1
|
Naunheim Y, Schuh CA. Multicomponent alloys designed to sinter. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8028. [PMID: 39271686 PMCID: PMC11399234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Powder sintering is a low-energy, net-shape processing route for many new products in the additive manufacturing space. We advance the viewpoint that for future manufacturing, alloys should be designed from materials science principles to sinter quickly at lower temperatures and with controlled final microstructures. Specifically, we illustrate the computational design of multinary Ni-base alloys, whose chemistries permit a low-temperature solid-state sintering scheme without any pressure- or field-assistance, as well as heat-treatability after sintering. The strategy is based on sequential phase evolutions designed to occur during sintering. The reactions involve rapid reorganization of matter to full density in cycles up to just 1200 °C, while conventional Ni alloys sintered in the solid-state require about ten times longer, or more than 250 °C degrees higher temperature. Our approach yields an alloy that benefits from precipitation hardening, has an increased strength ~ 50% higher than solid-state processed commercial Ni alloys, and yet exhibits extensive plasticity beyond 35% uniaxial strain. The results point to a generalizable design scheme for many other alloys designed for solid-state powder processing that can enable greater value from additive manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Naunheim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christopher A Schuh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
An D, Xiao Y, Yu J, Zhang X, Li Z, Ma Y, Li R, Han X, Li X, Chen J, Zaefferer S. The Role of Dislocation Type in the Thermal Stability of Cellular Structures in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402962. [PMID: 38951958 PMCID: PMC11434014 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The ultrafine cellular structure promotes the extraordinary mechanical performance of metals manufactured by laser powder-bed-fusion (L-PBF). An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms governing the thermal stability of such structures is crucial for designing reliable L-PBF components for high-temperature applications. Here, characterizations and 3D discrete dislocation dynamics simulations are performed to comprehensively understand the evolution of cellular structures in 316L stainless steel during annealing. The dominance of screw-type dislocation dipoles in the dislocation cells is reported. However, the majority of dislocations in sub-grain boundaries (SGBs) are geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) with varying types. The disparity in dislocation types can be attributed to the variation in local stacking fault energy (SFE) arising from chemical heterogeneity. The presence of screw-type dislocations facilitates the unpinning of dislocations from dislocation cells/SGBs, resulting in a high dislocation mobility. In contrast, the migration of SGBs with dominating edge-type GNDs requires collaborative motion of dislocations, leading to a sluggish migration rate and an enhanced thermal stability. This work emphasizes the significant role of dislocation type in the thermal stability of cellular structures. Furthermore, it sheds light on how to locally tune dislocation structures with desired dislocation types by adjusting local chemistry-dependent SFE and heat treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayong An
- Department of Plasticity TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Institute of Clean EnergyYangtze River Delta Research InstituteNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityTaicang215400P. R. China
| | - Junshi Yu
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSchool of Mechanics and Aerospace EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu610031P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSchool of Mechanics and Aerospace EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu610031P. R. China
| | - Zan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Yan Ma
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Eisenforschung40237DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Clean EnergyYangtze River Delta Research InstituteNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityTaicang215400P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Han
- Department of Plasticity TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030P. R. China
| | - Xifeng Li
- Department of Plasticity TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Plasticity TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030P. R. China
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao X, Gao Y, Zhao K, Liu H. Fracture behavior of additively manufactured corrax maraging stainless steel. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33676. [PMID: 39040417 PMCID: PMC11261064 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Additively manufactured a low carbon Fe-Cr-Ni-Al Corrax stainless steel has ultra-high strength, but the mechanism at work when the steel cracks is still unclear. In this study, Corrax stainless steel was tensile tested to fracture and cracks in the vicinity of the fracture surface were analyzed by scanning electron microscope and electron-backscattered diffraction. The results show that the cracks propagated at angles of 45-60° to the tensile axis. Some cracks were transgranular, and high-angle grain boundaries had little effect on crack propagation. Crack propagation was inhibited in regions with lower Taylor factors. Kernel average misorientation value analysis established that the crack propagation process is accompanied by significant plastic deformation. The influence of particles and unfused pores on crack propagation is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhao
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Gao
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Oil, Da Qing, 163318, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Liu
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Oil, Da Qing, 163318, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu H, Yu H, Guo C, Chen X, Zhong S, Zhou L, Osman A, Lu J. Review on Fatigue of Additive Manufactured Metallic Alloys: Microstructure, Performance, Enhancement, and Assessment Methods. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306570. [PMID: 37649139 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), which is a process of building objects in a layer-upon-layer fashion from designed models, has received unprecedented attention from research and industry because it offers outstanding merits of flexibility, customization, reduced buy-to-fly ratio, and cost-effectiveness. However, the fatigue performance of safety-critical industrial components fabricated by AM is still far below that obtained from conventional methods. This review discusses the microstructural heterogeneities, randomly dispersed defects, poor surface quality, and complex residual stress generated during the AM process that can negatively impact the fatigue performance of as-printed parts. The difference in microstructural origin of fatigue failure between conventionally manufactured and printed metals is reviewed with particular attention to the effects of the trans-scale microstructures on AM fatigue failure mechanisms. Various methods for mitigating the fatigue issue, including pre-process, inter-process, and post-process treatments, are illustrated. Empirical, semi-empirical, and microstructure-sensitive models are presented to predict fatigue strength and lifetime. Summary and outlooks for future development of the fatigue performance of AM materials are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Hanyang Yu
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chuan Guo
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xuliang Chen
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shiyu Zhong
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Amr Osman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ren N, Li J, Zhang R, Panwisawas C, Xia M, Dong H, Li J. Solute trapping and non-equilibrium microstructure during rapid solidification of additive manufacturing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7990. [PMID: 38042908 PMCID: PMC10693635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute transport during rapid and repeated thermal cycle in additive manufacturing (AM) leading to non-equilibrium, non-uniform microstructure remains to be studied. Here, a fully-coupled fluid dynamics and microstructure modelling is developed to rationalise the dynamic solute transport process and elemental segregation in AM, and to gain better understanding of non-equilibrium nature of intercellular solute segregation and cellular structures at sub-grain scale during the melting-solidification of the laser powder bed fusion process. It reveals the solute transport induced by melt convection dilutes the partitioned solute at the solidification front and promotes solute trapping, and elucidates the mechanisms of the subsequent microstructural morphology transitions to ultra-fine cells and then to coarse cells. These suggest solute trapping effect could be made used for reducing crack susceptibility by accelerating the solidification process. The rapid solidification characteristics exhibit promising potential of additive manufacturing for hard-to-print superalloys and aid in alloy design for better printability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neng Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Ruiyao Zhang
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials, 523808, Dongguan, China
| | - Chinnapat Panwisawas
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Mingxu Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongbiao Dong
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Jianguo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ciliveri S, Bandyopadhyay A. Understanding the influence of alloying elements on the print quality of powder bed fusion-based metal additive manufacturing: Ta and Cu addition to Ti alloy. VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL PROTOTYPING 2023; 18:e2248464. [PMID: 38911127 PMCID: PMC11192459 DOI: 10.1080/17452759.2023.2248464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Alloy design coupled with metal additive manufacturing (AM) opens many opportunities for materials innovation. Investigating the effect of printing parameters for alloy design is essential to achieve good part quality. Among different factors, laser absorptivity, heat diffusivity, and in situ intermetallic phase formations are critical. In this study, the first step employed was a reduction in Al and V contents in Ti6Al4V to design Ti3Al2V alloy, and further 10 wt.% tantalum (Ta) and 3 wt.% copper (Cu) were added to Ti3Al2V. A synergistic effect of Ta and Cu addition in Ti3Al2V negated their effect with higher porosities in Ti3Al2V-Ta-Cu. Ti3Al2V-Ta composition was more sensitive to the laser power, whereas Ti3Al2V-Ta-Cu to the overall energy density. Understanding the effect of energy density on these alloys' microstructural evolution and mechanical properties highlights the need for process-property optimization during alloy design using AM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Ciliveri
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Lab, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920, USA
| | - Amit Bandyopadhyay
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Lab, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marques EA, De Gendt S, Pourtois G, van Setten MJ. Benchmarking First-Principles Reaction Equilibrium Composition Prediction. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093649. [PMID: 37175062 PMCID: PMC10179931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of thermochemical properties allows for the prediction of the equilibrium compositions of chemical reactions. The accurate prediction of these can be crucial for the design of new chemical synthesis routes. However, for new processes, these data are generally not completely available. A solution is the use of thermochemistry calculated from first-principles methods such as Density Functional Theory (DFT). Before this can be used reliably, it needs to be systematically benchmarked. Although various studies have examined the accuracy of DFT from an energetic point of view, few studies have considered its accuracy in predicting the temperature-dependent equilibrium composition. In this work, we collected 117 molecules for which experimental thermochemical data were available. From these, we constructed 2648 reactions. These experimentally constructed reactions were then benchmarked against DFT for 6 exchange-correlation functionals and 3 quality of basis sets. We show that, in reactions that do not show temperature dependence in the equilibrium composition below 1000 K, over 90% are predicted correctly. Temperature-dependent equilibrium compositions typically demonstrate correct qualitative behavior. Lastly, we show that the errors are equally caused by errors in the vibrational spectrum and the DFT electronic ground state energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A Marques
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan De Gendt
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Michiel J van Setten
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- ETSF European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, Institut de Physique, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 août 17, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|