1
|
Nasir NJM, Chuah S, Shuen T, Prawira A, Ba R, Lim MC, Chua J, Nguyen PHD, Lim CJ, Wasser M, Hazirah SN, Lim TKH, Leow WQ, Loh TJ, Wan WK, Pang YH, Soon G, Cheow PC, Kam JH, Iyer S, Kow A, Dan YY, Bonney GK, Chung A, Goh BKP, Chow PKH, Albani S, Zhai W, Ouyang JF, Toh HC, Chew V. GATA4 downregulation enhances CCL20-mediated immunosuppression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0508. [PMID: 39167427 PMCID: PMC11340929 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly cancer with a high global mortality rate, and the downregulation of GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) has been implicated in HCC progression. In this study, we investigated the role of GATA4 in shaping the immune landscape of HCC. METHODS HCC tumor samples were classified into "low" or "normal/high" based on GATA4 RNA expression relative to adjacent non-tumor liver tissues. The immune landscapes of GATA4-low and GATA4-normal/high tumors were analyzed using cytometry by time-of-flight, bulk/spatial transcriptomic analyses and validated by multiplex immunofluorescence. RESULTS GATA4-low tumors displayed enrichment in exhausted programmed cell death protein 1+ T cells, immunosuppressive regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and macrophages, highlighting the impact of GATA4 downregulation on immunosuppression. Spatial and bulk transcriptomic analyses revealed a negative correlation between GATA4 and C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 20 (CCL20) expression in HCC. Overexpressing GATA4 confirmed CCL20 as a downstream target, contributing to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, as evidenced by increased regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in CCL20-high tumors. Lastly, the reduced expression of GATA4 and higher expression of CCL20 were associated with poorer overall survival in patients with HCC, implicating their roles in tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that GATA4 downregulation contributes to an immunosuppressive microenvironment, driven by CCL20-mediated enrichment of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in HCC. These findings underscore the critical role of GATA4 reduction in promoting immunosuppression and HCC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Jannah M. Nasir
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Samuel Chuah
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Timothy Shuen
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aldo Prawira
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Rebecca Ba
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei Chee Lim
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joelle Chua
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phuong H. D. Nguyen
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Chun J. Lim
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Martin Wasser
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Sharifah N. Hazirah
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Tony K. H. Lim
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Wei Qiang Leow
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tracy Jiezhen Loh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Wei Keat Wan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yin Huei Pang
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Gwyneth Soon
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Peng Chung Cheow
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital and National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juinn Huar Kam
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital and National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shridhar Iyer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Alfred Kow
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Glenn K. Bonney
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Alexander Chung
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital and National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brian K. P. Goh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital and National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pierce K. H. Chow
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital and National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Clinical and Translational Liver Cancer Research, Division of Medical Science, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunan, China
| | | | - Han Chong Toh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valerie Chew
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Li C. Data-driven energy landscape reveals critical genes in cancer progression. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2024; 10:27. [PMID: 38459043 PMCID: PMC10923824 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-024-00354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution of cancer is a complex process characterized by stable states and transitions among them. Studying the dynamic evolution of cancer and revealing the mechanisms of cancer progression based on experimental data is an important topic. In this study, we aim to employ a data-driven energy landscape approach to analyze the dynamic evolution of cancer. We take Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) as an example. From the energy landscape, we introduce two quantitative indicators (transition probability and barrier height) to study critical shifts in KIRC cancer evolution, including cancer onset and progression, and identify critical genes involved in these transitions. Our results successfully identify crucial genes that either promote or inhibit these transition processes in KIRC. We also conduct a comprehensive biological function analysis on these genes, validating the accuracy and reliability of our predictions. This work has implications for discovering new biomarkers, drug targets, and cancer treatment strategies in KIRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntan Liu
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chunhe Li
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Mathematical Sciences and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wan M, Liu J, Yang D, Xiao Z, Li X, Liu J, Huang L, Liu F, Zhang S, Tao Q, Xiao J, Cao Z. Dimethyl fumarate induces cardiac developmental toxicity in zebrafish via down-regulation of oxidative stress. Toxicology 2024; 503:153735. [PMID: 38272385 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunosuppressant commonly used to treat multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. Despite known side effects such as lymphopenia, the effect of DMF on cardiac development remains unclear. To assess this, we used zebrafish to evaluate the cardiac developmental toxicity of DMF. Our study showed that DMF reduced the survival rate of zebrafish embryos, with those exposed to 1, 1.3, and 1.6 mg/L exhibiting heart rate reduction, shortened body length, delayed yolk sac absorption, pericardial edema, increased distance from sinus venous to bulbus arteriosus, and separation of cardiomyocytes and endocardial cells at 72 hpf. Heart development-related genes showed disorder, apoptosis-related genes were up-regulated, and the oxidative stress response was down-regulated. Treatment with cysteamine ameliorated the heart development defects. Our study demonstrates that DMF induces cardiac developmental toxicity in zebrafish, possibly by down-regulating oxidative stress responses. This study provides a certain research basis for further study of DMF-induced cardiac developmental toxicity, and provides some experimental evidence for future clinical application and study of DMF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China; Department of General Surgery,The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006,China
| | - Jiejun Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Dou Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhonghao Xiao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Xue Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Jieping Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Fasheng Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Shouhua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery,The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006,China
| | - Qiang Tao
- Department of General Surgery,The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006,China
| | - Juhua Xiao
- Department of Ultrasound, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Zigang Cao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China, College of Life Sciences, Clinical Research Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shafi O, Siddiqui G, Jaffry HA. The benign nature and rare occurrence of cardiac myxoma as a possible consequence of the limited cardiac proliferative/ regenerative potential: a systematic review. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1245. [PMID: 38110859 PMCID: PMC10726542 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac Myxoma is a primary tumor of heart. Its origins, rarity of the occurrence of primary cardiac tumors and how it may be related to limited cardiac regenerative potential, are not yet entirely known. This study investigates the key cardiac genes/ transcription factors (TFs) and signaling pathways to understand these important questions. METHODS Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched for published articles without any date restrictions, involving cardiac myxoma, cardiac genes/TFs/signaling pathways and their roles in cardiogenesis, proliferation, differentiation, key interactions and tumorigenesis, with focus on cardiomyocytes. RESULTS The cardiac genetic landscape is governed by a very tight control between proliferation and differentiation-related genes/TFs/pathways. Cardiac myxoma originates possibly as a consequence of dysregulations in the gene expression of differentiation regulators including Tbx5, GATA4, HAND1/2, MYOCD, HOPX, BMPs. Such dysregulations switch the expression of cardiomyocytes into progenitor-like state in cardiac myxoma development by dysregulating Isl1, Baf60 complex, Wnt, FGF, Notch, Mef2c and others. The Nkx2-5 and MSX2 contribute predominantly to both proliferation and differentiation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells (CPCs), may possibly serve roles based on the microenvironment and the direction of cell circuitry in cardiac tumorigenesis. The Nkx2-5 in cardiac myxoma may serve to limit progression of tumorigenesis as it has massive control over the proliferation of CPCs. The cardiac cell type-specific genetic programming plays governing role in controlling the tumorigenesis and regenerative potential. CONCLUSION The cardiomyocytes have very limited proliferative and regenerative potential. They survive for long periods of time and tightly maintain the gene expression of differentiation genes such as Tbx5, GATA4 that interact with tumor suppressors (TS) and exert TS like effect. The total effect such gene expression exerts is responsible for the rare occurrence and benign nature of primary cardiac tumors. This prevents the progression of tumorigenesis. But this also limits the regenerative and proliferative potential of cardiomyocytes. Cardiac Myxoma develops as a consequence of dysregulations in these key genes which revert the cells towards progenitor-like state, hallmark of CM. The CM development in carney complex also signifies the role of TS in cardiac cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ovais Shafi
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ghazia Siddiqui
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hassam A Jaffry
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang T, Zhang Q, Yi J, Wang R, Zhang Z, Luo P, Zeng R, Wang Y, Tu M. PEG-Sheddable Nanodrug Remodels Tumor Microenvironment to Promote Effector T Cell Infiltration and Revise Their Exhaustion for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301749. [PMID: 37211704 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Low infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their exhaustion manifest the two concurrent main hurdles for achieving effective tumor immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer. It is found that Galectin-9 blockage can revise the exhaustion of effector T cells, meanwhile the repolarization of protumoral M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) into tumoricidal M1-like ones can recruit effector T cells infiltrating into tumor to boost immune responses. Herein, a sheddable PEG-decorated and M2-TAMs targeted nanodrug incorporating Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 inhibitor (AS) and anti-Galectin-9 antibody (aG-9) is prepared. The nanodrug responds to acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) with the shedding of PEG corona and the release of aG-9, exerting local blockade of PD-1/Galectin-9/TIM-3 interaction to augment effector T cells via exhaustion reversing. Synchronously, targeted repolarization of M2-TAMs into M1 phenotype by AS-loaded nanodrug is achieved, which promotes tumor infiltration of effector T cells and thus synergizes with aG-9 blockade to boost the therapeutic efficacy. Besides, the PEG-sheddable approach endows nanodrug with stealth ability to reduce immune-related adverse effects caused by AS and aG-9. This PEG sheddable nanodrug holds the potential to reverse the immunosuppressive TME and increase effector T cell infiltration, which dramatically enhances immunotherapy in highly malignant breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing Yi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rongze Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zekun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Pin Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Mei Tu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tiwari H, Rai N, Singh S, Gupta P, Verma A, Singh AK, Kajal, Salvi P, Singh SK, Gautam V. Recent Advances in Nanomaterials-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Preclinical Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:760. [PMID: 37508788 PMCID: PMC10376516 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-oncology is a branch of biomedical research and engineering that focuses on using nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanomaterials are extensively employed in the field of oncology because of their minute size and ultra-specificity. A wide range of nanocarriers, such as dendrimers, micelles, PEGylated liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles are used to facilitate the efficient transport of anti-cancer drugs at the target tumor site. Real-time labeling and monitoring of cancer cells using quantum dots is essential for determining the level of therapy needed for treatment. The drug is targeted to the tumor site either by passive or active means. Passive targeting makes use of the tumor microenvironment and enhanced permeability and retention effect, while active targeting involves the use of ligand-coated nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is being used to diagnose the early stage of cancer by detecting cancer-specific biomarkers using tumor imaging. The implication of nanotechnology in cancer therapy employs photoinduced nanosensitizers, reverse multidrug resistance, and enabling efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA molecules for therapeutic applications. However, despite recent advancements in nano-oncology, there is a need to delve deeper into the domain of designing and applying nanoparticles for improved cancer diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nilesh Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Swati Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Priyamvada Gupta
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kajal
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar 140306, India
| | - Prafull Salvi
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar 140306, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peña-Romero AC, Orenes-Piñero E. Dual Effect of Immune Cells within Tumour Microenvironment: Pro- and Anti-Tumour Effects and Their Triggers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1681. [PMID: 35406451 PMCID: PMC8996887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our body is constantly exposed to pathogens or external threats, but with the immune response that our body can develop, we can fight off and defeat possible attacks or infections. Nevertheless, sometimes this threat comes from an internal factor. Situations such as the existence of a tumour also cause our immune system (IS) to be put on alert. Indeed, the link between immunology and cancer is evident these days, with IS being used as one of the important targets for treating cancer. Our IS is able to eliminate those abnormal or damaged cells found in our body, preventing the uncontrolled proliferation of tumour cells that can lead to cancer. However, in several cases, tumour cells can escape from the IS. It has been observed that immune cells, the extracellular matrix, blood vessels, fat cells and various molecules could support tumour growth and development. Thus, the developing tumour receives structural support, irrigation and energy, among other resources, making its survival and progression possible. All these components that accompany and help the tumour to survive and to grow are called the tumour microenvironment (TME). Given the importance of its presence in the tumour development process, this review will focus on one of the components of the TME: immune cells. Immune cells can support anti-tumour immune response protecting us against tumour cells; nevertheless, they can also behave as pro-tumoural cells, thus promoting tumour progression and survival. In this review, the anti-tumour and pro-tumour immunity of several immune cells will be discussed. In addition, the TME influence on this dual effect will be also analysed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Esteban Orenes-Piñero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|