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Arthofer P, Panhölzl F, Delafont V, Hay A, Reipert S, Cyran N, Wienkoop S, Willemsen A, Sifaoui I, Arberas-Jiménez I, Schulz F, Lorenzo-Morales J, Horn M. A giant virus infecting the amoeboflagellate Naegleria. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3307. [PMID: 38658525 PMCID: PMC11043551 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Giant viruses (Nucleocytoviricota) are significant lethality agents of various eukaryotic hosts. Although metagenomics indicates their ubiquitous distribution, available giant virus isolates are restricted to a very small number of protist and algal hosts. Here we report on the first viral isolate that replicates in the amoeboflagellate Naegleria. This genus comprises the notorious human pathogen Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of the rare but fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. We have elucidated the structure and infection cycle of this giant virus, Catovirus naegleriensis (a.k.a. Naegleriavirus, NiV), and show its unique adaptations to its Naegleria host using fluorescence in situ hybridization, electron microscopy, genomics, and proteomics. Naegleriavirus is only the fourth isolate of the highly diverse subfamily Klosneuvirinae, and like its relatives the NiV genome contains a large number of translation genes, but lacks transfer RNAs (tRNAs). NiV has acquired genes from its Naegleria host, which code for heat shock proteins and apoptosis inhibiting factors, presumably for host interactions. Notably, NiV infection was lethal to all Naegleria species tested, including the human pathogen N. fowleri. This study expands our experimental framework for investigating giant viruses and may help to better understand the basic biology of the human pathogen N. fowleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Arthofer
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Panhölzl
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent Delafont
- Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions Laboratory (EBI), Microorganisms, hosts & environments team, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS, Poitiers, France
| | - Alban Hay
- Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions Laboratory (EBI), Microorganisms, hosts & environments team, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS, Poitiers, France
| | - Siegfried Reipert
- University of Vienna, Research Support Facilities UBB, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Cyran
- University of Vienna, Research Support Facilities UBB, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anouk Willemsen
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, and Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñigo Arberas-Jiménez
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, and Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Frederik Schulz
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, and Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Horn
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria.
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Homola M, Büttner CR, Füzik T, Křepelka P, Holbová R, Nováček J, Chaillet ML, Žák J, Grybchuk D, Förster F, Wilson WH, Schroeder DC, Plevka P. Structure and replication cycle of a virus infecting climate-modulating alga Emiliania huxleyi. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1954. [PMID: 38598627 PMCID: PMC11006232 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The globally distributed marine alga Emiliania huxleyi has cooling effect on the Earth's climate. The population density of E. huxleyi is restricted by Nucleocytoviricota viruses, including E. huxleyi virus 201 (EhV-201). Despite the impact of E. huxleyi viruses on the climate, there is limited information about their structure and replication. Here, we show that the dsDNA genome inside the EhV-201 virion is protected by an inner membrane, capsid, and outer membrane. EhV-201 virions infect E. huxleyi by using fivefold vertices to bind to and fuse the virus' inner membrane with the cell plasma membrane. Progeny virions assemble in the cytoplasm at the surface of endoplasmic reticulum-derived membrane segments. Genome packaging initiates synchronously with the capsid assembly and completes through an aperture in the forming capsid. The genome-filled capsids acquire an outer membrane by budding into intracellular vesicles. EhV-201 infection induces a loss of surface protective layers from E. huxleyi cells, which enables the continuous release of virions by exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Homola
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Carina R. Büttner
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Füzik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Křepelka
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Holbová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Nováček
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marten L. Chaillet
- Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jakub Žák
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Danyil Grybchuk
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Friedrich Förster
- Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - William H. Wilson
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Pavel Plevka
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Truchon AR, Chase EE, Gann ER, Moniruzzaman M, Creasey BA, Aylward FO, Xiao C, Gobler CJ, Wilhelm SW. Kratosvirus quantuckense: the history and novelty of an algal bloom disrupting virus and a model for giant virus research. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1284617. [PMID: 38098665 PMCID: PMC10720644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1284617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first "giant virus," particular attention has been paid toward isolating and culturing these large DNA viruses through Acanthamoeba spp. bait systems. While this method has allowed for the discovery of plenty novel viruses in the Nucleocytoviricota, environmental -omics-based analyses have shown that there is a wealth of diversity among this phylum, particularly in marine datasets. The prevalence of these viruses in metatranscriptomes points toward their ecological importance in nutrient turnover in our oceans and as such, in depth study into non-amoebal Nucleocytoviricota should be considered a focal point in viral ecology. In this review, we report on Kratosvirus quantuckense (née Aureococcus anophagefferens Virus), an algae-infecting virus of the Imitervirales. Current systems for study in the Nucleocytoviricota differ significantly from this virus and its relatives, and a litany of trade-offs within physiology, coding potential, and ecology compared to these other viruses reveal the importance of K. quantuckense. Herein, we review the research that has been performed on this virus as well as its potential as a model system for algal-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Truchon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Emily E Chase
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Eric R Gann
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i), Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brooke A Creasey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Frank O Aylward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | | | - Steven W Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Zhu D, Cao D, Zhang X. Virus structures revealed by advanced cryoelectron microscopy methods. Structure 2023; 31:1348-1359. [PMID: 37797619 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Before the resolution revolution, cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle analysis (SPA) already achieved resolutions beyond 4 Å for certain icosahedral viruses, enabling ab initio atomic model building of these viruses. As the only samples that achieved such high resolution at that time, cryo-EM method development was closely intertwined with the improvement of reconstructions of symmetrical viruses. Viral morphology exhibits significant diversity, ranging from small to large, uniform to non-uniform, and from containing single symmetry to multiple symmetries. Furthermore, viruses undergo conformational changes during their life cycle. Several methods, such as asymmetric reconstruction, Ewald sphere correction, cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET), and sub-tomogram averaging (STA), have been developed and applied to determine virus structures in vivo and in vitro. This review outlines current advanced cryo-EM methods for high-resolution structure determination of viruses and summarizes accomplishments obtained with these approaches. Moreover, persisting challenges in comprehending virus structures are discussed and we propose potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Duanfang Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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de Aquino ILM, Barcelos MG, Machado TB, Serafim MSM, Abrahão JS. Surface fibrils on the particles of nucleocytoviruses: A review. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2045-2052. [PMID: 37955170 PMCID: PMC10800130 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231208410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The capsid has a central role in viruses' life cycle. Although one of its major functions is to protect the viral genome, the capsid may be composed of elements that, at some point, promote interaction with host cells and trigger infection. Considering the scenario of multiple origins of viruses along the viral evolution, a substantial number of capsid shapes, sizes, and symmetries have been described. In this context, capsids of giant viruses (GV) that infect protists have drawn the attention of the scientific community, especially in the last 20 years, specifically for having bacterial-like dimensions with hundreds of different proteins and exclusive features. For instance, the surface fibrils present on the mimivirus capsid are one of the most intriguing features of the known virosphere. They are 150-nm-long structures attached to a 450-nm capsid, resulting in a particle with a hairy appearance. Surface fibrils have also been described in the capsids of other nucleocytoviruses, although they may differ substantially among them. In this mini review for non-experts, we compile the most important available information on surface fibrils of nucleocytoviruses, discussing their putative functions, composition, length, organization, and origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Luiza Martins de Aquino
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Matheus Gomes Barcelos
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Talita Bastos Machado
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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Overton MS, Manuel RD, Lawrence CM, Snyder JC. Viruses of the Turriviridae: an emerging model system for studying archaeal virus-host interactions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258997. [PMID: 37808280 PMCID: PMC10551542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have played a central role in the evolution and ecology of cellular life since it first arose. Investigations into viral molecular biology and ecological dynamics have propelled abundant progress in our understanding of living systems, including genetic inheritance, cellular signaling and trafficking, and organismal development. As well, the discovery of viral lineages that infect members of all three domains suggest that these lineages originated at the earliest stages of biological evolution. Research into these viruses is helping to elucidate the conditions under which life arose, and the dynamics that directed its early development. Archaeal viruses have only recently become a subject of intense study, but investigations have already produced intriguing and exciting results. STIV was originally discovered in Yellowstone National Park and has been the focus of concentrated research. Through this research, a viral genetic system was created, a novel lysis mechanism was discovered, and the interaction of the virus with cellular ESCRT machinery was revealed. This review will summarize the discoveries within this group of viruses and will also discuss future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Overton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert D. Manuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - C. Martin Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Jamie C. Snyder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
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Qin S, Wang K, Gao F, Ge B, Cui H, Li W. Biotechnologies for bulk production of microalgal biomass: from mass cultivation to dried biomass acquisition. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:131. [PMID: 37644516 PMCID: PMC10466707 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass represents a sustainable bioresource for various applications, such as food, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, feed, and other bio-based products. For decades, its mass production has attracted widespread attention and interest. The process of microalgal biomass production involves several techniques, mainly cultivation, harvesting, drying, and pollution control. These techniques are often designed and optimized to meet optimal growth conditions for microalgae and to produce high-quality biomass at acceptable cost. Importantly, mass production techniques are important for producing a commercial product in sufficient amounts. However, it should not be overlooked that microalgal biotechnology still faces challenges, in particular the high cost of production, the lack of knowledge about biological contaminants and the challenge of loss of active ingredients during biomass production. These issues involve the research and development of low-cost, standardized, industrial-scale production equipment and the optimization of production processes, as well as the urgent need to increase the research on biological contaminants and microalgal active ingredients. This review systematically examines the global development of microalgal biotechnology for biomass production, with emphasis on the techniques of cultivation, harvesting, drying and control of biological contaminants, and discusses the challenges and strategies to further improve quality and reduce costs. Moreover, the current status of biomass production of some biotechnologically important species has been summarized, and the importance of improving microalgae-related standards for their commercial applications is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Kang Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fengzheng Gao
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, ETH Zürich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Baosheng Ge
- College of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Hongli Cui
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
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DeLong JP, Van Etten JL, Dunigan DD. Lessons from Chloroviruses: the Complex and Diverse Roles of Viruses in Food Webs. J Virol 2023; 97:e0027523. [PMID: 37133447 PMCID: PMC10231191 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00275-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses can have large effects on the ecological communities in which they occur. Much of this impact comes from the mortality of host cells, which simultaneously alters microbial community composition and causes the release of matter that can be used by other organisms. However, recent studies indicate that viruses may be even more deeply integrated into the functioning of ecological communities than their effect on nutrient cycling suggests. In particular, chloroviruses, which infect chlorella-like green algae that typically occur as endosymbionts, participate in three types of interactions with other species. Chlororviruses (i) can lure ciliates from a distance, using them as a vector; (ii) depend on predators for access to their hosts; and (iii) get consumed as a food source by, at least, a variety of protists. Therefore, chloroviruses both depend on and influence the spatial structures of communities as well as the flows of energy through those communities, driven by predator-prey interactions. The emergence of these interactions are an eco-evolutionary puzzle, given the interdependence of these species and the many costs and benefits that these interactions generate.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. DeLong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - James L. Van Etten
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln Nebraska, USA
| | - David D. Dunigan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln Nebraska, USA
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