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Denisov IG, Sligar SG. Nanodiscs for the study of membrane proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 87:102844. [PMID: 38795563 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2024.102844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Nanodiscs represent a versatile tool for studies of membrane proteins and protein-membrane interactions under native-like conditions. Multiple variations of the Nanodisc platform, as well as new experimental methods, have been recently developed to understand various aspects of structure, dynamics and functional properties of systems involved in signaling, transport, blood coagulation and many other critically important processes. In this mini-review, we focus on some of these exciting recent developments that utilize the Nanodisc platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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2
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Tam EH, Peng Y, Cheah MXY, Yan C, Xiao T. Neutralizing antibodies to block viral entry and for identification of entry inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2024; 224:105834. [PMID: 38369246 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are naturally produced by our immune system to combat viral infections. Clinically, neutralizing antibodies with potent efficacy and high specificity have been extensively used to prevent and treat a wide variety of viral infections, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Dengue Virus (DENV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). An overwhelmingly large subset of clinically effective NAbs operates by targeting viral envelope proteins to inhibit viral entry into the host cell. Binding of viral envelope protein to the host receptor is a critical rate limiting step triggering a cascade of downstream events, including endocytosis, membrane fusion and pore formation to allow viral entry. In recent years, improved structural knowledge on these processes have allowed researchers to also leverage NAbs as an indispensable tool in guiding discovery of novel antiviral entry inhibitors, providing drug candidates with high efficacy and pan-genus specificity. This review will summarize the latest progresses on the applications of NAbs as effective entry inhibitors and as important tools to develop antiviral therapeutics by high-throughput drug screenings, rational design of peptidic entry inhibitor mimicking NAbs and in silico computational modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Hong Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 637551, Singapore; Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University 636921, Singapore
| | - Yu Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 637551, Singapore; Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University 636921, Singapore
| | - Megan Xin Yan Cheah
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency of Science, Technology and Research) 138673, Singapore
| | - Chuan Yan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency of Science, Technology and Research) 138673, Singapore
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 637551, Singapore; Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University 636921, Singapore.
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3
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Griffith S, Muir L, Suchanek O, Hope J, Pade C, Gibbons JM, Tuong ZK, Fung A, Touizer E, Rees-Spear C, Nans A, Roustan C, Alguel Y, Fink D, Orkin C, Deayton J, Anderson J, Gupta RK, Doores KJ, Cherepanov P, McKnight Á, Clatworthy M, McCoy LE. Preservation of memory B cell homeostasis in an individual producing broadly neutralising antibodies against HIV-1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.05.578789. [PMID: 38370662 PMCID: PMC10871235 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.578789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Immunological determinants favouring emergence of broadly neutralising antibodies are crucial to the development of HIV-1 vaccination strategies. Here, we combined RNAseq and B cell cloning approaches to isolate a broadly neutralising antibody (bnAb) ELC07 from an individual living with untreated HIV-1. Using single particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we show that the antibody recognises a conformational epitope at the gp120-gp41 interface. ELC07 binds the closed state of the viral glycoprotein causing considerable perturbations to the gp41 trimer core structure. Phenotypic analysis of memory B cell subsets from the ELC07 bnAb donor revealed a lack of expected HIV-1-associated dysfunction, specifically no increase in CD21-/CD27- cells was observed whilst the resting memory (CD21+/CD27+) population appeared preserved despite uncontrolled HIV-1 viraemia. Moreover, single cell transcriptomes of memory B cells from this bnAb donor showed a resting memory phenotype irrespective of the epitope they targeted or their ability to neutralise diverse strains of HIV-1. Strikingly, single memory B cells from the ELC07 bnAb donor were transcriptionally similar to memory B cells from HIV-negative individuals. Our results demonstrate that potent bnAbs can arise without the HIV-1-induced dysregulation of the memory B cell compartment and suggest that sufficient levels of antigenic stimulation with a strategically designed immunogen could be effective in HIV-negative vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Griffith
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luke Muir
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ondrej Suchanek
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua Hope
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Ian Frazer Centre for Children's Immunotherapy Research, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Audrey Fung
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Touizer
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yilmaz Alguel
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Douglas Fink
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Orkin
- SHARE collaborative, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jane Deayton
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Jane Anderson
- Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Menna Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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Mu Q, Deng H, An X, Liu G, Liu C. Designing nanodiscs as versatile platforms for on-demand therapy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2220-2234. [PMID: 38192208 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05457h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, there has been an increasing utilization of nanomedicines for disease treatment. Nanodiscs (NDs) have emerged as a novel platform technology that garners significant attention in biomedical research and drug discovery. NDs are nanoscale phospholipid bilayer discs capable of incorporating membrane proteins and lipids within a native-like environment. They are assembled using amphiphilic biomacromolecular materials, such as apolipoprotein A1 or membrane scaffold proteins (MSPs), peptides, and styrene-maleic acid polymers (SMAs). NDs possess well-defined sizes and shapes, offering a stable, homogeneous, and biologically relevant environment for studying membrane proteins and lipids. Their unique properties have made them highly desirable for diverse applications, including cancer immunotherapy, vaccine development, antibacterial and antiviral therapy, and treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes-related conditions. This review discusses the classifications, advantages, and applications of NDs in disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haolan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyu An
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Tan K, Chen J, Kaku Y, Wang Y, Donius L, Khan RA, Li X, Richter H, Seaman MS, Walz T, Hwang W, Reinherz EL, Kim M. Inadequate structural constraint on Fab approach rather than paratope elicitation limits HIV-1 MPER vaccine utility. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7218. [PMID: 37940661 PMCID: PMC10632514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 target conserved envelope (Env) epitopes to block viral replication. Here, using structural analyses, we provide evidence to explain why a vaccine targeting the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 elicits antibodies with human bnAb-like paratopes paradoxically unable to bind HIV-1. Unlike in natural infection, vaccination with MPER/liposomes lacks a necessary structure-based constraint to select for antibodies with an adequate approach angle. Consequently, the resulting Abs cannot physically access the MPER crawlspace on the virion surface. By studying naturally arising Abs, we further reveal that flexibility of the human IgG3 hinge mitigates the epitope inaccessibility and additionally facilitates Env spike protein crosslinking. Our results suggest that generation of IgG3 subtype class-switched B cells is a strategy for anti-MPER bnAb induction. Moreover, the findings illustrate the need to incorporate topological features of the target epitope in immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Tan
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Junjian Chen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Kaku
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- NeoCura Bio-Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Luke Donius
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, AbbVie Inc., Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rafiq Ahmad Khan
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Hannah Richter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Walz
- Laboratory of Molecular Electron Microscopy, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Tan K, Chen J, Kaku Y, Wang Y, Donius L, Khan RA, Li X, Richter H, Seaman MS, Walz T, Hwang W, Reinherz EL, Kim M. Inadequate structural constraint on Fab approach rather than paratope elicitation limits HIV-1 MPER vaccine utility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.546734. [PMID: 37425731 PMCID: PMC10327024 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 target conserved epitopes, thereby inhibiting viral entry. Yet surprisingly, those recognizing linear epitopes in the HIV-1 gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER) are elicited neither by peptide nor protein scaffold vaccines. Here, we observe that while Abs generated by MPER/liposome vaccines may exhibit human bnAb-like paratopes, B-cell programming without constraints imposed by the gp160 ectodomain selects Abs unable to access the MPER within its native "crawlspace". During natural infection, the flexible hinge of IgG3 partially mitigates steric occlusion of less pliable IgG1 subclass Abs with identical MPER specificity, until affinity maturation refines entry mechanisms. The IgG3 subclass maintains B-cell competitiveness, exploiting bivalent ligation resulting from greater intramolecular Fab arm length, offsetting weak antibody affinity. These findings suggest future immunization strategies.
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