1
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Zhai W, Fu M, Wu X, Wang HT, Liu W, Yu Y. Unveiling Cu Nanoparticles Formed During Li Deposition in Anode-Free Batteries. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:9954-9959. [PMID: 39312530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Developing high-energy-density Li metal batteries is essential for sustainable progress, necessitating in-depth studies of complex battery reactions. The presence of metallic Cu impurities detrimentally impacts battery performance, leading to issues such as self-discharging and internal soft short-circuit. Nevertheless, their formation mechanism and structural characteristics have not been revealed clearly. Here the formation of single-crystalline Cu nanoparticles during the Li deposition process in anode-free cells was identified by transmission electron microscopy. Through investigation of the chemical state of Cu before and after Li deposition, the formation of Cu NPs was attributed to the reduction of the oxide layers formed on the surface of Cu current collectors. Additionally, it was observed that Cu nanoparticles can be formed inside of deposited Li metal. This work reveals the formation pathway and microstructural characteristics of Cu nanoparticles appearing during Li deposition, underscoring the importance of nanoscale investigations into the underlying battery reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Minghui Fu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hung-Ta Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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2
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Yildirim C, Flatscher F, Ganschow S, Lassnig A, Gammer C, Todt J, Keckes J, Rettenwander D. Understanding the origin of lithium dendrite branching in Li 6.5La 3Zr 1.5Ta 0.5O 12 solid-state electrolyte via microscopy measurements. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8207. [PMID: 39294112 PMCID: PMC11410937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium dendrite growth in inorganic solid-state electrolytes acts as a main stumbling block for the commercial development of all-solid-state lithium batteries. Indeed, Li dendrites often lead to solid-state electrolyte fractures, undermining device integrity and safety. Despite the significance of these issues, the mechanisms driving the solid-state electrolyte fracture process at the microscopic level remain poorly understood. Here, via operando optical and ex situ dark field X-ray microscopy measurements of LiSn∣single-crystal Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12∣LiSn symmetric cells, we provide insights into solid-state electrolyte strain patterns and lattice orientation changes associated with dendrite growth. We report the observation of dislocations in the immediate vicinity of dendrite tips, including one instance where a dislocation is anchored directly to a tip. This latter occurrence in single-crystalline ceramics suggests an interplay between dendrite proliferation and dislocation formation. We speculate that the mechanical stress induced by dendrite expansion triggers dislocation generation. These dislocations seem to influence the fracture process, potentially affecting the directional growth and branching observed in lithium dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Yildirim
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Florian Flatscher
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Alice Lassnig
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Leoben, Austria
| | - Christoph Gammer
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Leoben, Austria
| | - Juraj Todt
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Leoben, Austria
- Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - Jozef Keckes
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Leoben, Austria
- Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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3
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Zhu F, Xu L, Hu X, Yang M, Liu H, Gan C, Deng W, Zou G, Hou H, Ji X. Trace Fluorinated Carbon Dots Driven Li-Garnet Solid-State Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202410016. [PMID: 38896116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Garnet solid-state electrolyte Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO) holds significant promise. However, the practical utilization has been seriously impeded by the poor contact of Li|garnet and electron leakage. Herein, one new type of garnet-based solid-state battery is proposed with high performance through the disparity in interfacial energy, induced by the reaction between trace fluorinated carbon dots (FCDs) and Li. The work of adhesion of Li|garnet is increased by the acquired Li-FCD composite, which facilitates an intimate Li|garnet interface with the promoted uniform Li+ deposition, revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is further validated that a concentrated C-Li2O-LiF component at the Li|garnet interface is spontaneously constructed, due to the significant disparity in interfacial energy between C-Li2O-LiF|LLZTO and C-Li2O-LiF|Li. Furthermore, The electron transport and Li dendrites penetration are effectively hindered by the formed Li2O and LiF. The Li-FCD|LLZTO|Li-FCD symmetrical cells demonstrate stable cycling performance for over 3000 hours at 0.3 mA cm-2 and 800 hours at 0.5 mA cm-2. Furthermore, the LFP|garnet|Li-FCD full cell exhibits remarkable cycling performance (91.6 % capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1 C). Our research has revealed a novel approach to establish a dendrite-free Li|garnet interface, laying the groundwork for future advancements in garnet-based solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Laiqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Mushi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Huaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Chaolun Gan
- Zhangjiagang Guotai Huarong New Chemical Materials Co., Ltd, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Wentao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Guoqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hongshuai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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Cheng Y, Cai Z, Xu J, Sun Z, Wu X, Han J, Wang YH, Wang MS. Zwitterionic Cellulose-Based Polymer Electrolyte Enabled by Aqueous Solution Casting for High-Performance Solid-State Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400477. [PMID: 38712648 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based solid-state batteries hold great promise as the next-generation batteries with high energy density and high safety. However, PEO-based electrolytes encounter certain limitations, including inferior ionic conductivity, low Li+ transference number, and poor mechanical strength. Herein, we aim to simultaneously address these issues by utilizing one-dimensional zwitterionic cellulose nanofiber (ZCNF) as fillers for PEO-based electrolytes using a simple aqueous solution casting method. Multiple characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the unique zwitterionic structure imparts ZCNF with various functions, such as disrupting PEO crystallization, dissociating lithium salts, anchoring anions through cationic groups, accelerating Li+ migration by anionic groups, as well as its inherent reinforcement effect. As a result, the prepared PL-ZCNF electrolyte exhibits remarkable ionic conductivity (5.37×10-4 S cm-1) and Li+ transference number (0.62) at 60 °C without sacrificing mechanical strength (9.2 MPa), together with high critical current density of 1.1 mA cm-2. Attributed to these merits of PL-ZCNF, the LiFePO4|PL-ZCNF|Li solid-state full-cell delivers exceptional rate capability and cycling performance (900 cycles at 5 C). Notably, the assembled pouch-cell can maintain steady operation over 1000 cycles with an impressive 93.7 % capacity retention at 0.5 C and 60 °C, highlighting the great potential of PL-ZCNF for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhichao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jinglei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhefei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jiajia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yao-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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5
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Zhai W, Zhang Y, Shi H, Hu X, Hao R, Liu W, Yu Y. Quantifying the Growth Kinetics of Lithium Metal Reduced from Solid Ionic Conductors. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14095-14104. [PMID: 38718380 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the growth kinetics of Li metal in solid-state batteries is crucial to both a fundamental understanding and practical application. Here, by directly observing the formation of Li metal from Ta-doped Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) in a transmission electron microscope, the growth kinetics is analyzed quantitatively. The growth kinetics of Li deposits shows a cubic-curve characteristic for LLZTO with Li-source-free. Instead, a linear growth process is observed with Li-source supplied. The impact of the illuminating electron dose rate on the growth kinetics is clarified, indicating that even low dose rates (1-3 e-/Å2/s) could affect Li growth, highlighting the significance of controlling dose rates. Furthermore, a new pathway for the formation of Li metal from Li-containing materials utilizing the field-emission effect is reported. This work has implications on the failure mechanism in solid batteries by using limited Li anodes and opens pathways for regulating Li growth in LLZTO at various scenarios, which can also extend to other ionic conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhai
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hongsheng Shi
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiangchen Hu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ruixin Hao
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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6
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Ma C, Zou S, Wu Y, Yue K, Cai X, Wang Y, Nai J, Guo T, Tao X, Liu Y. A Triply-Periodic-Minimal-Surface Structured Interphase based on Fluorinated Polymers Strengthening High-energy Lithium Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402910. [PMID: 38441480 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The challenge of constructing a mechanically robust yet lightweight artificial solid-electrolyte interphase layer on lithium (Li) anodes highlights a trade-off between high battery safety and high energy density. Inspired by the intricate microstructure of the white sea urchin, we first develop a polyvinyl fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) interfacial layer with a triple periodic minimal surface structure (TPMS) that could offer maximal modulus with minimal weight. This design endows high mechanical strength to an ordered porous structure, effectively reduces local current density, polarization, and internal resistance, and stabilizes the anode interface. At a low N/P ratio of ~3, using LiFePO4 as the cathode, Li anodes protected by TPMS-structured PVDF-HFP achieve an extremely low capacity-fading-rate of approximately 0.002 % per cycle over 200 cycles at 1 C, with an average discharge capacity of 142 mAh g-1. Meanwhile, the TPMS porous structure saves 50 wt % of the interfacial layer mass, thereby enhancing the energy density of the battery. The TPMS structure is conducive to large-scale additive manufacturing, which will provide a reference for the future development of lightweight, high-energy-density secondary batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shihui Zou
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ke Yue
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaohan Cai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianwei Nai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Tianqi Guo
- Department of Advanced Materials and Computing International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Xinyong Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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7
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Motoyama M. In situ microscopy techniques for understanding Li plating and stripping in solid-state batteries. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:184-195. [PMID: 38050331 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state batteries have potential to realize a rechargeable Li-metal anode. However, several challenges persist in the charging and discharging processes of the Li-metal anode, which require a fundamental understanding of Li plating and stripping across the interface of solid-state electrolytes (SEs) to address. This review overviews studies on Li-metal anodes in solid-state batteries using in situ observation techniques with an emphasis on Li electrodeposition and dissolution using scanning electron microscopy and SEs such as lithium phosphorus oxynitride and garnet-type compounds such as Li7La3Zr2O12. The previous research is categorized into three topics: (i) Li nucleation, growth and dissolution at the anode-free interface, (ii) electrochemical reduction of SE and (iii) short-circuit phenomena in SE. The current trends of each topic are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munekazu Motoyama
- Kyushu University Platform of Inter-/Transdisciplinary Energy Research, Kyushu University, 6-1, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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8
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Feng W, Zhao Y, Xia Y. Solid Interfaces for the Garnet Electrolytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306111. [PMID: 38216304 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have attracted extensive interests due to the advantages in developing secondary batteries with high energy density and outstanding safety. Possessing high ionic conductivity and the lowest reduction potential among the state-of-the-art SSEs, the garnet type SSE is one of the most promising candidates to achieve high performance solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs). However, the elastic modulus of the garnet electrolyte leads to deteriorated interfacial contacts, and the increasing in electronic conduction at either anode/garnet interface or grain boundary results in Li dendrite growth. Here, recent developments of the solid interfaces for the garnet electrolytes, including the strategies of Li dendrite suppression and interfacial chemical/electrochemical/mechanical stabilizations are presented. A new viewpoint of the double edges of interfacial lithiophobicity is proposed, and the rational design of the interphases, as well as effective stacking methods of the garnet-based SSLBs are summarized. Moreover, practical roles of the garnet electrolyte in SSLB industry are also discussed. This work delivers insights into the solid interfaces for the garnet electrolytes, which provides not only the promotion of the garnet-based SSLBs, but also a comprehensive understanding of the interfacial stabilization for the whole SSE family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuliang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- College of Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- College of Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yongyao Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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9
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Flatscher F, Todt J, Burghammer M, Søreide HS, Porz L, Li Y, Wenner S, Bobal V, Ganschow S, Sartory B, Brunner R, Hatzoglou C, Keckes J, Rettenwander D. Deflecting Dendrites by Introducing Compressive Stress in Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Using Ion Implantation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307515. [PMID: 37946585 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Lithium dendrites belong to the key challenges of solid-state battery research. They are unavoidable due to the imperfect nature of surfaces containing defects of a critical size that can be filled by lithium until fracturing the solid electrolyte. The penetration of Li metal occurs along the propagating crack until a short circuit takes place. It is hypothesized that ion implantation can be used to introduce stress states into Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 which enables an effective deflection and arrest of dendrites. The compositional and microstructural changes associated with the implantation of Ag-ions are studied via atom probe tomography, electron microscopy, and nano X-ray diffraction indicating that Ag-ions can be implanted up to 1 µm deep and amorphization takes place down to 650-700 nm, in good agreement with kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Based on diffraction results pronounced stress states up to -700 MPa are generated in the near-surface region. Such a stress zone and the associated microstructural alterations exhibit the ability to not only deflect mechanically introduced cracks but also dendrites, as demonstrated by nano-indentation and galvanostatic cycling experiments with subsequent electron microscopy observations. These results demonstrate ion implantation as a viable technique to design "dendrite-free" solid-state electrolytes for high-power and energy-dense solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Flatscher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Juraj Todt
- Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben and Erich Schmid Institute for Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, Grenoble, cedex 9, 38043, France
| | - Hanne-Sofie Søreide
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Lukas Porz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Sigurd Wenner
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Materials and Nanotechnology, Trondheim, 7465, Norway
| | - Viktor Bobal
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Constantinos Hatzoglou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Jozef Keckes
- Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben and Erich Schmid Institute for Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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10
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Yoon G, Kim S, Kim J. Design Strategies for Anodes and Interfaces Toward Practical Solid-State Li-Metal Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302263. [PMID: 37544910 PMCID: PMC10520671 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state Li-metal batteries (based on solid-state electrolytes) offer excellent safety and exhibit high potential to overcome the energy-density limitations of current Li-ion batteries, making them suitable candidates for the rapidly developing fields of electric vehicles and energy-storage systems. However, establishing close solid-solid contact is challenging, and Li-dendrite formation in solid-state electrolytes at high current densities causes fatal technical problems (due to high interfacial resistance and short-circuit failure). The Li metal/solid electrolyte interfacial properties significantly influence the kinetics of Li-metal batteries and short-circuit formation. This review discusses various strategies for introducing anode interlayers, from the perspective of reducing the interfacial resistance and preventing short-circuit formation. In addition, 3D anode structural-design strategies are discussed to alleviate the stress caused by volume changes during charging and discharging. This review highlights the importance of comprehensive anode/electrolyte interface control and anode design strategies that reduce the interfacial resistance, hinder short-circuit formation, and facilitate stress relief for developing Li-metal batteries with commercial-level performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabin Yoon
- Battery Material TUSamsung Advanced Institute of Technology130, Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Sewon Kim
- Battery Material TUSamsung Advanced Institute of Technology130, Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Ju‐Sik Kim
- Battery Material TUSamsung Advanced Institute of Technology130, Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
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11
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Singh DK, Fuchs T, Krempaszky C, Mogwitz B, Janek J. Non-Linear Kinetics of The Lithium Metal Anode on Li 6 PS 5 Cl at High Current Density: Dendrite Growth and the Role of Lithium Microstructure on Creep. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302521. [PMID: 37221139 PMCID: PMC10401129 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial instability, viz., pore formation in the lithium metal anode (LMA) during discharge leading to high impedance, current focusing induced solid-electrolyte (SE) fracture during charging, and formation/behaviour of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), at the anode, is one of the major hurdles in the development of solid-state batteries (SSBs). Also, understanding cell polarization behaviour at high current density is critical to achieving the goal of fast-charging battery and electric vehicle. Herein, via in situ electrochemical scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements, performed with freshly deposited lithium microelectrodes on transgranularly fractured fresh Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl), the LiǀLPSCl interface kinetics are investigated beyond the linear regime. Even at relatively small overvoltages of a few mV, the LiǀLPSCl interface shows non-linear kinetics. The interface kinetics possibly involve multiple rate-limiting processes, i.e., ion transport across the SEI and SE|SEI interfaces, as well as charge transfer across the LiǀSEI interface. The total polarization resistance RP of the microelectrode interface is determined to be ≈ 0.8 Ω cm2 . It is further shown that the nanocrystalline lithium microstructure can lead to a stable LiǀSE interface via Coble creep along with uniform stripping. Also, spatially resolved lithium deposition, i.e., at grain surface flaws, grain boundaries, and flaw-free surfaces, indicates exceptionally high mechanical endurance of flaw-free surfaces toward cathodic load (>150 mA cm-2 ). This highlights the prominent role of surface defects in dendrite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kumar Singh
- Institute of Physical ChemistryJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenHeinrich‐Buff‐Ring 17D‐35392GiessenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM)Justus‐Liebig‐University GiessenHeinrich‐Buff‐Ring 16D‐35392GiessenGermany
| | - Till Fuchs
- Institute of Physical ChemistryJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenHeinrich‐Buff‐Ring 17D‐35392GiessenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM)Justus‐Liebig‐University GiessenHeinrich‐Buff‐Ring 16D‐35392GiessenGermany
| | - Christian Krempaszky
- Institute of Materials Science and Mechanics of MaterialsTechnical University of MunichBoltzmannstrasse 15D‐85748GarchingGermany
| | - Boris Mogwitz
- Institute of Physical ChemistryJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenHeinrich‐Buff‐Ring 17D‐35392GiessenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM)Justus‐Liebig‐University GiessenHeinrich‐Buff‐Ring 16D‐35392GiessenGermany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical ChemistryJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenHeinrich‐Buff‐Ring 17D‐35392GiessenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM)Justus‐Liebig‐University GiessenHeinrich‐Buff‐Ring 16D‐35392GiessenGermany
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12
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Zhang L, Fan H, Dang Y, Zhuang Q, Arandiyan H, Wang Y, Cheng N, Sun H, Pérez Garza HH, Zheng R, Wang Z, S Mofarah S, Koshy P, Bhargava SK, Cui Y, Shao Z, Liu Y. Recent advances in in situ and operando characterization techniques for Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12-based solid-state lithium batteries. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1479-1538. [PMID: 37040188 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00135k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO)-based solid-state Li batteries (SSLBs) have emerged as one of the most promising energy storage systems due to the potential advantages of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), such as ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, chemical stability and electrochemical stability. However, there remain several scientific and technical obstacles that need to be tackled before they can be commercialised. The main issues include the degradation and deterioration of SSEs and electrode materials, ambiguity in the Li+ migration routes in SSEs, and interface compatibility between SSEs and electrodes during the charging and discharging processes. Using conventional ex situ characterization techniques to unravel the reasons that lead to these adverse results often requires disassembly of the battery after operation. The sample may be contaminated during the disassembly process, resulting in changes in the material properties within the battery. In contrast, in situ/operando characterization techniques can capture dynamic information during cycling, enabling real-time monitoring of batteries. Therefore, in this review, we briefly illustrate the key challenges currently faced by LLZO-based SSLBs, review recent efforts to study LLZO-based SSLBs using various in situ/operando microscopy and spectroscopy techniques, and elaborate on the capabilities and limitations of these in situ/operando techniques. This review paper not only presents the current challenges but also outlines future developmental prospects for the practical implementation of LLZO-based SSLBs. By identifying and addressing the remaining challenges, this review aims to enhance the comprehensive understanding of LLZO-based SSLBs. Additionally, in situ/operando characterization techniques are highlighted as a promising avenue for future research. The findings presented here can serve as a reference for battery research and provide valuable insights for the development of different types of solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Huilin Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuzhen Dang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Quanchao Zhuang
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Hamidreza Arandiyan
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic 3125, Australia
| | - Ningyan Cheng
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- DENSsolutions B.V., Informaticalaan 12, 2628 ZD Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Runguo Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Sajjad S Mofarah
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Pramod Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Suresh K Bhargava
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yanhua Cui
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zongping Shao
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Yanguo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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13
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Sun ZT, Zhou J, Wu Y, Bo SH. Mapping and Modeling Physicochemical Fields in Solid-State Batteries. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10816-10822. [PMID: 36382859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The safety and energy density of solid-state batteries can be, in principle, substantially increased compared with that of conventional lithium-ion batteries. However, the use of solid-state electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes introduces pronounced complexities to the solid-state system because of the strong coupling between different physicochemical fields. Understanding the evolution of these fields is critical to unlocking the potential of solid-state batteries. This necessitates the development of experimental and theoretical methods to track electrochemical, stress, crack, and thermal fields upon battery cycling. In this Perspective, we survey existing characterization techniques and the current understanding of multiphysics coupling in solid-state batteries. We propose that the development of experimental tools that can map multiple fields concurrently and systematic consideration of material plasticity in theoretical modeling are important for the advancement of this emerging battery technology. This Perspective provides introductory material on solid-state batteries to scientists from a broad physical chemistry community, motivating innovative and interdisciplinary studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Tao Sun
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingying Zhou
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shou-Hang Bo
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Solid-State Battery Research Center, Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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