1
|
Naughton KJ, Song X, Childress AR, Skaggs EM, Byrd AL, Gosser CM, Esoe DP, DuCote TJ, Plaugher DR, Lukyanchuk A, Goettl RA, Liu J, Brainson CF. Methionine Restriction Reduces Lung Cancer Progression and Increases Chemotherapy Response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.599795. [PMID: 38979225 PMCID: PMC11230185 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.599795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Targeting tumor metabolism through dietary interventions is an area of growing interest, and may help to improve the significant mortality of aggressive cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we show that the restriction of methionine in the aggressive KRAS/Lkb1-mutant NSCLC autochthonous mouse model drives decreased tumor progression and increased carboplatin treatment efficacy. Importantly, methionine restriction during early stages of tumorigenesis prevents the lineage switching known to occur in the model, and alters the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to have fewer tumor-infiltrating neutrophils. Mechanistically, mutations in LKB1 are linked to anti-oxidant production through changes to cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) expression. Human cell lines with rescued LKB1 show increased CBS levels and resistance to carboplatin, which can be partially rescued by methionine restriction. Furthermore, LKB1 rescued cells, but not mutant cells, show less G2-M arrest and apoptosis in high methionine conditions. Knock-down of CBS sensitized both LKB1 mutant and non-mutated lines to carboplatin, again rescuing the carboplatin resistance of the LKB1 rescued lines. Given that immunotherapy is commonly combined with chemotherapy for NSCLC, we next wanted to understand if T cells are impaired by MR. Therefore, we examined the ability of T cells from MR and control tumor bearing mice to proliferate in culture and found that T cells from MR treated mice had no defects in proliferation, even though we continued the MR conditions ex vivo. We also identified that CBS is most highly correlated with smoking, adenocarcinomas with alveolar and bronchiolar features, and adenosquamous cell carcinomas, implicating its roles in oxidative stress response and lineage fate in human tumors. Taken together, we have shown the importance of MR as a dietary intervention to slow tumor growth and improve treatment outcomes for NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra J Naughton
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Xiulong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Avery R Childress
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Erika M Skaggs
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Aria L Byrd
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Christian M Gosser
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Dave-Preston Esoe
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Tanner J DuCote
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Daniel R Plaugher
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Alexsandr Lukyanchuk
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Ryan A Goettl
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Christine F Brainson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
DuCote TJ, Song X, Naughton KJ, Chen F, Plaugher DR, Childress AR, Gellert AR, Skaggs EM, Qu X, Liu J, Liu J, Li F, Wong KK, Brainson CF. EZH2 Inhibition Promotes Tumor Immunogenicity in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinomas. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:388-403. [PMID: 38265267 PMCID: PMC10863487 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Two important factors that contribute to resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are an immune-suppressive microenvironment and limited antigen presentation by tumor cells. In this study, we examine whether inhibition of the methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2) can increase ICI response in lung squamous cell carcinomas (LSCC). Our in vitro experiments using two-dimensional human cancer cell lines as well as three-dimensional murine and patient-derived organoids treated with two inhibitors of the EZH2 plus IFNγ showed that EZH2 inhibition leads to expression of both MHC class I and II (MHCI/II) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing confirmed loss of EZH2-mediated histone marks and gain of activating histone marks at key loci. Furthermore, we demonstrate strong tumor control in models of both autochthonous and syngeneic LSCC treated with anti-PD1 immunotherapy with EZH2 inhibition. Single-cell RNA sequencing and immune cell profiling demonstrated phenotypic changes toward more tumor suppressive phenotypes in EZH2 inhibitor-treated tumors. These results indicate that EZH2 inhibitors could increase ICI responses in patients undergoing treatment for LSCC. SIGNIFICANCE The data described here show that inhibition of the epigenetic enzyme EZH2 allows derepression of multiple immunogenicity factors in LSCC, and that EZH2 inhibition alters myeloid cells in vivo. These data support clinical translation of this combination therapy for treatment of this deadly tumor type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanner J. DuCote
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Xiulong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kassandra J. Naughton
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Daniel R. Plaugher
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Avery R. Childress
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Abigail R. Gellert
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Erika M. Skaggs
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Xufeng Qu
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Department of Cancer Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Fei Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Christine F. Brainson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen F, Naughton KJ, Lee JH, Brainson CF. Using 3-Dimensional Cultures to Propagate Genetically Modified Lung Organoids. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2805:19-30. [PMID: 39008172 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3854-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Transformed lung organoids have extensive applications in lung cancer modeling and drug screening. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures fail to propagate a large subpopulation of murine primary tumors in vitro. However, three-dimensional (3D) air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures, which are employed to grow normal lung organoids, can be used to efficiently culture cancerous lung tumor cells. Here, we detail a procedure for cultivating genetically modified lung organoids in 3D-ALI cultures. This protocol contains two parts. The first part describes how to transduce lung epithelial cells, which are either freshly sorted from lungs or from actively growing murine organoids, with virus in order to modify gene expression. The target lung cells are incubated with virus for 1-2 h for transduction. Then, the transduced cells are thoroughly washed and mixed with stromal support cells and Matrigel and are loaded into transwell inserts for culture and validated for genetic modifications through downstream assays. The second part describes how to isolate tumor cells growing orthotopically in genetically engineered mouse models to produce organoid cell lines that can be used for ex vivo drug discovery assays. For this protocol, tumors are isolated from lungs of mice, finely chopped and washed. Then, tumor chunks are mixed with Matrigel for 3D-ALI culture. Finally, organoids budding from tumor chunks are trypsinized and passaged to establish an organoid line. Together these two protocols provide a promising platform to study the genesis, progression, and treatment of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kassandra J Naughton
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine F Brainson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
W-M Fan T, Islam JMM, Higashi RM, Lin P, Brainson CF, Lane AN. Metabolic reprogramming driven by EZH2 inhibition depends on cell-matrix interactions. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105485. [PMID: 37992808 PMCID: PMC10770523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2), a subunit of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), catalyzes the trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), which represses expression of genes. It also has PRC2-independent functions, including transcriptional coactivation of oncogenes, and is frequently overexpressed in lung cancers. Clinically, EZH2 inhibition can be achieved with the FDA-approved drug EPZ-6438 (tazemetostat). To realize the full potential of EZH2 blockade, it is critical to understand how cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions present in 3D tissue and cell culture systems influences this blockade in terms of growth-related metabolic functions. Here, we show that EZH2 suppression reduced growth of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in 2D cultures but stimulated growth in 3D cultures. To understand the metabolic underpinnings, we employed [13C6]-glucose stable isotope-resolved metabolomics to determine the effect of EZH2 suppression on metabolic networks in 2D versus 3D A549 cultures. The Krebs cycle, neoribogenesis, γ-aminobutyrate metabolism, and salvage synthesis of purine nucleotides were activated by EZH2 suppression in 3D spheroids but not in 2D cells, consistent with the growth effect. Using simultaneous 2H7-glucose + 13C5,15N2-Gln tracers and EPZ-6438 inhibition of H3 trimethylation, we delineated the effects on the Krebs cycle, γ-aminobutyrate metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and purine salvage to be PRC2-dependent. Furthermore, the growth/metabolic effects differed for mouse Matrigel versus self-produced A549 extracellular matrix. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of the presence and nature of extracellular matrix in studying the function of EZH2 and its inhibitors in cancer cells for modeling the in vivo outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa W-M Fan
- Center for Environmental and System Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Jahid M M Islam
- Center for Environmental and System Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Richard M Higashi
- Center for Environmental and System Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Penghui Lin
- Center for Environmental and System Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christine F Brainson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and System Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
DuCote TJ, Naughton KJ, Skaggs EM, Bocklage TJ, Allison DB, Brainson CF. Using Artificial Intelligence to Identify Tumor Microenvironment Heterogeneity in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100176. [PMID: 37182840 PMCID: PMC10527157 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer heterogeneity is a major barrier to effective treatments and encompasses not only the malignant epithelial cell phenotypes and genetics but also the diverse tumor-associated cell types. Current techniques used to investigate the tumor microenvironment can be time-consuming, expensive, complicated to interpret, and often involves destruction of the sample. Here we use standard hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor sections and the HALO AI nuclear phenotyping software to characterize 6 distinct cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, macrophage, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and plasma cells) in both murine lung cancer models and human lung cancer samples. CD3 immunohistochemistry and lymph node sections were used to validate lymphocyte calls, while F4/80 immunohistochemistry was used for macrophage validation. Consistent with numerous prior studies, we demonstrated that macrophages predominate the adenocarcinomas, whereas neutrophils predominate the squamous cell carcinomas in murine samples. In human samples, we showed a strong negative correlation between neutrophils and lymphocytes as well as between mesenchymal cells and lymphocytes and that higher percentages of mesenchymal cells correlate with poor prognosis. Taken together, we demonstrate the utility of this AI software to identify, quantify, and compare distributions of cell types on standard hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides. Given the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of this technique, it may be widely beneficial for researchers designing new therapies and clinicians working to select favorable treatments for their patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanner J DuCote
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kassandra J Naughton
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Erika M Skaggs
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Therese J Bocklage
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Derek B Allison
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Christine F Brainson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
DuCote TJ, Song X, Naughton KJ, Chen F, Plaugher DR, Childress AR, Edgin AR, Qu X, Liu J, Liu J, Li F, Wong KK, Brainson CF. EZH2 inhibition promotes tumor immunogenicity in lung squamous cell carcinomas. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.06.543919. [PMID: 37333199 PMCID: PMC10274685 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Two important factors that contribute to resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are an immune-suppressive microenvironment and limited antigen presentation by tumor cells. In this study, we examine if inhibition of the methyltransferase EZH2 can increase ICI response in lung squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs). Our in vitro experiments using 2D human cancer cell lines as well as 3D murine and patient derived organoids treated with two inhibitors of the EZH2 plus interferon-γ (IFNγ) showed that EZH2 inhibition leads to expression of both major histocompatibility complex class I and II (MHCI/II) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. ChIP-sequencing confirmed loss of EZH2-mediated histone marks and gain of activating histone marks at key loci. Further, we demonstrate strong tumor control in models of both autochthonous and syngeneic LSCC treated with anti-PD1 immunotherapy with EZH2 inhibition. Single-cell RNA sequencing and immune cell profiling demonstrated phenotypic changes towards more tumor suppressive phenotypes in EZH2 inhibitor treated tumors. These results indicate that this therapeutic modality could increase ICI responses in patients undergoing treatment for LSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanner J. DuCote
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536 USA
| | - Xiulong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536 USA
| | - Kassandra J. Naughton
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536 USA
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536 USA
| | - Daniel R. Plaugher
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536 USA
| | - Avery R. Childress
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536 USA
| | - Abigail R. Edgin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536 USA
| | - Xufeng Qu
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219 USA
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219 USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219 USA
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Department of Cancer Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536 USA
| | - Fei Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Christine F. Brainson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536 USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536 USA
| |
Collapse
|