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Iranmanesh E, Liang Z, Li W, Liao C, Jin S, Liu C, Wang K, Zhang S, Doumanidis C, Amaratunga GAJ, Zhou H. Organic-inorganic hybrid piezotronic bipolar junction transistor for pressure sensing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:80. [PMID: 38911342 PMCID: PMC11189938 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoTs), wearable sensors are playing an increasingly important role in daily monitoring of personal health and wellness. The signal-to-noise-ratio has become the most critical performance factor to consider. To enhance it, on the one hand, good sensing materials/devices have been employed; on the other hand, signal amplification and noise reduction circuits have been used. However, most of these devices and circuits work in an active sampling mode, requiring frequent data acquisition and hence, entailing high-power consumption. In this scenario, a flexible and wearable event-triggered sensor with embedded signal amplification without an external power supply is of great interest. Here, we report a flexible two-terminal piezotronic n-p-n bipolar junction transistor (PBJT) that acts as an autonomous and highly sensitive, current- and/or voltage-mediated pressure sensor. The PBJT is formed by two back-to-back piezotronic diodes which are defined as emitter-base and collector-base diodes. Upon force exertion on the emitter side, as a result of the piezoelectric effect, the emitter-base diode is forward biased while the collector-base diode is reverse biased. Due to the inherent BJT amplification effect, the PBJT achieves record-high sensitivities of 139.7 kPa-1 (current-based) and 88.66 kPa-1 (voltage-based) in sensing mode. The PBJT also has a fast response time of <110 ms under exertion of dynamic stimuli ranging from a flying butterfly to a gentle finger touch. Therefore, the PBJT advances the state of the art not only in terms of sensitivity but also in regard to being self-driven and autonomous, making it promising for pressure sensing and other IoT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Iranmanesh
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063 P. R. China
| | - Zihao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 P. R. China
| | - Congwei Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
| | - Shunyu Jin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 23000 PR China
| | - Chuan Liu
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Shengdong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
| | - Charalampos Doumanidis
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063 P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Shelby Hall, 3128, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
| | - Gehan A. J. Amaratunga
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA United Kingdom
- Zhejiang University, International Campus, Haining, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
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2
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Syzoniuk O, Banerji S, Aabloo A, Must I. Uncharged Monolithic Carbon Fibers Are More Sensitive to Cross-Junction Compression than Charged. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3937. [PMID: 38931721 PMCID: PMC11207992 DOI: 10.3390/s24123937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Textile-based wearable robotics increasingly integrates sensing and energy materials to enhance functionality, particularly in physiological monitoring, demanding higher-performing and abundant robotic textiles. Among the alternatives, activated carbon cloth stands out due to its monolithic nature and high specific surface area, enabling uninterrupted electron transfer and energy storage capability in the electrical double layer, respectively. Yet, the potential of monolithic activated carbon cloth electrodes (MACCEs) in wearables still needs to be explored, particularly in sensing and energy storage. MACCE conductance increased by 29% when saturated with Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte and charged from 0 to 0.375 V. MACCE was validated for measuring pressure up to 28 kPa at all assessed charge levels. Electrode sensitivity to compression decreased by 30% at the highest potential due to repulsive forces between like charges in electrical double layers at the MACCE surface, counteracting compression. MACCE's controllable sensitivity decrease can be beneficial for garments in avoiding irrelevant signals and focusing on essential health changes. A MACCE charge-dependent sensitivity provides a method for assessing local electrode charge. Our study highlights controlled charging and electrolyte interactions in MACCE for multifunctional roles, including energy transmission and pressure detection, in smart wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Syzoniuk
- IMS Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Indrek Must
- IMS Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Ali A, Lee J, Kim K, Oh H, Yi GC. Highly Sensitive and Fast Responding Flexible Force Sensors Using ZnO/ZnMgO Coaxial Nanotubes on Graphene Layers for Breath Sensing. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304140. [PMID: 38444227 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The authors report the fabrication of highly sensitive, rapidly responding flexible force sensors using ZnO/ZnMgO coaxial nanotubes grown on graphene layers and their applications in sleep apnea monitoring. Flexible force sensors are fabricated by forming Schottky contacts to the nanotube array, followed by the mechanical release of the entire structure from the host substrate. The electrical characteristics of ZnO and ZnO/ZnMgO nanotube-based sensors are thoroughly investigated and compared. Importantly, in force sensor applications, the ZnO/ZnMgO coaxial structure results in significantly higher sensitivity and a faster response time when compared to the bare ZnO nanotube. The origin of the improved performance is thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, wireless breath sensing is demonstrated using the ZnO/ZnMgO pressure sensors with custom electronics, demonstrating the feasibility of the sensor technology for health monitoring and the potential diagnosis of sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jamin Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hongseok Oh
- Department of Physics, Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences (IIBS), and Department of Intelligent Semiconductors, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Gyu-Chul Yi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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4
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Chen C, Yu Q, Liu S, Qin Y. Piezotronic Transistors Based on GaN Wafer for Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensing with High Linearity and High Stability. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13607-13617. [PMID: 38747681 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Piezotronic effect utilizing strain-induced piezoelectric polarization to achieve interfacial engineering in semiconductor nanodevices exhibits great advantages in applications such as human-machine interfacing, micro/nanoelectromechanical systems, and next-generation sensors and transducers. However, it is a big challenge but highly desired to develop a highly sensitive piezotronic device based on piezoelectric semiconductor wafers and thus to push piezotronics toward wafer-scale applications. Here, we develop a bicrystal barrier-based piezotronic transistor for highly sensitive pressure sensing by p-GaN single-crystal wafers. Its pressure sensitivity can be as high as 19.83 meV/MPa, which is more than 15 times higher than previous bulk-material-based piezotronic transistors and reaches the level of nanomaterial-based piezotronic transistors. Moreover, it can respond to a very small strain of 3.3 × 10-6 to 1.1 × 10-5 with high gauge factors of 1.45 × 105 to 1.38 × 106, which is a very high value among various strain sensors. Additionally, it also exhibits high stability (current stability of 97.32 ± 2.05% and barrier height change stability of 95.85 ± 3.43%) and high linearity (R2 ∼ 0.997 ± 0.002) in pressure sensing. This work proves the possibility of designing a bicrystal barrier as the interface to obtain a strong piezotronic effect and highly sensitive piezotronic devices based on wafers, which contributes to their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Chen
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Qiuhong Yu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Energy Storage Materials and Applications, School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, China
| | - Shuhai Liu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yong Qin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-field Intelligent Exploration, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Yu Q, Ge R, Wen J, Xu Q, Lu Z, Liu S, Qin Y. Electric pulse-tuned piezotronic effect for interface engineering. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4245. [PMID: 38762580 PMCID: PMC11102472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating interface engineering by piezoelectric, flexoelectric and ferroelectric polarizations in semiconductor devices is important for their applications in electronics, optoelectronics, catalysis and many more. The interface engineering by polarizations strongly depends on the property of interface barrier. However, the fixed value and uncontrollability of interface barrier once it is constructed limit the performance and application scenarios of interface engineering by polarizations. Here, we report a strategy of tuning piezotronic effect (interface barrier and transport controlled by piezoelectric polarization) reversibly and accurately by electric pulse. Our results show that for Ag/HfO2/n-ZnO piezotronic tunneling junction, the interface barrier height can be reversibly tuned as high as 168.11 meV by electric pulse, and the strain (0-1.34‰) modulated current range by piezotronic effect can be switched from 0-18 nA to 44-72 nA. Moreover, piezotronic modification on interface barrier tuned by electric pulse can be up to 148.81 meV under a strain of 1.34‰, which can totally switch the piezotronic performance of the electronics. This study provides opportunities to achieve reversible control of piezotronics, and extend them to a wider range of scenarios and be better suitable for micro/nano-electromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Yu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Energy Storage Materials and Applications, School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Rui Ge
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Wen
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhouguang Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhai Liu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Yong Qin
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-field Intelligent Exploration, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
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Sun S, Yuan R, Ling S, Zhou T, Wu Z, Fu M, He H, Li X, Zhang C. Self-Healable, Self-Adhesive and Degradable MXene-Based Multifunctional Hydrogel for Flexible Epidermal Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7826-7837. [PMID: 38301169 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have garnered significant interest in the realm of wearable flexible sensors due to their close resemblance to human tissue, wearability, and precise signal acquisition capabilities. However, the concurrent attainment of an epidermal hydrogel sensor incorporating reliable self-healing capabilities, biodegradability, robust adhesiveness, and the ability to precisely capture subtle electrophysiological signals poses a daunting and intricate challenge. Herein, an innovative MXene-based composite hydrogel (PBM hydrogel) with exceptional self-healing, self-adhesive, and versatile functionality is engineered through the integration of conductive MXene nanosheets into a well-structured poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel three-dimensional (3D) network, utilizing multiple dynamic cross-linking synergistic repeated freeze-thaw strategy. The hydrogel harnesses the presence of dynamically reversible borax ester bonds and multiple hydrogen bonds between its constituents, endowing it with rapid self-healing efficiency (97.8%) and formidable self-adhesive capability. The assembled PBM hydrogel epidermal sensor possesses a rapid response time (10 ms) and exhibits versatility in detecting diverse external stimuli and human movements such as vocalization, handwriting, joint motion, Morse code signals, and even monitoring infusion status. Additionally, the PBM hydrogel sensor offers the added advantage of swift degradation in phosphate-buffered saline solution (within a span of 56 days) and H2O2 solution (in just 53 min), maintaining an eco-friendly profile devoid of any environmental pollution. This work lays the groundwork for possible uses in electronic skins, interactions between humans and machines, and the monitoring of individualized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ruoxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shangwen Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ziqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Mengyuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hanna He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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Skrodzki D, Molinaro M, Brown R, Moitra P, Pan D. Synthesis and Bioapplication of Emerging Nanomaterials of Hafnium. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1289-1324. [PMID: 38166377 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
A significant amount of progress in nanotechnology has been made due to the development of engineered nanoparticles. The use of metallic nanoparticles for various biomedical applications has been extensively investigated. Biomedical research is highly focused on them because of their inert nature, nanoscale structure, and similar size to many biological molecules. The intrinsic characteristics of these particles, including electronic, optical, physicochemical, and surface plasmon resonance, that can be altered by altering their size, shape, environment, aspect ratio, ease of synthesis, and functionalization properties, have led to numerous biomedical applications. Targeted drug delivery, sensing, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, and imaging are some of these. The promising clinical results of NBTXR3, a high-Z radiosensitizing nanomaterial derived from hafnium, have demonstrated translational potential of this metal. This radiosensitization approach leverages the dependence of energy attenuation on atomic number to enhance energy-matter interactions conducive to radiation therapy. High-Z nanoparticle localization in tumor issue differentially increases the effect of ionizing radiation on cancer cells versus nearby healthy ones and mitigates adverse effects by reducing the overall radiation burden. This principle enables material multifunctionality as contrast agents in X-ray-based imaging. The physiochemical properties of hafnium (Z = 72) are particularly advantageous for these applications. A well-placed K-edge absorption energy and high mass attenuation coefficient compared to elements in human tissue across clinical energy ranges leads to significant attenuation. Chemical reactivity allows for variety in nanoparticle synthesis, composition, and functionalization. Nanoparticles such as hafnium oxide exhibit excellent biocompatibility due to physiochemical inertness prior to incidence with ionizing radiation. Additionally, the optical and electronic properties are applicable in biosensing, optical component coatings, and semiconductors. The wide interest has prompted extensive research in design and synthesis to facilitate property fine-tuning. This review summarizes synthetic methods for hafnium-based nanomaterials and applications in therapy, imaging, and biosensing with a mechanistic focus. A discussion and future perspective section highlights clinical progress and elaborates on current challenges. By focusing on factors impacting applicational effectiveness and examining limitations this review aims to support researchers and expedite clinical translation of future hafnium-based nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Skrodzki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Matthew Molinaro
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Richard Brown
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 101 Huck Life Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Xia H, Wang L, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhu L, Cai H, Ma Y, Yang Z, Zhang D. MXene/PPy@PDMS sponge-based flexible pressure sensor for human posture recognition with the assistance of a convolutional neural network in deep learning. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:155. [PMID: 38116450 PMCID: PMC10728160 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The combination of flexible sensors and deep learning has attracted much attention as an efficient method for the recognition of human postures. In this paper, an in situ polymerized MXene/polypyrrole (PPy) composite is dip-coated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge to fabricate an MXene/PPy@PDMS (MPP) piezoresistive sensor. The sponge sensor achieves ultrahigh sensitivity (6.8925 kPa-1) at 0-15 kPa, a short response/recovery time (100/110 ms), excellent stability (5000 cycles) and wash resistance. The synergistic effect of PPy and MXene improves the performance of the composite materials and facilitates the transfer of electrons, making the MPP sponge at least five times more sensitive than sponges based on each of the individual single materials. The large-area conductive network allows the MPP sensor to maintain excellent electrical performance over a large-scale pressure range. The MPP sensor can detect a variety of human body activity signals, such as radial artery pulse and different joint movements. The detection and analysis of human motion data, which is assisted by convolutional neural network (CNN) deep learning algorithms, enable the recognition and judgment of 16 types of human postures. The MXene/PPy flexible pressure sensor based on a PDMS sponge has broad application prospects in human motion detection, intelligent sensing and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Zihu Wang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Haolin Cai
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Yanhua Ma
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Zhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
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Shen S, Zhang J, Han Y, Pu C, Duan Q, Huang J, Yan B, You X, Lin R, Shen X, Qiu X, Hou H. A Core-Shell Nanoreinforced Ion-Conductive Implantable Hydrogel Bioelectronic Patch with High Sensitivity and Bioactivity for Real-Time Synchronous Heart Monitoring and Repairing. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301990. [PMID: 37467758 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
To achieve synchronous repair and real-time monitoring the infarcted myocardium based on an integrated ion-conductive hydrogel patch is challenging yet intriguing. Herein, a novel synthetic strategy is reported based on core-shell-structured curcumin-nanocomposite-reinforced ion-conductive hydrogel for synchronous heart electrophysiological signal monitoring and infarcted heart repair. The nanoreinforcement and multisite cross-linking of bioactive curcumin nanoparticles enable well elasticity with negligible hysteresis, implantability, ultrahigh mechanoelectrical sensitivity (37 ms), and reliable sensing capacity (over 3000 cycles) for the nanoreinforced hydrogel. Results of in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that such solely physical microenvironment of electrophysiological and biomechanical characteristics combining with the role of bioactive curcumin exert the synchronous benefit of regulating inflammatory microenvironment, promoting angiogenesis, and reducing myocardial fibrosis for effective myocardial infarction (MI) repair. Especially, the hydrogel sensors offer the access for achieving accurate acquisition of cardiac signals, thus monitoring the whole MI healing process. This novel bioactive and electrophysiological-sensing ion-conductive hydrogel cardiac patch highlights a versatile strategy promising for synchronous integration of in vivo real-time monitoring the MI status and excellent MI repair performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yanni Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Chunyi Pu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Qixiang Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jianxing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xintong You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Rurong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhong Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Honghao Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, P. R. China
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Hsiao YL, Jang C, Lin YM, Wang CH, Liu CP. Ultra-Low-Power and Wide-Operating-Voltage-Window Capacitive Piezotronic Sensor through Coupling of Piezocharges and Depletion Widths for Tactile Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49338-49345. [PMID: 37819782 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things (AIoT) demands the development of ultra-low-power devices for future advanced technology. In this study, we introduce a capacitive piezotronic sensor specifically designed for tactile sensing, which enables an ultra-low-voltage operation at nearly 0 reading bias conditions with a consistent response within a wide voltage range. This sensor directly detects capacitance changes induced by piezocharges, reflecting perturbation of the effective depletion width, and ensures ultralow power capability by eliminating the necessity of turning on the Schottky diode for the first time. The dynamic response of the sensor demonstrates ultralow power capability and immunity to triboelectric interference, making it particularly suitable for tactile sensing applications in robotics, prosthetics, and wearables. This study provides valuable insights and design guidelines for future ultra-low-power thin-film-based capacitive piezotronic/piezophototronic devices for tactile sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chen Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Miao Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Wang
- Miin Wu School of Computing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Pu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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11
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Ge R, Yu Q, Zhou F, Liu S, Qin Y. Dual-modal piezotronic transistor for highly sensitive vertical force sensing and lateral strain sensing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6315. [PMID: 37813847 PMCID: PMC10562489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical sensors are mainly divided into two types (vertical force sensing and lateral strain sensing). Up to now, one sensor with two working modes is still a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a structural design concept combing a piezoelectric nano/microwire with a flexible polymer with protrusions that enables a dual-modal piezotronic transistor (DPT) with two working modes for highly sensitive vertical force sensing and lateral strain sensing. For vertical force sensing, DPT exhibits a force sensitivity up to 221.5 N-1 and a minimum identifiable force down to 21 mN, corresponding to a pressure sensitivity of 1.759 eV/MPa. For lateral strain sensing, DPT can respond to a large compression strain (~5.8%) with an on/off ratio up to 386.57 and a gauge factor up to 8988.6. It is a universal design that can integrate vertical force sensing and lateral strain sensing into only one nanodevice, providing a feasible strategy for multimodal devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ge
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, China
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Qiuhong Yu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Energy Storage Materials and Applications, School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shuhai Liu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| | - Yong Qin
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
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12
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Wu SD, Hsu SH, Ketelsen B, Bittinger SC, Schlicke H, Weller H, Vossmeyer T. Fabrication of Eco-Friendly Wearable Strain Sensor Arrays via Facile Contact Printing for Healthcare Applications. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300170. [PMID: 37154264 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Wearable flexible strain sensors with spatial resolution enable the acquisition and analysis of complex actions for noninvasive personalized healthcare applications. To provide secure contact with skin and to avoid environmental pollution after usage, sensors with biocompatibility and biodegradability are highly desirable. Herein, wearable flexible strain sensors composed of crosslinked gold nanoparticle (GNP) thin films as the active conductive layer and transparent biodegradable polyurethane (PU) films as the flexible substrate are developed. The patterned GNP films (micrometer- to millimeter-scale square and rectangle geometry, alphabetic characters, and wave and array patterns) are transferred onto the biodegradable PU film via a facile, clean, rapid and high-precision contact printing method, without the need of a sacrificial polymer carrier or organic solvents. The GNP-PU strain sensor with low Young's modulus (≈17.8 MPa) and high stretchability showed good stability and durability (10 000 cycles) as well as degradability (42% weight loss after 17 days at 74 °C in water). The GNP-PU strain sensor arrays with spatiotemporal strain resolution are applied as wearable eco-friendly electronics for monitoring subtle physiological signals (e.g., mapping of arterial lines and sensing pulse waveforms) and large-strain actions (e.g., finger bending).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Da Wu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Bendix Ketelsen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia C Bittinger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schlicke
- Fraunhofer Center for Applied Nanotechnology CAN, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Center for Applied Nanotechnology CAN, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vossmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Wang J, Zhang D, Wang D, Xu Z, Zhang H, Chen X, Wang Z, Xia H, Cai H. Efficient Fabrication of TPU/MXene/Tungsten Disulfide Fibers with Ultra-Fast Response for Human Respiratory Pattern Recognition and Disease Diagnosis via Deep Learning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37946-37956. [PMID: 37523446 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable pressure sensors have received increasing attention as the potential application of flexible wearable devices in human health monitoring and artificial intelligence. However, the complex and expensive process of the conductive filler has limited its practical production and application on a large scale to a certain extent. This study presents a kind of piezoresistive sensor by sinking nonwoven fabrics (NWFs) into tungsten disulfide (WS2) and Ti3C2Tx MXene solutions. With the advantages of a simple production process and practicality, it is conducive to the realization of large-scale production. The assembled flexible pressure sensor exhibits high sensitivity (45.81 kPa-1), wide detection range (0-410 kPa), fast response/recovery time (18/36 ms), and excellent stability and long-term durability (up to 5000 test cycles). Because of the high elastic modulus of MXene and the synergistic effect between WS2 and MXene, the detection range and sensitivity of the piezoresistive pressure sensor are greatly improved, realizing the stable detection of human motion status in all directions. Meanwhile, its high sensitivity at low pressure allows the sensor to accurately detect weak signals such as weak airflow and wrist pulses. In addition, combining the sensor with deep-learning makes it easy to recognize human respiratory patterns with high accuracy, demonstrating its potential impact in the fields of ergonomics and low-cost flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Zhenyuan Xu
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Zihu Wang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hui Xia
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Haolin Cai
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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14
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Zhang X, Li N, Wang G, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Liu H, Yi G, Wang Z. Research status of polysiloxane-based piezoresistive flexible human electronic sensors. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16693-16711. [PMID: 37274402 PMCID: PMC10236448 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03258b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible human body electronic sensor is a multifunctional electronic device with flexibility, extensibility, and responsiveness. Piezoresistive flexible human body electronic sensor has attracted the extensive attention of researchers because of its simple preparation process, high detection sensitivity, wide detection range, and low power consumption. However, the wearability and affinity to the human body of traditional flexible human electronic sensors are poor, while polysiloxane materials can be mixed with other electronic materials and have good affinity toward the human body. Therefore, polysiloxane materials have become the first choice of flexible matrixes. In this study, the research progress and preparation methods of piezoresistive flexible human electronic sensors based on polysiloxane materials in recent years are summarized, the challenges faced in the development of piezoresistive flexible human electronic sensors are analyzed, and the future research directions are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Ning Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Guorui Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Fanglei Zeng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Shandong Dongyue Silicone Material Co. ,Ltd. Zibo 256401 China
| | - Gang Yi
- Shandong Dongyue Silicone Material Co. ,Ltd. Zibo 256401 China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590 China
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15
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Liu T, Liu L, Gou GY, Fang Z, Sun J, Chen J, Cheng J, Han M, Ma T, Liu C, Xue N. Recent Advancements in Physiological, Biochemical, and Multimodal Sensors Based on Flexible Substrates: Strategies, Technologies, and Integrations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21721-21745. [PMID: 37098855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable devices have been widely used in biomedical applications, the Internet of Things, and other fields, attracting the attention of many researchers. The physiological and biochemical information on the human body reflects various health states, providing essential data for human health examination and personalized medical treatment. Meanwhile, physiological and biochemical information reveals the moving state and position of the human body, and it is the data basis for realizing human-computer interactions. Flexible wearable physiological and biochemical sensors provide real-time, human-friendly monitoring because of their light weight, wearability, and high flexibility. This paper reviews the latest advancements, strategies, and technologies of flexibly wearable physiological and biochemical sensors (pressure, strain, humidity, saliva, sweat, and tears). Next, we systematically summarize the integration principles of flexible physiological and biochemical sensors with the current research progress. Finally, important directions and challenges of physiological, biochemical, and multimodal sensors are proposed to realize their potential applications for human movement, health monitoring, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiezhu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Lidan Liu
- Zhucheng Jiayue Central Hospital, Shandong 262200, China
| | - Guang-Yang Gou
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianhai Sun
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jianqun Cheng
- School of Integrated Circuit, Quanzhou University of Information Engineering, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tianjun Ma
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chunxiu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ning Xue
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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16
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Choi YK, Kim TH, Song JH, Jung BK, Kim W, Bae JH, Choi HJ, Kwak J, Shim JW, Oh SJ. Charge transport transition of PEDOT:PSS thin films for temperature-insensitive wearable strain sensors. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7980-7990. [PMID: 37067237 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a temperature-insensitive strain sensor that detects only the strain without responding to the temperature was designed. The transport mechanism and associated temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin film were modified through secondary doping with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Upon DMSO-doping, the carrier transport mechanism of the PEDOT:PSS thin film transitioned from hopping to band-like transport, with a morphological change. At the DMSO doping level, which caused the critical point of the transport transition, the resistance of the thin film was maintained with a change in temperature. Consequently, the TCR of the optimized PEDOT:PSS thin film was less than 9 × 10-5 K-1, which is 102 times lower than that of the as-prepared films. The carrier mobility of the PEDOT:PSS thin film was effectively improved with the morphological change due to DMSO doping and was investigated through combinational analysis. Ultimately, the wearable strain sensor prepared using the optimized PEDOT:PSS thin film responded stably to the applied strain with a gauge factor of 2 and exhibited excellent temperature anti-interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyun Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Hyuk Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Han Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Ku Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woosik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Ho Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Won Shim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soong Ju Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Guo D, Guo P, Ren L, Yao Y, Wang W, Jia M, Wang Y, Wang L, Wang ZL, Zhai J. Silicon flexoelectronic transistors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd3310. [PMID: 36897950 PMCID: PMC10005167 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
It is extraordinarily challenging to implement adaptive and seamless interactions between mechanical triggering and current silicon technology for tunable electronics, human-machine interfaces, and micro/nanoelectromechanical systems. Here, we report Si flexoelectronic transistors (SFTs) that can innovatively convert applied mechanical actuations into electrical control signals and achieve directly electromechanical function. Using the strain gradient-induced flexoelectric polarization field in Si as a "gate," the metal-semiconductor interfacial Schottky barriers' heights and the channel width of SFT can be substantially modulated, resulting in tunable electronic transports with specific characteristics. Such SFTs and corresponding perception system can not only create a high strain sensitivity but also identify where the mechanical force is applied. These findings provide an in-depth understanding about the mechanism of interface gating and channel width gating in flexoelectronics and develop highly sensitive silicon-based strain sensors, which has great potential to construct the next-generation silicon electromechanical nanodevices and nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Guo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Pengwen Guo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lele Ren
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Jia
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (L.W.); (Z.L.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.W.); (Z.L.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junyi Zhai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (L.W.); (Z.L.W.); (J.Z.)
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18
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Cao W, Luo Y, Dai Y, Wang X, Wu K, Lin H, Rui K, Zhu J. Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Based on a Conductive 3D Sponge Network for Motion Sensing and Human-Machine Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3131-3140. [PMID: 36603144 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors have attracted increasing attention owing to their important applications in human activity monitoring, medical diagnosis, and human-machine interaction. However, the rational design of low-cost sensors with desirable properties (e.g., high sensitivity and excellent stability) and extended applications is still a great challenge. Herein, a simple and cost-effective strategy is reported by immersing polyurethane (PU) sponge in graphene oxide solution followed by in situ chemical reduction to construct a reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-wrapped PU sponge sensor. Ascribed to the excellent compressive resilience of PU sponge and an electrically conductive RGO layer, the constructed flexible sensor exhibits satisfactory sensing performance with high sensitivity (17.65 kPa-1) in a low-load range (0-3.2 kPa), a wide compression strain range (0-80%), and reliable stability (8000 cycles). In addition, these sensors can be successfully applied to monitor human movements and identify the weight of objects. Through the use of a sensor array integrated with a signal acquisition circuit, the reasonably designed sensors can realize tactile feedback via mapping real-time spatial distribution of pressure in complicated tasks and show potential applications in flexible electronic pianos, electronic skin, and remote real-time control of home electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, P. R. China
| | - Yan Luo
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Dai
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Wu
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, P. R. China
| | - Kun Rui
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing211816, P. R. China
| | - Jixin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 443 Huangshan Road, Hefei230027, P. R. China
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19
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Zhang H, Tian G, Xiong D, Yang T, Wang S, Sun Y, Jin L, Lan B, Deng L, Yang W, Deng W. Carrier concentration-dependent interface engineering for high-performance zinc oxide piezoelectric device. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:534-540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Song B, Li Y, Wu XP, Wang F, Lin M, Sun Y, Jia AP, Ning X, Jin L, Ke X, Yu Z, Yang G, Hou W, Ding W, Gong XQ, Peng L. Unveiling the Surface Structure of ZnO Nanorods and H 2 Activation Mechanisms with 17O NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23340-23351. [PMID: 36512749 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ZnO plays a very important role in many catalytic processes involving H2, yet the details on their interactions and H2 activation mechanism are still missing, owing to the lack of a characterization method that provides resolution at the atomic scale and follows the fate of oxide surface species. Here, we apply 17O solid-state NMR spectroscopy in combination with DFT calculations to unravel the surface structure of ZnO nanorods and explore the H2 activation process. We show that six different types of oxygen ions in the surface and subsurface of ZnO can be distinguished. H2 undergoes heterolytic dissociation on three-coordinated surface zinc and oxygen ions, while the formed hydride species migrate to nearby oxygen species, generating a second hydroxyl site. When oxygen vacancies are present, homolytic dissociation of H2 occurs and zinc hydride species form from the vacancies. Reaction mechanisms on oxide surfaces can be explored in a similar manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benteng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Ceramic Materials, School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu215500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Ming Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis138634, Singapore
| | - Yunhua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Ai-Ping Jia
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua321004, China
| | - Xiang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Li Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Xiaokang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Zhiwu Yu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Ceramic Materials, School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu215500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhua Hou
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Xue-Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Luming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling (FSC-CEMaC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210023, China
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