1
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Cocco E, de Stanchina E. Patient-Derived-Xenografts in Mice: A Preclinical Platform for Cancer Research. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041381. [PMID: 37696659 PMCID: PMC11216185 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) has dramatically improved drug development programs. PDXs (1) reproduce the pathological features and the genomic profile of the parental tumors more precisely than other preclinical models, and (2) more faithfully predict therapy response. However, PDXs have limitations. These include the inability to completely capture tumor heterogeneity and the role of the immune system, the low engraftment efficiency of certain tumor types, and the consequences of the human-host interactions. Recently, the use of novel mouse strains and specialized engraftment techniques has enabled the generation of "humanized" PDXs, partially overcoming such limitations. Importantly, establishing, characterizing, and maintaining PDXs is costly and requires a significant regulatory, administrative, clinical, and laboratory infrastructure. In this review, we will retrace the historical milestones that led to the implementation of PDXs for cancer research, review the most recent innovations in the field, and discuss future avenues to tackle deficiencies that still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cocco
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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2
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He T, Xiao L, Qiao Y, Klingbeil O, Young E, Wu XS, Mannan R, Mahapatra S, Redin E, Cho H, Bao Y, Kandarpa M, Ching-Yi Tien J, Wang X, Eyunni S, Zheng Y, Kim N, Zheng H, Hou S, Su F, Miner SJ, Mehra R, Cao X, Abbineni C, Samajdar S, Ramachandra M, Dhanasekaran SM, Talpaz M, Parolia A, Rudin CM, Vakoc CR, Chinnaiyan AM. Targeting the mSWI/SNF complex in POU2F-POU2AF transcription factor-driven malignancies. Cancer Cell 2024:S1535-6108(24)00231-9. [PMID: 39029462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The POU2F3-POU2AF2/3 transcription factor complex is the master regulator of the tuft cell lineage and tuft cell-like small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Here, we identify a specific dependence of the POU2F3 molecular subtype of SCLC (SCLC-P) on the activity of the mammalian switch/sucrose non-fermentable (mSWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex. Treatment of SCLC-P cells with a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degrader of mSWI/SNF ATPases evicts POU2F3 and its coactivators from chromatin and attenuates downstream signaling. B cell malignancies which are dependent on the POU2F1/2 cofactor, POU2AF1, are also sensitive to mSWI/SNF ATPase degraders, with treatment leading to chromatin eviction of POU2AF1 and IRF4 and decreased IRF4 signaling in multiple myeloma cells. An orally bioavailable mSWI/SNF ATPase degrader significantly inhibits tumor growth in preclinical models of SCLC-P and multiple myeloma without signs of toxicity. This study suggests that POU2F-POU2AF-driven malignancies have an intrinsic dependence on the mSWI/SNF complex, representing a therapeutic vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongchen He
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yuanyuan Qiao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Olaf Klingbeil
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Eleanor Young
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoli S Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Rahul Mannan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Somnath Mahapatra
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Esther Redin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hanbyul Cho
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yi Bao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Malathi Kandarpa
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jean Ching-Yi Tien
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoju Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sanjana Eyunni
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yang Zheng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - NamHoon Kim
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Heng Zheng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Siyu Hou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fengyun Su
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephanie J Miner
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Saravana M Dhanasekaran
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Abhijit Parolia
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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3
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Trillo Aliaga P, Del Signore E, Fuorivia V, Spitaleri G, Asnaghi R, Attili I, Corvaja C, Carnevale Schianca A, Passaro A, de Marinis F. The Evolving Scenario of ES-SCLC Management: From Biology to New Cancer Therapeutics. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:701. [PMID: 38927637 PMCID: PMC11203015 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma accounting for 15% of lung cancers with dismal survival outcomes. Minimal changes in therapy and prognosis have occurred in SCLC for the past four decades. Recent progress in the treatment of extensive-stage disease (ES-SCLC) has been marked by incorporating immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) into platinum-based chemotherapy, leading to modest improvements. Moreover, few second-line-and-beyond treatment options are currently available. The main limitation for the molecular study of SCLC has been the scarcity of samples, because only very early diseases are treated with surgery and biopsies are not performed when the disease progresses. Despite all these difficulties, in recent years we have come to understand that SCLC is not a homogeneous disease. At the molecular level, in addition to the universal loss of retinoblastoma (RB) and TP53 genes, a recent large molecular study has identified other mutations that could serve as targets for therapy development or patient selection. In recent years, there has also been the identification of new genetic subtypes which have shown us how intertumor heterogeneity exists. Moreover, SCLC can also develop intratumoral heterogeneity linked mainly to the concept of cellular plasticity, mostly due to the development of resistance to therapies. The aim of this review is to quickly present the current standard of care of ES-SCLC, to focus on the molecular landscapes and subtypes of SCLC, subsequently present the most promising therapeutic strategies under investigation, and finally recap the future directions of ongoing clinical trials for this aggressive disease which still remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Trillo Aliaga
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Ester Del Signore
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Fuorivia
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Spitaleri
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Asnaghi
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Attili
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Corvaja
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Carnevale Schianca
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Passaro
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo de Marinis
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
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4
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Hiatt JB, Doebley AL, Arnold HU, Adil M, Sandborg H, Persse TW, Ko M, Wu F, Quintanal Villalonga A, Santana-Davila R, Eaton K, Dive C, Rudin CM, Thomas A, Houghton AM, Ha G, MacPherson D. Molecular phenotyping of small cell lung cancer using targeted cfDNA profiling of transcriptional regulatory regions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk2082. [PMID: 38598634 PMCID: PMC11006233 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
We report an approach for cancer phenotyping based on targeted sequencing of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In SCLC, differential activation of transcription factors (TFs), such as ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, and REST defines molecular subtypes. We designed a targeted capture panel that identifies chromatin organization signatures at 1535 TF binding sites and 13,240 gene transcription start sites and detects exonic mutations in 842 genes. Sequencing of cfDNA from SCLC patient-derived xenograft models captured TF activity and gene expression and revealed individual highly informative loci. Prediction models of ASCL1 and NEUROD1 activity using informative loci achieved areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) from 0.84 to 0.88 in patients with SCLC. As non-SCLC (NSCLC) often transforms to SCLC following targeted therapy, we applied our framework to distinguish NSCLC from SCLC and achieved an AUC of 0.99. Our approach shows promising utility for SCLC subtyping and transformation monitoring, with potential applicability to diverse tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Hiatt
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System - Seattle Branch, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna-Lisa Doebley
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Henry U. Arnold
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohamed Adil
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Holly Sandborg
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas W. Persse
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Minjeong Ko
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Feinan Wu
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alvaro Quintanal Villalonga
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael Santana-Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith Eaton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Charles M. Rudin
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College; New York, NY, USA
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A. McGarry Houghton
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gavin Ha
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David MacPherson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Nia GE, Nikpayam E, Farrokhi M, Bolhassani A, Meuwissen R. Advances in cell-based delivery of oncolytic viruses as therapy for lung cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200788. [PMID: 38596310 PMCID: PMC10976516 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer's intractability is enhanced by its frequent resistance to (chemo)therapy and often high relapse rates that make it the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Improvement of therapy efficacy is a crucial issue that might lead to a significant advance in the treatment of lung cancer. Oncolytic viruses are desirable combination partners in the developing field of cancer immunotherapy due to their direct cytotoxic effects and ability to elicit an immune response. Systemic oncolytic virus administration through intravenous injection should ideally lead to the highest efficacy in oncolytic activity. However, this is often hampered by the prevalence of host-specific, anti-viral immune responses. One way to achieve more efficient systemic oncolytic virus delivery is through better protection against neutralization by several components of the host immune system. Carrier cells, which can even have innate tumor tropism, have shown their appropriateness as effective vehicles for systemic oncolytic virus infection through circumventing restrictive features of the immune system and can warrant oncolytic virus delivery to tumors. In this overview, we summarize promising results from studies in which carrier cells have shown their usefulness for improved systemic oncolytic virus delivery and better oncolytic virus therapy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giti Esmail Nia
- Faculty of Allied Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elahe Nikpayam
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ralph Meuwissen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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6
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Solta A, Ernhofer B, Boettiger K, Megyesfalvi Z, Heeke S, Hoda MA, Lang C, Aigner C, Hirsch FR, Schelch K, Döme B. Small cells - big issues: biological implications and preclinical advancements in small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:41. [PMID: 38395864 PMCID: PMC10893629 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Current treatment guidelines refer to small cell lung cancer (SCLC), one of the deadliest human malignancies, as a homogeneous disease. Accordingly, SCLC therapy comprises chemoradiation with or without immunotherapy. Meanwhile, recent studies have made significant advances in subclassifying SCLC based on the elevated expression of the transcription factors ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3, as well as on certain inflammatory characteristics. The role of the transcription regulator YAP1 in defining a unique SCLC subset remains to be established. Although preclinical analyses have described numerous subtype-specific characteristics and vulnerabilities, the so far non-existing clinical subtype distinction may be a contributor to negative clinical trial outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to provide a framework for the development of novel personalized therapeutic approaches by compiling the most recent discoveries achieved by preclinical SCLC research. We highlight the challenges faced due to limited access to patient material as well as the advances accomplished by implementing state-of-the-art models and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solta
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Büsra Ernhofer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristiina Boettiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Simon Heeke
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mir Alireza Hoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Aigner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Mount Sinai Health System, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Karin Schelch
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Döme
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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7
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Catozzi A, Peiris-Pagès M, Humphrey S, Revill M, Morgan D, Roebuck J, Chen Y, Davies-Williams B, Lallo A, Galvin M, Pearce SP, Kerr A, Priest L, Foy V, Carter M, Caeser R, Chan J, Rudin CM, Blackhall F, Frese KK, Dive C, Simpson KL. Functional Characterisation of the ATOH1 Molecular Subtype Indicates a Pro-Metastatic Role in Small Cell Lung Cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.16.580247. [PMID: 38405859 PMCID: PMC10888785 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.16.580247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Molecular subtypes of Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) have been described based on differential expression of transcription factors (TFs) ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3 and immune-related genes. We previously reported an additional subtype based on expression of the neurogenic TF ATOH1 within our SCLC Circulating tumour cell-Derived eXplant (CDX) model biobank. Here we show that ATOH1 protein was detected in 7/81 preclinical models and 16/102 clinical samples of SCLC. In CDX models, ATOH1 directly regulated neurogenesis and differentiation programs consistent with roles in normal tissues. In ex vivo cultures of ATOH1-positive CDX, ATOH1 was required for cell survival. In vivo, ATOH1 depletion slowed tumour growth and suppressed liver metastasis. Our data validate ATOH1 as a bona fide oncogenic driver of SCLC with tumour cell survival and pro-metastatic functions. Further investigation to explore ATOH1 driven vulnerabilities for targeted treatment with predictive biomarkers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catozzi
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Peiris-Pagès
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Humphrey
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell Revill
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Derrick Morgan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Roebuck
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yitao Chen
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Davies-Williams
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Lallo
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Galvin
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Pearce
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Kerr
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsey Priest
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Foy
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Carter
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Caeser
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph Chan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M. Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kristopher K Frese
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn L Simpson
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK National Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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8
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Jiao F, Yu C, Wheat A, Chen L, Lih TSM, Zhang H, Huang L. DSBSO-Based XL-MS Analysis of Breast Cancer PDX Tissues to Delineate Protein Interaction Network in Clinical Samples. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38334954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are fundamental to understanding biological systems as protein complexes are the active molecular modules critical for carrying out cellular functions. Dysfunctional PPIs have been associated with various diseases including cancer. Systems-wide PPI analysis not only sheds light on pathological mechanisms, but also represents a paradigm in identifying potential therapeutic targets. In recent years, cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for defining endogenous PPIs of cellular networks. While proteome-wide studies have been performed in cell lysates, intact cells and tissues, applications of XL-MS in clinical samples have not been reported. In this study, we adopted a DSBSO-based in vivo XL-MS platform to map interaction landscapes from two breast cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. As a result, we have generated a PDX interaction network comprising 2,557 human proteins and identified interactions unique to breast cancer subtypes. Interestingly, most of the observed differences in PPIs correlated well with protein abundance changes determined by TMT-based proteome quantitation. Collectively, this work has demonstrated the feasibility of XL-MS analysis in clinical samples, and established an analytical workflow for tissue cross-linking that can be generalized for mapping PPIs from patient samples in the future to dissect disease-relevant cellular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglong Jiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Clinton Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andrew Wheat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Tung-Shing Mamie Lih
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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9
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Oser MG, MacPherson D, Oliver TG, Sage J, Park KS. Genetically-engineered mouse models of small cell lung cancer: the next generation. Oncogene 2024; 43:457-469. [PMID: 38191672 PMCID: PMC11180418 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains the most fatal form of lung cancer, with patients in dire need of new and effective therapeutic approaches. Modeling SCLC in an immunocompetent host is essential for understanding SCLC pathogenesis and ultimately discovering and testing new experimental therapeutic strategies. Human SCLC is characterized by near universal genetic loss of the RB1 and TP53 tumor suppressor genes. Twenty years ago, the first genetically-engineered mouse model (GEMM) of SCLC was generated using conditional deletion of both Rb1 and Trp53 in the lungs of adult mice. Since then, several other GEMMs of SCLC have been developed coupling genomic alterations found in human SCLC with Rb1 and Trp53 deletion. Here we summarize how GEMMs of SCLC have contributed significantly to our understanding of the disease in the past two decades. We also review recent advances in modeling SCLC in mice that allow investigators to bypass limitations of the previous generation of GEMMs while studying new genes of interest in SCLC. In particular, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated somatic gene editing can accelerate how new genes of interest are functionally interrogated in SCLC tumorigenesis. Notably, the development of allograft models and precancerous precursor models from SCLC GEMMs provides complementary approaches to GEMMs to study tumor cell-immune microenvironment interactions and test new therapeutic strategies to enhance response to immunotherapy. Ultimately, the new generation of SCLC models can accelerate research and help develop new therapeutic strategies for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Oser
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - David MacPherson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Trudy G Oliver
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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10
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Liu Q, Zhang J, Guo C, Wang M, Wang C, Yan Y, Sun L, Wang D, Zhang L, Yu H, Hou L, Wu C, Zhu Y, Jiang G, Zhu H, Zhou Y, Fang S, Zhang T, Hu L, Li J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang B, Ding L, Robles AI, Rodriguez H, Gao D, Ji H, Zhou H, Zhang P. Proteogenomic characterization of small cell lung cancer identifies biological insights and subtype-specific therapeutic strategies. Cell 2024; 187:184-203.e28. [PMID: 38181741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
We performed comprehensive proteogenomic characterization of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) using paired tumors and adjacent lung tissues from 112 treatment-naive patients who underwent surgical resection. Integrated multi-omics analysis illustrated cancer biology downstream of genetic aberrations and highlighted oncogenic roles of FAT1 mutation, RB1 deletion, and chromosome 5q loss. Two prognostic biomarkers, HMGB3 and CASP10, were identified. Overexpression of HMGB3 promoted SCLC cell migration via transcriptional regulation of cell junction-related genes. Immune landscape characterization revealed an association between ZFHX3 mutation and high immune infiltration and underscored a potential immunosuppressive role of elevated DNA damage response activity via inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway. Multi-omics clustering identified four subtypes with subtype-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities. Cell line and patient-derived xenograft-based drug tests validated the specific therapeutic responses predicted by multi-omics subtyping. This study provides a valuable resource as well as insights to better understand SCLC biology and improve clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Analytical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mengcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Frontier Science Center for Stem Cells, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yilv Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liangdong Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huansha Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Likun Hou
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuming Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Gening Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanting Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shanhua Fang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- D1 Medical Technology, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yansheng Liu
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Ana I Robles
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Daming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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11
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Ng J, Pan E, Johnston A, Ribera NT, Kersbergen A, Hess JB, Best SA, Tsui E, Steinfort D, Sutherland KD. A Multiplexed Approach to Assess Small Cell Lung Cancer Subtype Heterogeneity in Primary and Patient-Derived Tumor Samples. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2806:117-138. [PMID: 38676800 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3858-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Unlocking the heterogeneity of cancers is crucial for developing therapeutic approaches that effectively eradicate disease. As our understanding of markers specific to cancer subclones or subtypes expands, there is a growing demand for advanced technologies that enable the simultaneous investigation of multiple targets within an individual tumor sample. Indeed, multiplex approaches offer distinct benefits, particularly when tumor specimens are small and scarce. Here we describe the utility of two fluorescence-based multiplex approaches; fluorescent Western blots, and multiplex immunohistochemistry (Opal™) staining to interrogate heterogeneity, using small cell lung cancer as an example. Critically, the coupling of Opal™ staining with advanced image quantitation, permits the dissection of cancer cell phenotypes at a single cell level. These approaches can be applied to patient biopsies and/or patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and serve as powerful methodologies for assessing tumor cell heterogeneity in response to therapy or between metastatic lesions across diverse tissue sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ng
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Pan
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Johnston
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nina Tubau Ribera
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ariena Kersbergen
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonas B Hess
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah A Best
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ellen Tsui
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Steinfort
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate D Sutherland
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Zullo L, Dall’Olio FG, Rossi G, Dellepiane C, Barletta G, Bennicelli E, Ingaliso M, Tagliamento M, Genova C. Molecular and Genetic Advances in Small Cell Lung Cancer Landscape: From Homogeneity to Diversity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:224. [PMID: 38203395 PMCID: PMC10779291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been historically considered a homogeneous disease and thus approached as a single entity when it comes to clinical studies design and new treatments developments. However, increasing knowledge in the genetic and molecular landscape of this disease challenges this concept, opening the possibility that different subtypes might show differential vulnerability to treatments. In this narrative review, we gather the most relevant advances in genetic and molecular characterization of SCLC, focusing on how these discoveries may be used to design the path for a personalized treatment approach. Indeed, we discuss the new classification based on differential protein expression, the prevalence and significance of oncogenic drivers (e.g., EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements) in SCLC, the genetic characteristics of SCLC in patients with no smoking history, and the existing evidence supporting the use of liquid biopsy for capturing the heterogeneity of the disease. We use the keywords "small cell lung cancer", "SCLC", "EGFR", "ALK", "histological transformation", and "transcriptional factors" to identify original research manuscripts, clinical trials, case reports, and case series from PubMed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lodovica Zullo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale (DIMES), Università Degli Studi di Genova, Via Leon Battista Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Departement de Medicine Oncologique, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Filippo Gustavo Dall’Olio
- Departement de Medicine Oncologique, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Giovanni Rossi
- Oncologia Medica 2, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.R.); (C.D.); (G.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Chiara Dellepiane
- Oncologia Medica 2, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.R.); (C.D.); (G.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Giulia Barletta
- Oncologia Medica 2, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.R.); (C.D.); (G.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Elisa Bennicelli
- Oncologia Medica 2, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.R.); (C.D.); (G.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Marta Ingaliso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), Divisione di Anatomia Patologica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Marco Tagliamento
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Genova
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
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13
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Nie Q, Chen W, Zhang T, Ye S, Ren Z, Zhang P, Wen J. Iron oxide nanoparticles induce ferroptosis via the autophagic pathway by synergistic bundling with paclitaxel. Mol Med Rep 2023; 28:198. [PMID: 37681444 PMCID: PMC10510030 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, inhibiting tumor cell activity by triggering cell ferroptosis has become a research hotspot. The development of generic targeted nanotherapeutics might bring new ideas for non‑invasive applications. Currently, the potential mechanism underlying the universal application of paclitaxel (PTX)‑loaded iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP@PTX) to different types of tumors is unclear. The present study aimed to prepare IONP@PTX for targeted cancer therapy and further explore the potential mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of this material on the NCI‑H446 human small cell lung cancer and brain M059K malignant glioblastoma cell lines. First, a CCK‑8 assay was performed to determine cell viability, and then the combination index for evaluating drug combination interaction effect was evaluated. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation levels were monitored using a DCFH‑DA fluorescent probe and a C11‑BODIPY™ fluorescent probe, respectively. Furthermore, western blotting assay was performed to determine the expression of autophagy‑ and iron death‑related proteins. The experimental results showed that, compared with either IONP monotherapy, PTX monotherapy, or IONP + PTX, IONP@PTX exerted a synergistic effect on the viability of both cell types, with significantly increased total iron ion concentration, ROS levels and lipid peroxidation levels. IONP@PTX significantly increased the expression of autophagy‑related proteins Beclin 1 and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in both cell lines (P<0.05), increased the expression of light chain 3 (LC3)‑II/I in NCI‑H446 cells (P<0.05) and decreased that of sequestosome1 (p62) in M059K cells (P<0.05). Moreover, the addition of rapamycin enhanced the IONP@PTX‑induced the upregulation of Beclin 1, LC3‑II/I and HDAC6 and the downregulation of mTORC1 protein in both cell lines (P<0.05). Moreover, rapamycin enhanced the IONP@PTX‑induced downregulation of p62 protein in NCI‑H446 cells (P<0.05), suggesting that IONP@PTX induces ferroptosis, most likely through autophagy. Collectively, the present findings show that IONP works synergistically with PTX to induce ferroptosis via the autophagic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Nie
- Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541104, P.R. China
| | - Wenqing Chen
- Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541104, P.R. China
| | - Tianmei Zhang
- Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Shangrong Ye
- Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyu Ren
- Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wen
- Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541104, P.R. China
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14
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Mahmoud A, Ganesh K. Mouse Models of Metastasis and Dormancy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023:a041386. [PMID: 37696656 PMCID: PMC10925556 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the ultimate and often lethal stage of cancer. Metastasis occurs in three phases that may vary across individuals: First, dissemination from the primary tumor. Second, tumor dormancy at the metastatic site where micrometastatic cancer cells remain quiescent or, in dynamic cycles of proliferation and elimination, remaining clinically undetectable. Finally, cancer cells are able to overcome microenvironmental constraints for outgrowth, or the formation of clinically detectable macrometastases that colonize distant organs and are largely incurable. A variety of approaches have been used to model metastasis to elucidate molecular mechanisms and identify putative therapeutic targets. In particular, metastatic dormancy has been challenging to model in vivo due to the sparse numbers of cancer cells in micrometastasis nodules and the long latency times required for tumor outgrowth. Here, we review state-of-the art genetically engineered mouse, syngeneic, and patient-derived xenograft approaches for modeling metastasis and dormancy. We describe the advantages and limitations of various metastasis models, novel findings enabled by such approaches, and highlight opportunities for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahmoud
- Program in Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Karuna Ganesh
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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15
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Duplaquet L, Li Y, Booker MA, Xie Y, Olsen SN, Patel RA, Hong D, Hatton C, Denize T, Walton E, Laimon YN, Li R, Jiang Y, Bronson RT, Southard J, Li S, Signoretti S, Qiu X, Cejas P, Armstrong SA, Long HW, Tolstorukov MY, Haffner MC, Oser MG. KDM6A epigenetically regulates subtype plasticity in small cell lung cancer. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1346-1358. [PMID: 37591951 PMCID: PMC10546329 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) exists broadly in four molecular subtypes: ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3 and Inflammatory. Initially, SCLC subtypes were thought to be mutually exclusive, but recent evidence shows intra-tumoural subtype heterogeneity and plasticity between subtypes. Here, using a CRISPR-based autochthonous SCLC genetically engineered mouse model to study the consequences of KDM6A/UTX inactivation, we show that KDM6A inactivation induced plasticity from ASCL1 to NEUROD1 resulting in SCLC tumours that express both ASCL1 and NEUROD1. Mechanistically, KDM6A normally maintains an active chromatin state that favours the ASCL1 subtype with its loss decreasing H3K4me1 and increasing H3K27me3 at enhancers of neuroendocrine genes leading to a cell state that is primed for ASCL1-to-NEUROD1 subtype switching. This work identifies KDM6A as an epigenetic regulator that controls ASCL1 to NEUROD1 subtype plasticity and provides an autochthonous SCLC genetically engineered mouse model to model ASCL1 and NEUROD1 subtype heterogeneity and plasticity, which is found in 35-40% of human SCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Duplaquet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yixiang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew A Booker
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingtian Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Naomi Olsen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Radhika A Patel
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deli Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlie Hatton
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Denize
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Walton
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yasmin N Laimon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yijia Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jackson Southard
- Translational Immunogenomics Lab, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Translational Immunogenomics Lab, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xintao Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paloma Cejas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry W Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Y Tolstorukov
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew G Oser
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.
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16
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Chakraborty S, Coleman C, Manoj P, Demircioglu D, Shah N, de Stanchina E, Rudin CM, Hasson D, Sen T. De Novo and Histologically Transformed Small-Cell Lung Cancer Is Sensitive to Lurbinectedin Treatment Through the Modulation of EMT and NOTCH Signaling Pathways. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3526-3540. [PMID: 37382635 PMCID: PMC10901109 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine tumor with dismal prognosis and limited treatment options. Lurbinectedin, conditionally approved as a second-line treatment for metastatic SCLC, drives clinical responses in about 35% of patients, and the overall survival (OS) of those who benefit from it remains very low (∼9.3 months). This finding highlights the need to develop improved mechanistic insight and predictive biomarkers of response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used human and patient-derived xenograft (PDX)-derived SCLC cell lines to evaluate the effect of lurbinectedin in vitro. We also demonstrate the antitumor effect of lurbinectedin in multiple de novo and transformed SCLC PDX models. Changes in gene and protein expression pre- and post-lurbinectedin treatment was assessed by RNA sequencing and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Lurbinectedin markedly reduced cell viability in the majority of SCLC models with the best response on POU2F3-driven SCLC cells. We further demonstrate that lurbinectedin, either as a single agent or in combination with osimertinib, causes an appreciable antitumor response in multiple models of EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma with histologic transformation to SCLC. Transcriptomic analysis identified induction of apoptosis, repression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, modulation of PI3K/AKT, NOTCH signaling associated with lurbinectedin response in de novo, and transformed SCLC models. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a mechanistic insight into lurbinectedin response in SCLC and the first demonstration that lurbinectedin is a potential therapeutic target after SCLC transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Chakraborty
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Charles Coleman
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Parvathy Manoj
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Deniz Demircioglu
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nisargbhai Shah
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Dan Hasson
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Triparna Sen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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17
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Rudin CM, Reck M, Johnson ML, Blackhall F, Hann CL, Yang JCH, Bailis JM, Bebb G, Goldrick A, Umejiego J, Paz-Ares L. Emerging therapies targeting the delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) in small cell lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:66. [PMID: 37355629 PMCID: PMC10290806 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma with a poor prognosis. Initial responses to standard-of-care chemo-immunotherapy are, unfortunately, followed by rapid disease recurrence in most patients. Current treatment options are limited, with no therapies specifically approved as third-line or beyond. Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), a Notch inhibitory ligand, is an attractive therapeutic target because it is overexpressed on the surface of SCLC cells with minimal to no expression on normal cells. Several DLL3-targeted therapies are being developed for the treatment of SCLC and other neuroendocrine carcinomas, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), T-cell engager (TCE) molecules, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapies. First, we discuss the clinical experience with rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova-T), a DLL3-targeting ADC, the development of which was halted due to a lack of efficacy in phase 3 studies, with a view to understanding the lessons that can be garnered for the rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape in SCLC. We then review preclinical and clinical data for several DLL3-targeting agents that are currently in development, including the TCE molecules-tarlatamab (formerly known as AMG 757), BI 764532, and HPN328-and the CAR T-cell therapy AMG 119. We conclude with a discussion of the future challenges and opportunities for DLL3-targeting therapies, including the utility of DLL3 as a biomarker for patient selection and disease progression, and the potential of rational combinatorial approaches that can enhance efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Rudin
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Martin Reck
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Melissa L Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sarah Cannon Cancer Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, PLLC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Department of Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Christine L Hann
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Chih-Hsin Yang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Julie M Bailis
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gwyn Bebb
- Oncology TA-US, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, CNIO-H12o Lung Cancer Unit, Universidad Complutense and Ciberonc, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Chen A, Neuwirth I, Herndler-Brandstetter D. Modeling the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy in Next-Generation Humanized Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2989. [PMID: 37296949 PMCID: PMC10251926 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has brought significant clinical benefits to numerous patients with malignant disease. However, only a fraction of patients experiences complete and durable responses to currently available immunotherapies. This highlights the need for more effective immunotherapies, combination treatments and predictive biomarkers. The molecular properties of a tumor, intratumor heterogeneity and the tumor immune microenvironment decisively shape tumor evolution, metastasis and therapy resistance and are therefore key targets for precision cancer medicine. Humanized mice that support the engraftment of patient-derived tumors and recapitulate the human tumor immune microenvironment of patients represent a promising preclinical model to address fundamental questions in precision immuno-oncology and cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of next-generation humanized mouse models suitable for the establishment and study of patient-derived tumors. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of modeling the tumor immune microenvironment and testing a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches using human immune system mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dietmar Herndler-Brandstetter
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.); (I.N.)
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19
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Aleynick N, Li Y, Xie Y, Zhang M, Posner A, Roshal L, Pe'er D, Vanguri RS, Hollmann TJ. Cross-platform dataset of multiplex fluorescent cellular object image annotations. Sci Data 2023; 10:193. [PMID: 37029126 PMCID: PMC10082189 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining cellular and subcellular structures in images, referred to as cell segmentation, is an outstanding obstacle to scalable single-cell analysis of multiplex imaging data. While advances in machine learning-based segmentation have led to potentially robust solutions, such algorithms typically rely on large amounts of example annotations, known as training data. Datasets consisting of annotations which are thoroughly assessed for quality are rarely released to the public. As a result, there is a lack of widely available, annotated data suitable for benchmarking and algorithm development. To address this unmet need, we release 105,774 primarily oncological cellular annotations concentrating on tumor and immune cells using over 40 antibody markers spanning three fluorescent imaging platforms, over a dozen tissue types and across various cellular morphologies. We use readily available annotation techniques to provide a modifiable community data set with the goal of advancing cellular segmentation for the greater imaging community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Aleynick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanyun Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yubin Xie
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mianlei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Posner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lev Roshal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rami S Vanguri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Travis J Hollmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Bristol Meyers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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20
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Sanada M, Yamazaki M, Yamada T, Fujino K, Kudoh S, Tenjin Y, Saito H, Kudo N, Sato Y, Matsuo A, Suzuki M, Ito T. Heterogeneous expression and role of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) in small cell lung cancer. Hum Cell 2023; 36:409-420. [PMID: 36463543 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the expression and role of ROR2 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). To examine the expression of ROR2, 27 surgically resected SCLC tissue samples were immunostained for ROR2. Sixteen tissue samples were positive and some showed intratumor heterogeneity in staining intensity. The heterogeneity of ROR2 expression was also observed in tumor tissues from a PDX model of SCLC, in which there were cells with high ROR2 expression (ROR2high cells) and without its expression (ROR2low cells). These cells were subjected to a RNA sequence analysis. GSEA was performed and the results obtained revealed the enrichment of molecules such as G2M checkpoint, mitotic spindle, and E2F targets in ROR2high cells. The rate of EdU incorporation was significantly higher in ROR2high cells than ROR2low cells from the PDX model and the SCLC cell lines. Cell proliferation was suppressed in ROR2 KO SBC3 cells in vitro and in vivo. Comparisons of down-regulated differentially expressed genes in ROR2 KO SBC3 cells with up-regulated DEG in ROR2high cells from the PDX model revealed 135 common genes. After a Metascape analysis of these genes, we focused on Aurora kinases. In SCLC cell lines, the knockdown of ROR2 suppressed Aurora kinases. Therefore, ROR2 appears to regulate the cell cycle through Aurora kinases. The present results reveal a role for ROR2 in SCLC and afford a candidate system (ROR2-Aurora kinase) accompanying tumor heterogeneity in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mune Sanada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fujino
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shinji Kudoh
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Tenjin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Haruki Saito
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Noritaka Kudo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Younosuke Sato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Brain Morphology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Department of Brain Morphology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi, Kita-Ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 861-5598, Japan.
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21
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Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung and gastrointestinal system: convergent biology and a path to better therapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:16-32. [PMID: 36307533 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) can develop in almost any organ and span a spectrum from well-differentiated and indolent neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) to poorly differentiated and highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), including small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). These neoplasms are thought to primarily derive from neuroendocrine precursor cells located throughout the body and can also arise through neuroendocrine transdifferentiation of organ-specific epithelial cell types. Hence, NENs constitute a group of tumour types that share key genomic and phenotypic characteristics irrespective of their site of origin, albeit with some organ-specific differences. The establishment of representative preclinical models for several of these disease entities together with analyses of human tumour specimens has provided important insights into crucial aspects of their biology with therapeutic implications. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of NENs of the gastrointestinal system and lung from clinical and biological perspectives. Research on NENs has typically been siloed by the tumour site of origin, and a cross-cutting view might enable advances in one area to accelerate research in others. Therefore, we aim to emphasize that a better understanding of the commonalities and differences of NENs arising in different organs might more effectively inform clinical research to define therapeutic targets and ultimately optimize patient care.
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22
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Zhu Y, Cui Y, Zheng X, Zhao Y, Sun G. Small-cell lung cancer brain metastasis: From molecular mechanisms to diagnosis and treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166557. [PMID: 36162624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most malignant human cancer worldwide, also with the highest incidence rate. However, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 14 % of all lung cancer cases. Approximately 10 % of patients with SCLC have brain metastasis at the time of diagnosis, which is the leading cause of death of patients with SCLC worldwide. The median overall survival is only 4.9 months, and a long-tern cure exists for patients with SCLC brain metastasis due to limited common therapeutic options. Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to meningeal metastasis, and multimodality treatments have brought new hopes for a better cure for the disease. This review aimed to offer an insight into the cellular processes of different metastatic stages of SCLC revealed by the established animal models, and into the major diagnostic methods of SCLC. Additionally, it provided in-depth information on the recent advances in SCLC treatments, and highlighted several new models and biomarkers with promises to improve the prognosis of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Zhu
- Department of Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical-industrial Integration Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Yishuang Cui
- Department of Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical-industrial Integration Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical-industrial Integration Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
| | - Guogui Sun
- Department of Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical-industrial Integration Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China.
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23
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Szeitz B, Megyesfalvi Z, Woldmar N, Valkó Z, Schwendenwein A, Bárány N, Paku S, László V, Kiss H, Bugyik E, Lang C, Szász AM, Pizzatti L, Bogos K, Hoda MA, Hoetzenecker K, Marko-Varga G, Horvatovich P, Döme B, Schelch K, Rezeli M. In-depth proteomic analysis reveals unique subtype-specific signatures in human small-cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1060. [PMID: 36149789 PMCID: PMC9506422 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) molecular subtypes have been primarily characterized based on the expression pattern of the following key transcription regulators: ASCL1 (SCLC‐A), NEUROD1 (SCLC‐N), POU2F3 (SCLC‐P) and YAP1 (SCLC‐Y). Here, we investigated the proteomic landscape of these molecular subsets with the aim to identify novel subtype‐specific proteins of diagnostic and therapeutic relevance. Methods Pellets and cell media of 26 human SCLC cell lines were subjected to label‐free shotgun proteomics for large‐scale protein identification and quantitation, followed by in‐depth bioinformatic analyses. Proteomic data were correlated with the cell lines’ phenotypic characteristics and with public transcriptomic data of SCLC cell lines and tissues. Results Our quantitative proteomic data highlighted that four molecular subtypes are clearly distinguishable at the protein level. The cell lines exhibited diverse neuroendocrine and epithelial–mesenchymal characteristics that varied by subtype. A total of 367 proteins were identified in the cell pellet and 34 in the culture media that showed significant up‐ or downregulation in one subtype, including known druggable proteins and potential blood‐based markers. Pathway enrichment analysis and parallel investigation of transcriptomics from SCLC cell lines outlined unique signatures for each subtype, such as upregulated oxidative phosphorylation in SCLC‐A, DNA replication in SCLC‐N, neurotrophin signalling in SCLC‐P and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in SCLC‐Y. Importantly, we identified the YAP1‐driven subtype as the most distinct SCLC subgroup. Using sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis, we identified proteins that clearly distinguish four SCLC subtypes based on their expression pattern, including potential diagnostic markers for SCLC‐Y (e.g. GPX8, PKD2 and UFO). Conclusions We report for the first time, the protein expression differences among SCLC subtypes. By shedding light on potential subtype‐specific therapeutic vulnerabilities and diagnostic biomarkers, our results may contribute to a better understanding of SCLC biology and the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Szeitz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nicole Woldmar
- Division of Clinical Protein Science, & Imaging, Department of Clinical Sciences (Lund) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Proteomics of Blood/LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Zsuzsanna Valkó
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schwendenwein
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nándor Bárány
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Paku
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória László
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Kiss
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Bugyik
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Lang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Attila Marcell Szász
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luciana Pizzatti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Proteomics of Blood/LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Krisztina Bogos
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mir Alireza Hoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Division of Clinical Protein Science, & Imaging, Department of Clinical Sciences (Lund) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Balázs Döme
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Schelch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Division of Clinical Protein Science, & Imaging, Department of Clinical Sciences (Lund) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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24
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Keogh A, Finn S, Radonic T. Emerging Biomarkers and the Changing Landscape of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153772. [PMID: 35954436 PMCID: PMC9367597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer representing 15% of all lung cancers. Unlike other types of lung cancer, treatments for SCLC have changed very little in the past 20 years and therefore, the survival rate remains low. This is due, in part, to the lack of understanding of the biological basis of this disease and the previous idea that all SCLCs are the same. Multiple recent studies have identified that SCLCs have varying biological activity and can be divided into four different groups. The advantage of this is that each of these four groups responds differently to new treatments, which hopefully will dramatically improve survival. Additionally, the aim of these new treatments is to specifically target these biological differences in SCLC so normal/non cancer cells are unaffected, leading to decreased side effects and a better quality of life. There is still a lot unknown about SCLC, but these new findings offer a glimmer of hope for patients in the future. Abstract Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy with an aggressive behavior and dismal prognosis. 5-year overall survival remains a disappointing 7%. Genomically, SCLCs are homogeneous compared to non-small cell lung cancers and are characterized almost always by functional inactivation of RB1 and TP53 with no actionable mutations. Additionally, SCLCs histologically appear uniform. Thus, SCLCs are currently managed as a single disease with platinum-based chemotherapy remaining the cornerstone of treatment. Recent studies have identified expression of dominant transcriptional signatures which may permit classification of SCLCs into four biologically distinct subtypes, namely, SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-P, and SCLC-I. These groups are readily detectable by immunohistochemistry and also have potential predictive utility for emerging therapies, including PARPi, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and DLL3 targeted therapies. In contrast with their histology, studies have identified that SCLCs display both inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Identification of subpopulations of cells with high expression of PLCG2 has been linked with risk of metastasis. SCLCs also display subtype switching under therapy pressure which may contribute furthermore to metastatic ability and chemoresistance. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the understanding of the biology of SCLCs, and discuss the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment opportunities the four proposed subtypes may present for the future. We also discuss the emerging evidence of tumor heterogeneity and plasticity in SCLCs which have been implicated in metastasis and acquired therapeutic resistance seen in these aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Keogh
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Teodora Radonic
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VUMC, University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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