1
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Zhang Z, Guo X, Lee C. Advances in olfactory augmented virtual reality towards future metaverse applications. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6465. [PMID: 39085214 PMCID: PMC11291476 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in virtual reality technologies accelerate the immersive interaction between human and augmented 3D virtual worlds. Here, the authors discuss olfactory feedback technologies that facilitate interaction with real and virtual objects and the evolution of wearable devices for immersive VR/AR applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Xinge Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
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2
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Zhao Z, Song W, Wang H, Sun Y, Luo H. Development and Application of IoT Monitoring Systems for Typical Large Amusement Facilities. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4433. [PMID: 39065832 PMCID: PMC11280495 DOI: 10.3390/s24144433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The advent of internet of things (IoT) technology has ushered in a new dawn for the digital realm, offering innovative avenues for real-time surveillance and assessment of the operational conditions of intricate mechanical systems. Nowadays, mechanical system monitoring technologies are extensively utilized in various sectors, such as rotating and reciprocating machinery, expansive bridges, and intricate aircraft. Nevertheless, in comparison to standard mechanical frameworks, large amusement facilities, which constitute the primary manned electromechanical installations in amusement parks and scenic locales, showcase a myriad of structural designs and multiple failure patterns. The predominant method for fault diagnosis still relies on offline manual evaluations and intermittent testing of vital elements. This practice heavily depends on the inspectors' expertise and proficiency for effective detection. Moreover, periodic inspections cannot provide immediate feedback on the safety status of crucial components, they lack preemptive warnings for potential malfunctions, and fail to elevate safety measures during equipment operation. Hence, developing an equipment monitoring system grounded in IoT technology and sensor networks is paramount, especially considering the structural nuances and risk profiles of large amusement facilities. This study aims to develop customized operational status monitoring sensors and an IoT platform for large roller coasters, encompassing the design and fabrication of sensors and IoT platforms and data acquisition and processing. The ultimate objective is to enable timely warnings when monitoring signals deviate from normal ranges or violate relevant standards, thereby facilitating the prompt identification of potential safety hazards and equipment faults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Equipment Safety and Energy-Saving for State Market Regulation, China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.)
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weike Song
- Key Laboratory of Special Equipment Safety and Energy-Saving for State Market Regulation, China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.)
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huajie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Equipment Safety and Energy-Saving for State Market Regulation, China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.)
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Special Equipment Safety and Energy-Saving for State Market Regulation, China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.)
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haifeng Luo
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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3
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Kong L, Li W, Zhang T, Ma H, Cao Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Shamim A, Zheng L, Wang X, Huang W. Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400333. [PMID: 38652082 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless and wearable sensors attract considerable interest in personalized healthcare by providing a unique approach for remote, noncontact, and continuous monitoring of various health-related signals without interference with daily life. Recent advances in wireless technologies and wearable sensors have promoted practical applications due to their significantly improved characteristics, such as reduction in size and thickness, enhancement in flexibility and stretchability, and improved conformability to the human body. Currently, most researches focus on active materials and structural designs for wearable sensors, with just a few exceptions reflecting on the technologies for wireless data transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art wireless technologies and related studies on empowering wearable sensors. The emerging functional nanomaterials utilized for designing unique wireless modules are highlighted, which include metals, carbons, and MXenes. Additionally, the review outlines the system-level integration of wireless modules with flexible sensors, spanning from novel design strategies for enhanced conformability to efficient transmitting data wirelessly. Furthermore, the review introduces representative applications for remote and noninvasive monitoring of physiological signals through on-skin and implantable wireless flexible sensing systems. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and unprecedented opportunities for wireless and wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Kong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tinghao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunqiang Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Atif Shamim
- IMPACT Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lu Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
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Wang S, Yao Y, Deng W, Chu X, Yang T, Tian G, Ao Y, Sun Y, Lan B, Ren X, Li X, Xu T, Huang L, Liu Y, Lu J, Yang W. Mass-Produced Skin-Inspired Piezoresistive Sensing Array with Interlocking Interface for Object Recognition. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11183-11192. [PMID: 38630641 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
E-skins, capable of responding to mechanical stimuli, hold significant potential in the field of robot haptics. However, it is a challenge to obtain e-skins with both high sensitivity and mechanical stability. Here, we present a bioinspired piezoresistive sensor with hierarchical structures based on polyaniline/polystyrene core-shell nanoparticles polymerized on air-laid paper. The combination of laser-etched reusable templates and sensitive materials that can be rapidly synthesized enables large-scale production. Benefiting from the substantially enlarged deformation of the hierarchical structure, the developed piezoresistive electronics exhibit a decent sensitivity of 21.67 kPa-1 and a subtle detection limit of 3.4 Pa. Moreover, an isolation layer is introduced to enhance the interface stability of the e-skin, with a fracture limit of 66.34 N/m. Furthermore, the e-skin can be seamlessly integrated onto gloves without any detachment issues. With the assistance of deep learning, it achieves a 98% accuracy rate in object recognition. We anticipate that this strategy will render e-skin with more robust interfaces and heightened sensing capabilities, offering a favorable pathway for large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yelan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Deng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Boling Lan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiarong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelan Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianpei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Longchao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Frontier Science, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
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5
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Niu H, Li H, Zhang Q, Kim ES, Kim NY, Li Y. Intuition-and-Tactile Bimodal Sensing Based on Artificial-Intelligence-Motivated All-Fabric Bionic Electronic Skin for Intelligent Material Perception. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308127. [PMID: 38009787 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing electronic skins (e-skins) with extraordinary perception through bionic strategies has far-reaching significance for the intellectualization of robot skins. Here, an artificial intelligence (AI)-motivated all-fabric bionic (AFB) e-skin is proposed, where the overall structure is inspired by the interlocked bionics of the epidermis-dermis interface inside the skin, while the structural design inspiration of the dielectric layer derives from the branch-needle structure of conifers. More importantly, AFB e-skin achieves intuition sensing in proximity mode and tactile sensing in pressure mode based on the fringing and iontronic effects, respectively, and is simulated and verified through COMSOL finite element analysis. The proposed AFB e-skin in pressure mode exhibits maximum sensitivity of 15.06 kPa-1 (<50 kPa), linear sensitivity of 6.06 kPa-1 (50-200 kPa), and fast response/recovery time of 5.6 ms (40 kPa). By integrating AFB e-skin with AI algorithm, and with the support of material inference mechanisms based on dielectric constant and softness/hardness, an intelligent material perception system capable of recognizing nine materials with indistinguishable surfaces within one proximity-pressure cycle is established, demonstrating abilities that surpass human perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Niu
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
- RFIC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Hao Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Qichong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Eun-Seong Kim
- RFIC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- RFIC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Yang Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
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Cheng X, Shen Z, Zhang Y. Bioinspired 3D flexible devices and functional systems. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad314. [PMID: 38312384 PMCID: PMC10833470 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible devices and functional systems with elaborated three-dimensional (3D) architectures can endow better mechanical/electrical performances, more design freedom, and unique functionalities, when compared to their two-dimensional (2D) counterparts. Such 3D flexible devices/systems are rapidly evolving in three primary directions, including the miniaturization, the increasingly merged physical/artificial intelligence and the enhanced adaptability and capabilities of heterogeneous integration. Intractable challenges exist in this emerging research area, such as relatively poor controllability in the locomotion of soft robotic systems, mismatch of bioelectronic interfaces, and signal coupling in multi-parameter sensing. By virtue of long-time-optimized materials, structures and processes, natural organisms provide rich sources of inspiration to address these challenges, enabling the design and manufacture of many bioinspired 3D flexible devices/systems. In this Review, we focus on bioinspired 3D flexible devices and functional systems, and summarize their representative design concepts, manufacturing methods, principles of structure-function relationship and broad-ranging applications. Discussions on existing challenges, potential solutions and future opportunities are also provided to usher in further research efforts toward realizing bioinspired 3D flexible devices/systems with precisely programmed shapes, enhanced mechanical/electrical performances, and high-level physical/artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Park J, Lee Y, Cho S, Choe A, Yeom J, Ro YG, Kim J, Kang DH, Lee S, Ko H. Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human-Machine Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1464-1534. [PMID: 38314694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Haptic human-machine interfaces (HHMIs) combine tactile sensation and haptic feedback to allow humans to interact closely with machines and robots, providing immersive experiences and convenient lifestyles. Significant progress has been made in developing wearable sensors that accurately detect physical and electrophysiological stimuli with improved softness, functionality, reliability, and selectivity. In addition, soft actuating systems have been developed to provide high-quality haptic feedback by precisely controlling force, displacement, frequency, and spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss the latest technological advances of soft sensors and actuators for the demonstration of wearable HHMIs. We particularly focus on highlighting material and structural approaches that enable desired sensing and feedback properties necessary for effective wearable HHMIs. Furthermore, promising practical applications of current HHMI technology in various areas such as the metaverse, robotics, and user-interactive devices are discussed in detail. Finally, this Review further concludes by discussing the outlook for next-generation HHMI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
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8
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Ding Y, Jiang J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Zheng Z. Porous Conductive Textiles for Wearable Electronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1535-1648. [PMID: 38373392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, researchers have made significant strides in the development of novel flexible/stretchable and conductive materials, enabling the creation of cutting-edge electronic devices for wearable applications. Among these, porous conductive textiles (PCTs) have emerged as an ideal material platform for wearable electronics, owing to their light weight, flexibility, permeability, and wearing comfort. This Review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the progress and state of the art of utilizing PCTs for the design and fabrication of a wide variety of wearable electronic devices and their integrated wearable systems. To begin with, we elucidate how PCTs revolutionize the form factors of wearable electronics. We then discuss the preparation strategies of PCTs, in terms of the raw materials, fabrication processes, and key properties. Afterward, we provide detailed illustrations of how PCTs are used as basic building blocks to design and fabricate a wide variety of intrinsically flexible or stretchable devices, including sensors, actuators, therapeutic devices, energy-harvesting and storage devices, and displays. We further describe the techniques and strategies for wearable electronic systems either by hybridizing conventional off-the-shelf rigid electronic components with PCTs or by integrating multiple fibrous devices made of PCTs. Subsequently, we highlight some important wearable application scenarios in healthcare, sports and training, converging technologies, and professional specialists. At the end of the Review, we discuss the challenges and perspectives on future research directions and give overall conclusions. As the demand for more personalized and interconnected devices continues to grow, PCT-based wearables hold immense potential to redefine the landscape of wearable technology and reshape the way we live, work, and play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Ding
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jinxing Jiang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yingsi Wu
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Zhou
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
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Xu C, Solomon SA, Gao W. Artificial Intelligence-Powered Electronic Skin. NAT MACH INTELL 2023; 5:1344-1355. [PMID: 38370145 PMCID: PMC10868719 DOI: 10.1038/s42256-023-00760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced electronics is gradually changing medical practices by enabling continuous and noninvasive tracking of physiological and biochemical information. With the rise of big data and digital medicine, next-generation electronic skin (e-skin) will be able to use artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize its design as well as uncover user-personalized health profiles. Recent multimodal e-skin platforms have already employed machine learning (ML) algorithms for autonomous data analytics. Unfortunately, there is a lack of appropriate AI protocols and guidelines for e-skin devices, resulting in overly complex models and non-reproducible conclusions for simple applications. This review aims to present AI technologies in e-skin hardware and assess their potential for new inspired integrated platform solutions. We outline recent breakthroughs in AI strategies and their applications in engineering e-skins as well as understanding health information collected by e-skins, highlighting the transformative deployment of AI in robotics, prosthetics, virtual reality, and personalized healthcare. We also discuss the challenges and prospects of AI-powered e-skins as well as predictions for the future trajectory of smart e-skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Park W, Liu Y, Jiao Y, Shi R, Nan J, Yiu CK, Huang X, Chen Y, Li W, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Li D, Jia S, Gao Z, Song W, Lam MMH, Dai Z, Zhao Z, Li Y, Yu X. Skin-Integrated Wireless Odor Message Delivery Electronics for the Deaf-blind. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21947-21961. [PMID: 37917185 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Deaf-blindness limits daily human activities, especially interactive modes of audio and visual perception. Although the developed standards have been verified as alternative communication methods, they are uncommon to the nondisabled due to the complicated learning process and inefficiency in terms of communicating distance and throughput. Therefore, the development of communication techniques employing innate sensory abilities including olfaction related to the cerebral limbic system processing emotions, memories, and recognition has been suggested for reducing the training level and increasing communication efficiency. Here, a skin-integrated and wireless olfactory interface system exploiting arrays of miniaturized odor generators (OGs) based on melting/solidifying odorous wax to release smell is introduced for establishing an advanced communication system between deaf-blind and non-deaf-blind. By optimizing the structure design of the OGs, each OG device is as small as 0.24 cm3 (length × width × height of 11 mm × 10 mm × 2.2 mm), enabling integration of up to 8 OGs on the epidermis between nose and lip for direct and rapid olfactory drive with a weight of only 24.56 g. By generating single or mixed odors, different linked messages could be delivered to a user within a short period in a wireless and programmable way. By adopting the olfactory interface message delivery system, the recognition rates for the messages have been improved 1.5 times that of the touch-based method, while the response times were immensely decreased 4 times. Thus, the presented wearable olfactory interface system exhibits great potential as an alternative message delivery method for the deaf-blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Nan
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Ki Yiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weike Song
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Marcus Man Ho Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxue Dai
- College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
- Aircraft and Propulsion Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Technology Beihang University (BUAA), Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
- Tianmushan Laboratory Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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