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Lee HH, Fernández A, Carrasco M. Adaptation and exogenous attention interact in the early visual cortex: A TMS study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.27.563093. [PMID: 37961163 PMCID: PMC10634897 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.563093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to early visual cortex modulates the effect of adaptation and eliminates the effect of exogenous (involuntary) attention on contrast sensitivity. Here we investigated whether adaptation modulates exogenous attention under TMS to V1/V2. Observers performed an orientation discrimination task while attending to one of two stimuli, with or without adaptation. Following an attentional cue, two stimuli were presented in the stimulated region and its contralateral symmetric region. A response cue indicated the stimulus whose orientation observers had to discriminate. Without adaptation, in the distractor-stimulated condition, contrast sensitivity increased at the attended location and decreased at the unattended location via response gain-but these effects were eliminated in the target-stimulated condition. Critically, after adaptation, exogenous attention altered performance similarly in both distractor-stimulated and target-stimulated conditions. These results reveal that (1) adaptation and attention interact in the early visual cortex, and (2) adaptation shields exogenous attention from TMS effects.
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Hanning NM, Himmelberg MM, Carrasco M. Presaccadic Attention Depends on Eye Movement Direction and Is Related to V1 Cortical Magnification. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1023232023. [PMID: 38316562 PMCID: PMC10957215 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1023-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
With every saccadic eye movement, humans bring new information into their fovea to be processed with high visual acuity. Notably, perception is enhanced already before a relevant item is foveated: During saccade preparation, presaccadic attention shifts to the upcoming fixation location, which can be measured via behavioral correlates such as enhanced visual performance or modulations of sensory feature tuning. The coupling between saccadic eye movements and attention is assumed to be robust and mandatory and considered a mechanism facilitating the integration of pre- and postsaccadic information. However, until recently it had not been investigated as a function of saccade direction. Here, we measured contrast response functions during fixation and saccade preparation in male and female observers and found that the pronounced response gain benefit typically elicited by presaccadic attention is selectively lacking before upward saccades at the group level-some observers even showed a cost. Individual observer's sensitivity before upward saccades was negatively related to their amount of surface area in primary visual cortex representing the saccade target, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism that optimizes the use of the limited neural resources processing the upper vertical meridian. Our results raise the question of how perceptual continuity is achieved and how upward saccades can be accurately targeted despite the lack of-theoretically required-presaccadic attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Hanning
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Marc M Himmelberg
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003
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Wang J, Li B, Liu J, Li J, Razi A, Zheng K, Yan B, Wang H, Lu H, Friston K. Large-scale effective connectivity analysis reveals the existence of two mutual inhibitory systems in patients with major depression. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 41:103556. [PMID: 38134741 PMCID: PMC10784315 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
It is posited that cognitive and affective dysfunction in patients with major depression disorder (MDD) may be caused by dysfunctional signal propagation in the brain. By leveraging dynamic causal modeling, we investigated large-scale directed signal propagation (effective connectivity) among distributed large-scale brain networks with 43 MDD patients and 56 healthy controls. The results revealed the existence of two mutual inhibitory systems: the anterior default mode network, auditory network, sensorimotor network, salience network and visual networks formed an "emotional" brain, while the posterior default mode network, central executive networks, cerebellum and dorsal attention network formed a "rational brain". These two networks exhibited excitatory intra-system connectivity and inhibitory inter-system connectivity. Patients were characterized by potentiated intra-system connections within the "emotional/sensory brain", as well as over-inhibition of the "rational brain" by the "emotional/sensory brain". The hierarchical architecture of the large-scale effective connectivity networks was then analyzed using a PageRank algorithm which revealed a shift of the controlling role of the "rational brain" to the "emotional/sensory brain" in the patients. These findings inform basic organization of distributed large-scale brain networks and furnish a better characterization of the neural mechanisms of depression, which may facilitate effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Baojuan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Network Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Adeel Razi
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kaizhong Zheng
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Baoyu Yan
- Air Force Hangzhou Special Service Nursing Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Hongbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Karl Friston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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