1
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Zheng Z, Li M, Yang J, Zhou X, Chen Y, Silli EK, Tang J, Gong S, Yuan Y, Zong Y, Kong J, Chen P, Yu L, Luo S, Wang Y, Tan C. Growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer by targeted delivery of gemcitabine via fucoidan-coated pH-sensitive liposomes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134517. [PMID: 39111497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Fucoidan-coated pH sensitive liposomes were designed for targeted delivery of gemcitabine (FU-GEM PSL) to treat pancreatic cancer (PC). FU-GEM PSL had a particle size of 175.3 ± 4.9 nm, zeta potential of -19.0 ± 3.7 mV, encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 74.05 ± 0.17 %, and drug loading (DL) of 21.27 ± 0.05 %. Cell experiments in vitro showed that FU-GEM PSL could increase the release of GEM and drug concentration, and could inhibit tumor cell proliferation by affecting the cell cycle. FU-GEM PSL entered cells through macropinocytosis and caveolin-mediated endocytosis to exert effects. Meanwhile, the expression of P-selectin was detected in human tissues, demonstrating the feasibility of targeting FU. Moreover, combined with animal experiments in vivo, FU-GEM PSL could inhibit the development of PC. Furthermore, anti-tumor experiments in vivo carried on BALB/c mice indicated that FU-GEM PSL had tumor suppression abilities and safety. Therefore, FU-GEM PSL is a promising formulation for PC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Zheng
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Jianchen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Xintao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yonghua Chen
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Epiphane K Silli
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Jiali Tang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Songlin Gong
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yihao Zong
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Jianping Kong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Pu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Lingxi Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Shujun Luo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China.
| | - Chunlu Tan
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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2
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Fielden SDP. Kinetically Controlled and Nonequilibrium Assembly of Block Copolymers in Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18781-18796. [PMID: 38967256 PMCID: PMC11258791 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Covalent polymers are versatile macromolecules that have found widespread use in society. Contemporary methods of polymerization have made it possible to construct sequence polymers, including block copolymers, with high precision. Such copolymers assemble in solution when the blocks have differing solubilities. This produces nano- and microparticles of various shapes and sizes. While it is straightforward to draw an analogy between such amphiphilic block copolymers and phospholipids, these two classes of molecules show quite different assembly characteristics. In particular, block copolymers often assemble under kinetic control, thus producing nonequilibrium structures. This leads to a rich variety of behaviors being observed in block copolymer assembly, such as pathway dependence (e.g., thermal history), nonergodicity and responsiveness. The dynamics of polymer assemblies can be readily controlled using changes in environmental conditions and/or integrating functional groups situated on polymers with external chemical reactions. This perspective highlights that kinetic control is both pervasive and a useful attribute in the mechanics of block copolymer assembly. Recent examples are highlighted in order to show that toggling between static and dynamic behavior can be used to generate, manipulate and dismantle nonequilibrium states. New methods to control the kinetics of block copolymer assembly will provide endless unanticipated applications in materials science, biomimicry and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. P. Fielden
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
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3
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Koball A, Obst F, Gaitzsch J, Voit B, Appelhans D. Boosting Microfluidic Enzymatic Cascade Reactions with pH-Responsive Polymersomes by Spatio-Chemical Activity Control. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400282. [PMID: 38989686 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic flow reactors permit the implementation of sensitive biocatalysts in polymeric environments (e.g., hydrogel dots), mimicking nature through the use of diverse microstructures within defined confinements. However, establishing complex hybrid structures to mimic biological processes and functions under continuous flow with optimal utilization of all components involved in the reaction process represents a significant scientific challenge. To achieve spatial, chemical, and temporal control for any microfluidic application, compartmentalization is required, as well as the unification of different sensitive compartments in the reaction chamber for the microfluidic flow design. This study presents a self-regulating microfluidic system fabricated by a sequential photostructuring process with an intermediate chemical process step to realize pH-sensitive hybrid structures for the fabrication of a microfluidic double chamber reactor for controlled enzymatic cascade reaction (ECR). The key point is the adaptation and retention of the function of pH-responsive horseradish peroxidase-loaded polymersomes in a microfluidic chip under continuous flow. ECR is successfully triggered and controlled by an interplay between glucose oxidase-converted glucose, the membrane state of pH-responsive polymersomes, and other parameters (e.g., flow rate and fluid composition). This study establishes a promising noninvasive regulatory platform for extended spatio-chemical control of current and future ECR and other cascade reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Koball
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie der Polymere, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Obst
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, D-01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie der Polymere, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Jäger E, Černoch P, Vragovic M, Calumby Albuquerque LJ, Sincari V, Heizer T, Jäger A, Kučka J, Janoušková OŠ, Pavlova E, Šefc L, Giacomelli FC. Membrane Permeability and Responsiveness Drive Performance: Linking Structural Features with the Antitumor Effectiveness of Doxorubicin-Loaded Stimuli-Triggered Polymersomes. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:4192-4202. [PMID: 38917475 PMCID: PMC11238342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The permeability and responsiveness of polymer membranes are absolutely relevant in the design of polymersomes for cargo delivery. Accordingly, we herein correlate the structural features, permeability, and responsiveness of doxorubicin-loaded (DOX-loaded) nonresponsive and stimuli-responsive polymersomes with their in vitro and in vivo antitumor performance. Polymer vesicles were produced using amphiphilic block copolymers containing a hydrophilic poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (PHPMA) segment linked to poly[N-(4-isopropylphenylacetamide)ethyl methacrylate] (PPPhA, nonresponsive block), poly[4-(4,4,5,5-tetra-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl methacrylate] [PbAPE, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive block], or poly[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDPA, pH-responsive block). The PDPA-based polymersomes demonstrated outstanding biological performance with antitumor activity notably enhanced compared to their counterparts. We attribute this behavior to a fast-triggered DOX release in acidic tumor environments as induced by pH-responsive polymersome disassembly at pH < 6.8. Possibly, an insufficient ROS concentration in the selected tumor model attenuates the rate of ROS-responsive vesicle degradation, whereas the nonresponsive nature of the PPPhA block remarkably impacts the performance of such potential nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliézer Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Černoch
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vragovic
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lindomar Jose Calumby Albuquerque
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre 09280-560, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Sincari
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Heizer
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kučka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Šefc
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 120 00, Czech Republic
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5
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Cao Y, Tang L, Fu C, Yin Y, Liu H, Feng J, Gao J, Shu W, Li Z, Zhu Y, Wang W. Black Phosphorus Quantum Dot Loaded Bioinspired Nanoplatform Synergized with aPD-L1 for Multimode Cancer Immunotherapy. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6767-6777. [PMID: 38771956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to prolong the blood circulation time and bypass immune clearance play vital roles in improving the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles (NPs). Herein, a multifunctional nanoplatform (BPP@RTL) that precisely targets tumor cells is fabricated by encapsulating ultrasmall phototherapeutic agent black phosphorus quantum dot (BPQD), chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel (PTX), and immunomodulator PolyMetformin (PM) in hybrid membrane-camouflaged liposomes. Specifically, the hybrid cell membrane coating derived from the fusion of cancer cell membrane and red blood cell membrane displays excellent tumor targeting efficiency and long blood circulation property due to the innate features of both membranes. After collaboration with aPD-L1-based immune checkpoint blockade therapy, a boosted immunotherapeutic effect is obtained due to elevated dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation. Significantly, laser-irradiated BPP@RTL combined with aPD-L1 effectively eliminates primary tumors and inhibits lung metastasis in 4T1 breast tumor model, offering a promising treatment plan to develop personalized antitumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Cong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Hening Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Jifan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yuanbo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
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6
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van den Akker WP, van Benthem RATM, Voets IK, van Hest JCM. Dampened Transient Actuation of Hydrogels Autonomously Controlled by pH-Responsive Bicontinuous Nanospheres. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19642-19650. [PMID: 38569110 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The fabrication of a soft actuator with a dampened actuation response is presented. This was achieved via the incorporation into an actuating hydrogel of urease-loaded pH-responsive bicontinuous nanospheres (BCNs), whose membrane was able to regulate the permeability and thus conversion of fuel urea into ammonia. The dampened response of these nanoreactors to the enzymatically induced pH change was translated to a pH-responsive soft actuator. In hydrogels composed of a pH-responsive and nonresponsive layer, the transient pH gradient yielded an asymmetric swelling behavior, which induced a bending response. The transient actuation profile could be controlled by varying the external fuel concentrations. Furthermore, we showed that the spatial organization of the BCNs within the actuator had a great influence on the actuation response. Embedding the urease-loaded nanoreactors within the active, pH-responsive layer resulted in a reduced response due to local substrate conversion in comparison to embedding them within the passive layer of the bilayer hydrogel. Finally, we were able to induce transient actuation in a hydrogel comprising two identical active layers by the immobilization of the BCNs within one specific layer. Upon addition of urea, a local pH gradient was generated, which caused accelerated swelling in the BCN layer and transient bending of the device before the pH gradient was attenuated over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter P van den Akker
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A T M van Benthem
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Shell Energy Transition Center Amsterdam, Grasweg 31, 1031 HW Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K Voets
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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7
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Luo R, Wan Y, Liu G, Chen J, Luo X, Li Z, Su D, Lu N, Luo Z. Engineering Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogel to Enhance the Capacity of Dendritic Cells to Activate In Vivo T-Cell Immunity. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1408-1428. [PMID: 38236703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of the dendritic cell (DC) has failed to meet expectations thus far, and crucial problems such as the immature state of DCs, low targeting efficiency, insufficient number of dendritic cells, and microenvironment are still the current focus. To address these problems, we developed two self-assembling peptides, RLDI and RQDT, that mimic extracellular matrix (ECM). These peptides can be self-assembled into highly ordered three-dimensional nanofiber scaffold structures, where RLDI can form gelation immediately. In addition, we found that RLDI and RQDT enhance the biological function of DCs, including releasing antigens sustainably, adhering to DCs, promoting the maturation of DCs, and increasing the ability of DC antigen presentation. Moreover, peptide hydrogel-based DC treatment significantly achieved prophylactic and treatment effects on colon cancer. These results have certain implications for the design of new broad-spectrum vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Yuan Wan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Guicen Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jialei Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhaoxu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Di Su
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Na Lu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhongli Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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8
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Zhang K, Zhou Y, Moreno S, Schwarz S, Boye S, Voit B, Appelhans D. Reversible crowdedness of pH-responsive and host-guest active polymersomes: Mimicking µm-sized cell structures. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:1469-1482. [PMID: 37858368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The structure-function characteristics of isolated artificial organelles (AOs) in protocells are mainly known, but there are few reports on clustered or aggregated AOs. To imitate µm-sized complex and heterogeneous cell structures, approaches are needed that enable reversible changes in the aggregation state of colloidal structures in response to chemical, biological, and external stimuli. To construct adaptive organelle-like or cell-like reorganization characteristics, we present an advanced crosslinking strategy to fabricate clustered polymersomes as a platform based on host-guest interactions between azobenzene-containing polymersomes (Azo-Psomes) and a β-cyclodextrin-modified polymer (β-CD polymer) as a crosslinker. First, the reversible (dis)assembly of clustered Azo-Psomes is carried out by the alternating input of crosslinker and adamantane-PEG3000 as a decrosslinker. Moreover, cluster size dependence is demonstrated by environmental pH. These offer the controlled fabrication of various homogeneous and heterogeneous Azo-Psomes structures, including the size regulation and visualization of clustered AOs through a fluorescent enzymatic cascade reaction. Finally, a temperature-sensitive crosslinking agent with β-CD units can promote the coaggregation of Azo-Psomes mediated by temperature changes. Overall, these (co-)clustered Azo-Psomes and their successful transformation in AOs may provide new features for modelling biological systems for eukaryotic cells and systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehu Zhang
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Chair of Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Yang Zhou
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Chair of Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany.
| | - Simona Schwarz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Chair of Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany.
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9
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Zhang F, Yao Q, Chen X, Zhou H, Zhou M, Li Y, Cheng H. In-depth study of anticancer drug diffusion through a cross-linked -pH-responsive polymeric vesicle membrane. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2162626. [PMID: 36600638 PMCID: PMC9828689 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2162626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-encapsulation and release of the anticancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl) through cell-like transmission functions of polymeric vesicles were studied using cross-linked pH-responsive polymeric vesicles. The vesicles were fabricated for the first time via the redox-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer dispersion polymerization in ethanol-water mixture, using 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate, and the vesicle membrane was modified post-cross-linking by using ethylenediamine. A phase diagram was constructed for reproducible fabrication of the polymeric vesicles, and well-shaped vesicles were formed when the target degree of polymerization of the hydrophobic polymer chains was equal to or higher than 50 with solid content in the range of 10-30 wt%. The cross-linked vesicle membrane served as a gate enabling "open" and "closed" states in response to pH stimulation. Up to 50% drug loading efficiency and 39% drug loading content could be achieved, and in vitro release of the DOX-loaded vesicles in aqueous buffer solutions showed a much faster DOX release rate at pH 5.0 than at pH 6.5. The polymeric vesicles were of very low cytotoxicity to A549 cells up to the concentration of 2 mg/mL, and the IC50 of DOX-loaded vesicles were higher than that of the free DOX. The intracellular DOX release study indicated higher cellular uptake capability for DOX-loaded vesicles than that of free DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China,CONTACT Fen Zhang ; Yantao Li Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050081, China; Hua Cheng Institute of Biology, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050081, China
| | - Qian Yao
- Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Haijun Zhou
- Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhou
- Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yantao Li
- Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China,CONTACT Fen Zhang ; Yantao Li Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050081, China; Hua Cheng Institute of Biology, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050081, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- Institute of Biology, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China,CONTACT Fen Zhang ; Yantao Li Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050081, China; Hua Cheng Institute of Biology, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050081, China
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10
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Kayani A, Raza A, Si J, Dutta D, Zhou Q, Ge Z. Polymersome Membrane Engineering with Active Targeting or Controlled Permeability for Responsive Drug Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4622-4645. [PMID: 37870458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes have been extensively investigated for drug delivery as nanocarriers for two decades due to a series of advantages including high stability under physiological conditions, simultaneous encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs inside inner cavities and membranes, respectively, and facile adjustment of membrane and surface properties, as well as controlled drug release through incorporation of stimuli-responsive components. Despite these features, polymersome nanocarriers frequently suffer from nontargeting delivery and poor membrane permeability. In recent years, polymersomes have been functionalized for more efficient drug delivery. The surface shells were explored to be modified with diverse active targeting groups to improve disease-targeting delivery. The membrane permeability of the polymersomes was adjusted by incorporation of the stimuli-responsive components for smart controlled transportation of the encapsulated drugs. Therefore, being the polymersome-biointerface, tailorable properties can be introduced by its carefully modulated engineering. This review elaborates on the role of polymersome membranes as a platform to incorporate versatile features. First, we discuss how surface functionalization facilitates the directional journey to the targeting sites toward specific diseases, cells, or intracellular organelles via active targeting. Moreover, recent advances in the past decade related to membrane permeability to control drug release are also summarized. We finally discuss future development to promote polymersomes as in vivo drug delivery nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Kayani
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Arsalan Raza
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Jiale Si
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Debabrata Dutta
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinghao Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Kamra A, Das S, Bhatt P, Solra M, Maity T, Rana S. A transient vesicular glue for amplification and temporal regulation of biocatalytic reaction networks. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9267-9282. [PMID: 37712020 PMCID: PMC10498679 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00195d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of enzyme activity and biocatalytic cascades on compartmentalized cellular components is key to the adaptation of cellular processes such as signal transduction and metabolism in response to varying external conditions. Synthetic molecular glues have enabled enzyme inhibition and regulation of protein-protein interactions. So far, all the molecular glue systems based on covalent interactions operated under steady-state conditions. To emulate dynamic biological processes under dissipative conditions, we introduce herein a transient supramolecular glue with a controllable lifetime. The transient system uses multivalent supramolecular interactions between guanidinium group-bearing surfactants and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), resulting in bilayer vesicle structures. Unlike the conventional chemical agents for dissipative assemblies, ATP here plays the dual role of providing a structural component for the assembly as well as presenting active functional groups to "glue" enzymes on the surface. While gluing of the enzymes on the vesicles achieves augmented catalysis, oscillation of ATP concentration allows temporal control of the catalytic activities similar to the dissipative cellular nanoreactors. We further demonstrate temporal upregulation and control of complex biocatalytic reaction networks on the vesicles. Altogether, the temporal activation of biocatalytic cascades on the dissipative vesicular glue presents an adaptable and dynamic system emulating heterogeneous cellular processes, opening up avenues for effective protocell construction and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Kamra
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Road Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India +9180-22932914
| | - Sourav Das
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Road Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India +9180-22932914
| | - Preeti Bhatt
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Road Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India +9180-22932914
| | - Manju Solra
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Road Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India +9180-22932914
| | - Tanmoy Maity
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Road Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India +9180-22932914
| | - Subinoy Rana
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Road Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India +9180-22932914
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12
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Xu X, Moreno S, Boye S, Wang P, Voit B, Appelhans D. Artificial Organelles with Digesting Characteristics: Imitating Simplified Lysosome- and Macrophage-Like Functions by Trypsin-Loaded Polymersomes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2207214. [PMID: 37076948 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Defects in cellular protein/enzyme encoding or even in organelles are responsible for many diseases. For instance, dysfunctional lysosome or macrophage activity results in the unwanted accumulation of biomolecules and pathogens implicated in autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a medical treatment that replaces an enzyme that is deficient or absent in the body but suffers from short lifetime of the enzymes. Here, this work proposes the fabrication of two different pH-responsive and crosslinked trypsin-loaded polymersomes as protecting enzyme carriers mimicking artificial organelles (AOs). They allow the enzymatic degradation of biomolecules to mimic simplified lysosomal function at acidic pH and macrophage functions at physiological pH. For optimal working of digesting AOs in different environments, pH and salt composition are considered the key parameters, since they define the permeability of the membrane of the polymersomes and the access of model pathogens to the loaded trypsin. Thus, this work demonstrates environmentally controlled biomolecule digestion by trypsin-loaded polymersomes also under simulated physiological fluids, allowing a prolonged therapeutic window due to protection of the enzyme in the AOs. This enables the application of AOs in the fields of biomimetic therapeutics, specifically in ERT for dysfunctional lysosomal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xu
- Deaprtment Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Deaprtment Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peng Wang
- Deaprtment Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Deaprtment Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Deaprtment Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Shi QQ, Zhou X, Xu J, Wang N, Zhang JL, Hu XL, Liu SY. Controlled Fabrication of Uniform Digital Nanorods from Precise Sequence-Defined Amphiphilic Polymers in Aqueous Media. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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14
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Yuan Y, Wang Y, Huang H, Tao S, Huang J. Fine-Tuned Polymer Nanoassembly for Codelivery of Chemotherapeutic Drug and siRNA. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200529. [PMID: 36640140 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Successful clinical application of siRNA to liver-associated diseases reinvigorates the RNAi therapeutics and delivery vectors, especially for anticancer combination therapy. Fine tuning of copolymer-based assembly configuration is highly important for a desirable synergistic cancer cell-killing effect via the codelivery of chemotherapeutic drug and siRNA. Herein, an amphiphilic triblock copolymer methoxyl poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysine)-block-poly(2-(diisopropyl amino)ethyl methacrylate) (abbreviated as mPEG-PLys-PDPA or PLD) consisting of a hydrophilic diblock mPEG-PLys and a hydrophobic block PDPA is synthesized. Three distinct assemblies (i.e., nanosized micelle, nanosized polymersome, and microparticle) are acquired, along with the increase in PDPA block length. Furthermore, the as-obtained polymersome can efficiently codeliver doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as a hydrophilic chemotherapeutic model and siRNA against ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (siArf6) as an siRNA model into cancer cell via lysosomal pH-triggered payload release. PC-3 prostate cell is synergistically killed by the DOX- and siArf6-coloading polymersome (namely PLD@DOX/siArf6). PLD@DOX/siArf6 may serve as a robust nanomedicine for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yiyao Wang
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Huiling Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Shuiliang Tao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jinsheng Huang
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
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15
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Wang X, Hu J, Liu S. Overcoming the Dilemma of Permeability and Stability of Polymersomes through Traceless Cross-Linking. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3404-3416. [PMID: 36351034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In nature, cells are highly compartmentalized into many organelles that are well separated from the rest of the cellular space by unique membrane structures, which are of crucial importance to allow cells to perform various physiological functions in such a small and crowded space. Learning from the ubiquitous membrane structures of cells and organelles has continuously inspired the development of artificial self-assembled nanostructures, with lipid vesicles (liposomes) and polymer vesicles (polymersomes) being the most representative examples. Similar to the membrane-bound structures of cells and organelles, both liposomes and polymersomes contain an aqueous interior enclosed by a bilayer membrane. Therefore, liposomes and polymersomes have been extensively investigated to mimic the fundamental structures and functions of living cells. For example, liposomes and polymersomes have been successfully engineered as nanocarriers, smart nanoreactors, artificial organelles, and so on. Notably, living cells can exchange both energy and materials with surrounding environments, benefiting from the selective permeability of lipid membranes. The permselectivity of cell membranes is thus an essential attribute of living organisms. Compared to liposomes, polymersomes have increased structural stability but low membrane permeability. Indeed, polymersomes are almost impermeable to small molecules, ions, and even water molecules. To improve the permeability of polymersomes, much effort has been devoted to the incorporation of channel proteins, the coassembly of oppositely charged block copolymers (BCPs), the development of stimuli-responsive BCPs, and so on. Despite great achievements, these approaches generally lead to decreased stability of polymersomes and, sometimes, polymersome disintegration. In this Account, we discuss our recent efforts to reconcile the stability and permeability of polymersomes via a traceless cross-linking approach. Although cross-linking reactions within bilayer membranes generally lead to decreased permeability, the traceless cross-linking approach can concurrently improve the stability and permeability of polymersomes. Specifically, stimuli-responsive polymersomes undergo either covalent cross-linking or noncovalent cross-linking reactions under specific stimuli to increase bilayer stability, while the cross-linking processes can concurrently permeabilize polymersome bilayers through cross-linking-driven hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic transitions. Notably, unlike conventional cross-linking processes requiring additional cross-linkers, the traceless cross-linking process does not involve extra cross-linking agents but takes full advantage of the in situ generated active moieties. By taking advantage of the simultaneous modulation of the stability and permeability of polymersomes via traceless cross-linking, these polymersomes can be further engineered as smart nanocarriers and nanoreactors. The robustness and generality of this approach have been validated by both extracellular and intracellular stimuli such as light irradiation, glutathione, and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, many functional groups such as fluorescent dyes and contrast agents can be integrated into this versatile platform as well, enabling the construction of theranostic nanovectors capable of responding to pathological microenvironments. This Account provides a new approach to regulating the permeability of polymersomes while maintaining their structural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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16
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Natal Lima de Menezes R, Felisberti MI. pH-responsive crosslinked vesicles and micelles based on poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline-b-4-vinylpyridine). Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Moreno S, Hübner H, Effenberg C, Boye S, Ramuglia A, Schmitt D, Voit B, Weidinger IM, Gallei M, Appelhans D. Redox- and pH-Responsive Polymersomes with Ferrocene Moieties Exhibiting Peroxidase-like, Chemoenzymatic Activity and H 2O 2-Responsive Release Behavior. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4655-4667. [PMID: 36215725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of compartments for the design of cascade reactions in a local space requires a selective spatiotemporal control. The combination of enzyme-loaded polymersomes with enzymelike units shows a great potential in further refining the diffusion barrier and the type of reactions in nanoreactors. Herein, pH-responsive and ferrocene-containing block copolymers were synthesized to realize pH-stable and multiresponsive polymersomes. Permeable membrane, peroxidase-like behavior induced by the redox-responsive ferrocene moieties and release properties were validated using cyclovoltammetry, dye TMB assay, and rupture of host-guest interactions with β-cyclodextrin, respectively. Due to the incorporation of different block copolymers, the membrane permeability of glucose oxidase-loaded polymersomes was changed by increasing extracellular glucose concentration and in TMB assay, allowing for the chemoenzymatic cascade reaction. This study presents a potent synthetic, multiresponsive nanoreactor platform with tunable (e.g., redox-responsive) membrane properties for potential application in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Hanna Hübner
- Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Christiane Effenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Anthony Ramuglia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Deborah Schmitt
- Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Inez M Weidinger
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany.,Saarene, Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
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18
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Preparation and application of pH-responsive drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2022; 348:206-238. [PMID: 35660634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironment-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) can achieve targeted drug delivery, reduce drug side effects and improve drug efficacies. Among them, pH-responsive DDSs have gained popularity since the pH in the diseased tissues such as cancer, bacterial infection and inflammation differs from a physiological pH of 7.4 and this difference could be harnessed for DDSs to release encapsulated drugs specifically to these diseased tissues. A variety of synthetic approaches have been developed to prepare pH-sensitive DDSs, including introduction of a variety of pH-sensitive chemical bonds or protonated/deprotonated chemical groups. A myriad of nano DDSs have been explored to be pH-responsive, including liposomes, micelles, hydrogels, dendritic macromolecules and organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles, and micron level microspheres. The prodrugs from drug-loaded pH-sensitive nano DDSs have been applied in research on anticancer therapy and diagnosis of cancer, inflammation, antibacterial infection, and neurological diseases. We have systematically summarized synthesis strategies of pH-stimulating DDSs, illustrated commonly used and recently developed nanocarriers for these DDSs and covered their potential in different biomedical applications, which may spark new ideas for the development and application of pH-sensitive nano DDSs.
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