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Hồ NT, Hughes SG, Ta VT, Phan LT, Đỗ Q, Nguyễn TV, Phạm ATV, Thị Ngọc Đặng M, Nguyễn LV, Trịnh QV, Phạm HN, Chử MV, Nguyễn TT, Lương QC, Tường Lê VT, Nguyễn TV, Trần LTL, Thi Van Luu A, Nguyen AN, Nguyen NTH, Vu HS, Edelman JM, Parker S, Sullivan B, Sullivan S, Ruan Q, Clemente B, Luk B, Lindert K, Berdieva D, Murphy K, Sekulovich R, Greener B, Smolenov I, Chivukula P, Nguyễn VT, Nguyen XH. Safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of the self-amplifying mRNA ARCT-154 COVID-19 vaccine: pooled phase 1, 2, 3a and 3b randomized, controlled trials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4081. [PMID: 38744844 PMCID: PMC11094049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination of waning immunity and lower effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 variants of approved COVID-19 vaccines necessitates new vaccines. We evaluated two doses, 28 days apart, of ARCT-154, a self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, compared with saline placebo in an integrated phase 1/2/3a/3b controlled, observer-blind trial in Vietnamese adults (ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT05012943). Primary safety and reactogenicity outcomes were unsolicited adverse events (AE) 28 days after each dose, solicited local and systemic AE 7 days after each dose, and serious AEs throughout the study. Primary immunogenicity outcome was the immune response as neutralizing antibodies 28 days after the second dose. Efficacy against COVID-19 was assessed as primary and secondary outcomes in phase 3b. ARCT-154 was well tolerated with generally mild-moderate transient AEs. Four weeks after the second dose 94.1% (95% CI: 92.1-95.8) of vaccinees seroconverted for neutralizing antibodies, with a geometric mean-fold rise from baseline of 14.5 (95% CI: 13.6-15.5). Of 640 cases of confirmed COVID-19 eligible for efficacy analysis most were due to the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. Efficacy of ARCT-154 was 56.6% (95% CI: 48.7- 63.3) against any COVID-19, and 95.3% (80.5-98.9) against severe COVID-19. ARCT-154 vaccination is well tolerated, immunogenic and efficacious, particularly against severe COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhân Thị Hồ
- Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Quyết Đỗ
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mến Văn Chử
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | - Lý-Thi-Lê Trần
- Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Vietnam Biocare Biotechnology Jointstock Company, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Thi Van Luu
- Vietnam Biocare Biotechnology Jointstock Company, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Ngoc Nguyen
- Vietnam Biocare Biotechnology Jointstock Company, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Hai-Son Vu
- Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | - Qian Ruan
- Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian Luk
- Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kat Murphy
- Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Vân Thu Nguyễn
- Vietnam Biocare Biotechnology Jointstock Company, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- College of Health Sciences, Vin University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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2
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Aboshi M, Matsuda K, Kawakami D, Kono K, Kazami Y, Sekida T, Komori M, Morey AL, Suga S, Smith JF, Fukuhara T, Iwatani Y, Yamamoto T, Sato N, Akahata W. Safety and immunogenicity of VLPCOV-02, a SARS-CoV-2 self-amplifying RNA vaccine with a modified base, 5-methylcytosine. iScience 2024; 27:108964. [PMID: 38352232 PMCID: PMC10863314 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuing emergence of variants of concern resulting in reduced SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy necessitates additional prevention strategies. The structure of VLPCOV-01, a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated, self-amplifying RNA COVID-19 vaccine with a comparable immune response to BNT162b2, was revised by incorporating a modified base, 5-methylcytosine, to reduce reactogenicity, and an updated receptor-binding domain derived from the Brazil (gamma) variant. Interim analyses of a phase 1 dose-escalation booster vaccination study with the resulting construct, VLPCOV-02, in healthy, previously vaccinated Japanese individuals (N = 96) are reported (jRCT2051230005). A dose-related increase in solicited local and systemic adverse events was observed, which were generally rated mild or moderate. The most commonly occurring events were tenderness, pain, fatigue, and myalgia. Serum SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin titers increased during the 4 weeks post-immunization. VLPCOV-02 demonstrated a favorable safety profile compared with VLPCOV-01, with reduced adverse events and fewer fever events at an equivalent dose. These findings support further study of VLPCOV-02.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Aboshi
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., 1-16-4 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Kawakami
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., 1-16-4 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kono
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., 1-16-4 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Yoko Kazami
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., 1-16-4 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Takashi Sekida
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., 1-16-4 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Mai Komori
- VLP Therapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Shigeru Suga
- National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Mie 514-0125, Japan
| | | | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
- Division of Basic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Sato
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., 1-16-4 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Wataru Akahata
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., 1-16-4 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
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3
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Koseki T, Teramachi M, Koga M, Ko MSH, Amano T, Yu H, Amano M, Leyder E, Badiola M, Ray P, Kim J, Ko AC, Achour A, Weng NP, Imai T, Yoshida H, Taniuchi S, Shintani A, Fujigaki H, Kondo M, Doi Y. A Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Intradermal, Controllable Self-Replicating Ribonucleic Acid Vaccine EXG-5003 against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1767. [PMID: 38140172 PMCID: PMC10747308 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have played a key role in reducing morbidity and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I/II trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of EXG-5003, a two-dose, controllable self-replicating RNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. EXG-5003 encodes the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and was administered intradermally without lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). The participants were followed for 12 months. Forty healthy participants were enrolled in Cohort 1 (5 µg per dose, n = 16; placebo, n = 4) and Cohort 2 (25 µg per dose, n = 16; placebo, n = 4). No safety concerns were observed with EXG-5003 administration. SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers were not elevated in either cohort. Elicitation of antigen-specific cellular immunity was observed in the EXG-5003 recipients in Cohort 2. At the 12-month follow-up, participants who had received an approved mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) >1 month after receiving the second dose of EXG-5003 showed higher cellular responses compared with equivalently vaccinated participants in the placebo group. The findings suggest a priming effect of EXG-5003 on the long-term cellular immunity of approved SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenao Koseki
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics and Informatics, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan;
| | - Mayumi Teramachi
- Center for Clinical Trial and Research Support, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (M.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Minako Koga
- KM Pharmaceutical Consulting, Washington, DC 20006, USA;
| | - Minoru S. H. Ko
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Tomokazu Amano
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Hong Yu
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Misa Amano
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Erica Leyder
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Maria Badiola
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Priyanka Ray
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Akihiro C. Ko
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Achouak Achour
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA; (A.A.); (N.-p.W.)
| | - Nan-ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA; (A.A.); (N.-p.W.)
| | - Takumi Imai
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Hisako Yoshida
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Satsuki Taniuchi
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Ayumi Shintani
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Hidetsugu Fujigaki
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic System Development, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Center for Clinical Trial and Research Support, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (M.T.); (M.K.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yohei Doi
- Departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Zhu C, Yang H, Cao X, Hong Q, Xu Y, Wang K, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y. Decoupling of the Confused Complex in Oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine for the Reliable Chromogenic Bioassay. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16407-16417. [PMID: 37883696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the reaction pathways is a perennial theme in the field of chemistry. As a typical chromogenic substrate, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) generally undertakes one-electron oxidation, but the product (TMBox1) is essentially a confused complex and is unstable, which significantly hampers the clinic chromogenic bioassays for more than 50 years. Herein, we report that sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-based micelles could drive the direct two-electron oxidation of TMB to the final stable TMBox2. Rather than activation of H2O2 oxidant in the one-electron TMB oxidation by common natural peroxidase, activation of the TMB substrate by SDS micelles decoupled the thermodynamically favorable complex between TMBox2 with unreacted TMB, leading to an unusual direct two-electron oxidation pathway. Mechanism studies demonstrated that the complementary spatial and electrostatic isolation effects, caused by the confined hydrophobic cavities and negatively charged outer surfaces of SDS micelles, were crucial. Further cascading with glucose oxidase, as a proof-of-concept application, allowed glucose to be more reliably measured, even in a broader range of concentrations without any conventional strong acid termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Zhu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 21189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 21189, China
| | - Xuwen Cao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 21189, China
| | - Qing Hong
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 21189, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 21189, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 21189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 21189, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 21189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 21189, China
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5
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Komori M, Morey AL, Quiñones-Molina AA, Fofana J, Romero L, Peters E, Matsuda K, Gummuluru S, Smith JF, Akahata W, Akiyama H. Incorporation of 5 methylcytidine alleviates innate immune response to self-amplifying RNA vaccine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.01.565056. [PMID: 37961509 PMCID: PMC10634970 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve vaccine effectiveness and safety profile of existing synthetic RNA-based vaccines, we have developed a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA)-based vaccine expressing membrane-anchored receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S protein (S-RBD) and have demonstrated that a minimal dose of this saRNA vaccine elicits robust immune responses. Results from a recent clinical trial with 5-methylcytidine (5mC) incorporating saRNA vaccine demonstrated reduced vaccine-induced adverse effects while maintaining robust humoral responses. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms accounting for induction of efficient innate and adaptive immune responses and attenuated adverse effects induced by the 5mC-incorporated saRNA. We show that the 5mC-incorporating saRNA platform leads to prolonged and robust expression of antigen, while induction of type-I interferon (IFN-I), a key driver of reactogenicity, is attenuated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but not in macrophages and dendritic cells. Interestingly, we find that the major cellular source of IFN-I production in PBMCs is plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which is attenuated upon 5mC incorporation in saRNA. In addition, we demonstrate that monocytes also play an important role in amplifying proinflammatory responses. Furthermore, we show that the detection of saRNA is mediated by a host cytosolic RNA sensor, RIG-I. Importantly, 5mC-incorporating saRNA vaccine candidate produced robust IgG responses against S-RBD upon injection in mice, thus providing strong support for the potential clinical use of 5mC-incorporating saRNA vaccines.
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Akahata W, Sekida T, Nogimori T, Ode H, Tamura T, Kono K, Kazami Y, Washizaki A, Masuta Y, Suzuki R, Matsuda K, Komori M, Morey AL, Ishimoto K, Nakata M, Hasunuma T, Fukuhara T, Iwatani Y, Yamamoto T, Smith JF, Sato N. Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 self-amplifying RNA vaccine expressing an anchored RBD: A randomized, observer-blind phase 1 study. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101134. [PMID: 37586325 PMCID: PMC10439244 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
VLPCOV-01 is a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine that expresses a membrane-anchored receptor-binding domain (RBD) derived from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. A phase 1 study of VLPCOV-01 is conducted (jRCT2051210164). Participants who completed two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine previously are randomized to receive one intramuscular vaccination of 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 μg VLPCOV-01, 30 μg BNT162b2, or placebo. No serious adverse events have been reported. VLPCOV-01 induces robust immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers against the RBD protein that are maintained up to 26 weeks in non-elderly participants, with geometric means ranging from 5,037 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1,272-19,940) at 0.3 μg to 12,873 (95% CI 937-17,686) at 3 μg compared with 3,166 (95% CI 1,619-6,191) with 30 μg BNT162b2. Neutralizing antibody titers against all variants of SARS-CoV-2 tested are induced. VLPCOV-01 is immunogenic following low-dose administration. These findings support the potential for saRNA as a vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Akahata
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan.
| | - Takashi Sekida
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Takuto Nogimori
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ode
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kono
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Yoko Kazami
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Ayaka Washizaki
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yuji Masuta
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Mai Komori
- VLP Therapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | - Misako Nakata
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hasunuma
- Department of Research, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0072, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan; Division of Basic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | | | - Nobuaki Sato
- VLP Therapeutics Japan, Inc., Marunouchi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
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