonds, corncobs and cinnamon, respectively, were studied as promising quinoid materials for optoelectronic applications. The significance of facile synthetic procedures is highlighted through a straightforward two-step synthesis, using Knoevenagel condensation. The synthesized molecules showed molar extinction coefficients of 22,000, 32,000 and 61,000 L mol-1 cm-1, respectively, for AQM1, AQM2 and AQM3. The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps were calculated experimentally, theoretically showing the same trends: AQM3 < AQM2 < AQM1. The role of the aryl substituent was studied and showed an impact on the electronic properties. DFT calculations show planar structures with quinoidal bond length alternation, in agreement with the experimental results. Finally, these bio-based materials showed high thermal stabilities between 290 °C and 340 °C and a glassy behavior after the first heating-cooling scan. These results highlight these bio-based single molecules as potential candidates for electronic or biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Zwaihed
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes Pour l’Energie (PCM2E)EA6299, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
- Laboratoire Rammal Rammal, Equipe de Synthèse Organique Appliquée SOA, Faculté des Sciences 5, Université Libanaise, Boulevard Nabih Berri, Quartier des Universités, Nabatieh 6573/14, Lebanon;
| | | | - Marwan Kobeissi
- Laboratoire Rammal Rammal, Equipe de Synthèse Organique Appliquée SOA, Faculté des Sciences 5, Université Libanaise, Boulevard Nabih Berri, Quartier des Universités, Nabatieh 6573/14, Lebanon;
| | - Bruno Schmaltz
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes Pour l’Energie (PCM2E)EA6299, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
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Rohmer M, Ebbinghaus SG, Busse K, Radicke J, Kressler J, Binder WH. A Living Topochemical Ring-Opening Polymerization of Achiral Amino Acid N-Carboxy-Anhydrides in Single Crystals. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302585. [PMID: 37698241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
A living topochemical ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of achiral amino-acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) is reported. Single crystals of the NCAs of α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and 1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (ACHC) were grown, allowing a ring-opening polymerization macroscopically induced by amines. The single crystals could be polymerized at temperatures from 25-50 °C after physically contacting the amine-based initiator with the crystals. Topochemical polymerization of the crystals was proven by MALDI-ToF MS and XRD, generating polymers with chain lengths of up to 40 units and a complete affixation of the initiating amine at the polymer's head. Due to the proper alignment of the reacting groups in the crystal, longer polymer chains with improved purities can be reached, as chain-transfer is reduced as compared to solution polymerization. Simple purification of the polymers can be achieved by separation of the unreacted NCA via dispersion in acetonitrile. Overall, this method enables the preparation of polymers with higher chain length and purities at mild conditions, finally demonstrating a crystal-based ring opening polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rohmer
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan G Ebbinghaus
- Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Karsten Busse
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julian Radicke
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
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9
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Wang M, Jin Y, Zhang W, Zhao Y. Single-crystal polymers (SCPs): from 1D to 3D architectures. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8165-8193. [PMID: 37929665 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00553d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal polymers (SCPs) with unambiguous chemical structures at atomic-level resolutions have attracted great attention. Obtaining precise structural information of these materials is critical as it enables a deeper understanding of the potential driving forces for specific packing and long-range order, secondary interactions, and kinetic and thermodynamic factors. Such information can ultimately lead to success in controlling the synthesis or engineering of their crystal structures for targeted applications, which could have far-reaching impact. Successful synthesis of SCPs with atomic level control of the structures, especially for those with 2D and 3D architectures, is rare. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of SCPs, including 1D, 2D, and 3D architectures. Solution synthesis, topochemical synthesis, and extreme condition synthesis are summarized and compared. Around 70 examples of SCPs with unambiguous structure information are presented, and their synthesis methods and structural analysis are discussed. This review offers critical insights into the structure-property relationships, providing guidance for the future rational design and bottom-up synthesis of a variety of highly ordered polymers with unprecedented functions and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsen Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China.
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10
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Athiyarath V, Mathew LA, Zhao Y, Khazeber R, Ramamurty U, Sureshan KM. Rational design and topochemical synthesis of polymorphs of a polymer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5132-5140. [PMID: 37206383 PMCID: PMC10189859 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Packing a polymer in different ways can give polymorphs of the polymer having different properties. β-Turn forming peptides such as 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib)-rich peptides adopt several conformations by varying the dihedral angles. Aiming at this, a β-turn-forming peptide monomer would give different polymorphs and these polymorphs upon topochemical polymerization would yield polymorphs of the polymer, we designed an Aib-rich monomer N3-(Aib)3-NHCH2-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH. This monomer crystallizes as two polymorphs and one hydrate. In all forms, the peptide adopts β-turn conformations and arranges in a head-to-tail manner with their azide and alkyne units proximally placed in a ready-to-react alignment. On heating, both the polymorphs undergo topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition polymerization. Polymorph I polymerized in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) fashion and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the polymer revealed its screw-sense reversing helical structure. Polymorph II maintains its crystallinity during polymerization but gradually becomes amorphous upon storage. The hydrate III undergoes a dehydrative transition to polymorph II. Nanoindentation studies revealed that different polymorphs of the monomer and the corresponding polymers exhibited different mechanical properties, in accordance with their crystal packing. This work demonstrates the promising future of the marriage of polymorphism and topochemistry for obtaining polymorphs of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Liby Ann Mathew
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Yakai Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 639798 Singapore
| | - Ravichandran Khazeber
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Upadrasta Ramamurty
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 639798 Singapore
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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11
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Anderson CL, Zhang T, Qi M, Chen Z, Yang C, Teat SJ, Settineri NS, Dailing EA, Garzón-Ruiz A, Navarro A, Lv Y, Liu Y. Exceptional Electron-Rich Heteroaromatic Pentacycle for Ultralow Band Gap Conjugated Polymers and Photothermal Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5474-5485. [PMID: 36812073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Stable redox-active conjugated molecules with exceptional electron-donating abilities are key components for the design and synthesis of ultralow band gap conjugated polymers. While hallmark electron-rich examples such as pentacene derivatives have been thoroughly explored, their poor air stability has hampered their broad incorporation into conjugated polymers for practical applications. Herein, we describe the synthesis of the electron-rich, fused pentacyclic pyrazino[2,3-b:5,6-b']diindolizine (PDIz) motif and detail its optical and redox behavior. The PDIz ring system exhibits a lower oxidation potential and a reduced optical band gap than the isoelectronic pentacene while retaining greater air stability in both solution and the solid state. The enhanced stability and electron density, together with readily installed solubilizing groups and polymerization handles, allow for the use of the PDIz motif in the synthesis of a series of conjugated polymers with band gaps as small as 0.71 eV. The tunable absorbance throughout the biologically relevant near-infrared I and II regions enables the use of these PDIz-based polymers as efficient photothermal therapeutic reagents for laser ablation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Anderson
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Miao Qi
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ziman Chen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chongqing Yang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric A Dailing
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrés Garzón-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cronista Francisco Ballesteros Gómez, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - Amparo Navarro
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Yongqin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Wei Z, Wang X, Seo B, Luo X, Hu Q, Jones J, Zeller M, Wang K, Savoie BM, Zhao K, Dou L. Side‐Chain Control of Topochemical Polymer Single Crystals with Tunable Elastic Modulus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213840. [PMID: 36219546 PMCID: PMC10092176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Topochemical polymerizations hold the promise of producing high molecular weight and stereoregular single crystalline polymers by first aligning monomers before polymerization. However, monomer modifications often alter the crystal packing and result in non-reactive polymorphs. Here, we report a systematic study on the side chain functionalization of the bis(indandione) derivative system that can be polymerized under visible light. Precisely engineered side chains help organize the monomer crystals in a one-dimensional fashion to maintain the topochemical reactivity. By optimizing the side chain length and end group of monomers, the elastic modulus of the resulting polymer single crystals can also be greatly enhanced. Lastly, using ultrasonication, insoluble polymer single crystals can be processed into free-standing and robust polymer thin films. This work provides new insights on the molecular design of topochemical reactions and paves the way for future applications of this fascinating family of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitang Wei
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Bumjoon Seo
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Xuyi Luo
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Qixuan Hu
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Jack Jones
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Kang Wang
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
- Birck Nanotechnology CenterPurdue UniversityPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, INUSA
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13
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Hema K, Raju C, Bhandary S, Sureshan KM. Tuning the Regioselectivity of Topochemical Polymerization through Cocrystallization of the Monomer with an Inert Isostere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210733. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
- Present address: Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | | | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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14
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Raju C, Kunnikuruvan S, Sureshan KM. Topochemical Cycloaddition Reaction between an Azide and an Internal Alkyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210453. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kerala-695551 India
| | - Sooraj Kunnikuruvan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kerala-695551 India
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15
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Hema K, Raju C, Bhandary S, Sureshan KM. Tuning the Regioselectivity of Topochemical Polymerization through Cocrystallization of the Monomer with an Inert Isostere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
- Present address: Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | | | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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16
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Luo X, Wei Z, Seo B, Hu Q, Wang X, Romo JA, Jain M, Cakmak M, Boudouris BW, Zhao K, Mei J, Savoie BM, Dou L. Circularly Recyclable Polymers Featuring Topochemically Weakened Carbon-Carbon Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16588-16597. [PMID: 35994519 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Closed-loop circular utilization of plastics is of manifold significance, yet energy-intensive and poorly selective scission of the ubiquitous carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds in contemporary commercial polymers pose tremendous challenges to envisioned recycling and upcycling scenarios. Here, we demonstrate a topochemical approach for creating elongated C-C bonds with a bond length of 1.57∼1.63 Å between repeating units in the solid state with decreased bond dissociation energies. Elongated bonds were introduced between the repeating units of 12 distinct polymers from three classes. In all cases, the materials exhibit rapid depolymerization via breakage of the elongated bond within a desirable temperature range (140∼260 °C) while otherwise remaining remarkably stable under harsh conditions. Furthermore, the topochemically prepared polymers are processable and 3D-printable while maintaining a high depolymerization yield and tunable mechanical properties. These results suggest that the crystalline polymers synthesized from simple photochemistry and without expensive catalysts are promising for practical applications with complete materials' circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Luo
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zitang Wei
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bumjoon Seo
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Qixuan Hu
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Joseph A Romo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mayank Jain
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mukerrem Cakmak
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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17
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Topochemical Cycloaddition Reaction between an Azide and an Internal Alkyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Itoh T, Suzuki T, Kondo F, Suzuki T, Uno T, Kubo M, Tohnai N, Sanda F, Miyata M. Preservation of the Conformational Structures of Single-Polymer Crystals in Solution. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Itoh
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kondo
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takumi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro Uno
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masataka Kubo
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Tohnai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumio Sanda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Mikiji Miyata
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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19
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Ravi A, Hassan SZ, Bhandary S, Sureshan KM. Topochemical Postulates: Are They Relevant for Topochemical Reactions Occurring at Elevated Temperatures? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200954. [PMID: 35258143 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A rigid inositol-derived monomer functionalized with azide and alkyne as the complementary reactive groups (CRGs) crystallized as three distinct polymorphs I-III. Despite the unsuitable orientation of CRGs in the crystals for complete polymerization, all the three polymorphs underwent regiospecific and quantitative topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) polymerization upon heating to yield three different polymorphs of 1,2,3-triazol-1,4-diyl-linked-poly-neo-inositol. The molecules in these polymorphs exploit the weak intermolecular interactions, free space in the crystal lattice, and heat energy for their large and cooperative molecular motion to attain a transient reactive orientation, ultimately leading to the regiospecific TAAC reaction yielding distinct crystalline polymers. This study cautions that the overreliance on topochemical postulates for the prediction of topochemical reactivity at high temperatures could be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthi Ravi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Vithura, India
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Vithura, India.,Present Address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Vithura, India.,Present Address: Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Vithura, India
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20
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Paolino M, Saletti M, Reale A, Razzano V, Giuliani G, Donati A, Bonechi C, Giorgi G, Atrei A, Mauro M, Scamporrino A, Samperi F, Fois E, Tabacchi G, Botta C, Cappelli A. Spontaneous polymerization of benzofulvene derivatives bearing complexed or un-complexed pyridine rings. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Ravi A, Hassan SZ, Bhandary S, Sureshan KM. Topochemical Postulates: Are They Relevant for Topochemical Reactions Occurring at Elevated Temperatures? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthi Ravi
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Vithura India
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Vithura India
- Present Address: Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Vithura India
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Vithura India
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22
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Doyle LR, Thompson EA, Burnage AL, Whitwood AC, Jenkins HT, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. MicroED characterization of a robust cationic σ-alkane complex stabilized by the [B(3,5-(SF 5) 2C 6H 3) 4] - anion, via on-grid solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3661-3665. [PMID: 35156982 PMCID: PMC8902584 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00335j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline (∼1 μm) [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norbornadiene)][S-BArF4], [S-BArF4] = [B(3,5-(SF5)2C6H3)4]−, reacts with H2 in a single-crystal to single-crystal transformation to form the σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norbornane)][S-BArF4], for which the structure was determined by microcrystal Electron Diffraction (microED), to 0.95 Å resolution, via an on-grid hydrogenation, and a complementary single-crystal X-ray diffraction study on larger, but challenging to isolate, crystals. Comparison with the [BArF4]− analogue [ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2(C6H3)] shows that the [S-BArF4]− anion makes the σ-alkane complex robust towards decomposition both thermally and when suspended in pentane. Subsequent reactivity with dissolved ethene in a pentane slurry, forms [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(ethene)2][S-BArF4], and the catalytic dimerisation/isomerisation of ethene to 2-butenes. The increased stability of [S-BArF4]− salts is identified as being due to increased non-covalent interactions in the lattice, resulting in a solid-state molecular organometallic material with desirable stability characteristics. The thermally and chemically robust σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norborane)][B(3,5-(SF5)2C6H3)4] is characterized by micro-electron diffraction using on-grid single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence R Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Emily A Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Arron L Burnage
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Huw T Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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