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Greaves MD, Novelli L, Razi A. Structurally informed resting-state effective connectivity recapitulates cortical hierarchy. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.03.587831. [PMID: 38617335 PMCID: PMC11014588 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.587831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Interregional brain communication is mediated by the brain's physical wiring (i.e., structural connectivity). Yet, it remains unclear whether models describing directed, functional interactions between latent neuronal populations-effective connectivity-benefit from incorporating macroscale structural connectivity. Here, we assess a hierarchical empirical Bayes method: structural connectivity-based priors constrain the inversion of group-level resting-state effective connectivity, using subject-level posteriors as input; subsequently, group-level posteriors serve as empirical priors for re-evaluating subject-level effective connectivity. This approach permits knowledge of the brain's structure to inform inference of (multilevel) effective connectivity. In 17 resting-state brain networks, we find that a positive, monotonic relationship between structural connectivity and the prior probability of group-level effective connectivity generalizes across sessions and samples. Providing further validation, we show that inter-network differences in the coupling between structural and effective connectivity recapitulate a well-known unimodal-transmodal hierarchy. Thus, our results provide support for the use of our method over structurally uninformed alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Greaves
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Leonardo Novelli
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada
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Novelli L, Friston K, Razi A. Spectral dynamic causal modeling: A didactic introduction and its relationship with functional connectivity. Netw Neurosci 2024; 8:178-202. [PMID: 38562289 PMCID: PMC10898785 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a didactic introduction to spectral dynamic causal modeling (DCM), a Bayesian state-space modeling approach used to infer effective connectivity from noninvasive neuroimaging data. Spectral DCM is currently the most widely applied DCM variant for resting-state functional MRI analysis. Our aim is to explain its technical foundations to an audience with limited expertise in state-space modeling and spectral data analysis. Particular attention will be paid to cross-spectral density, which is the most distinctive feature of spectral DCM and is closely related to functional connectivity, as measured by (zero-lag) Pearson correlations. In fact, the model parameters estimated by spectral DCM are those that best reproduce the cross-correlations between all measurements-at all time lags-including the zero-lag correlations that are usually interpreted as functional connectivity. We derive the functional connectivity matrix from the model equations and show how changing a single effective connectivity parameter can affect all pairwise correlations. To complicate matters, the pairs of brain regions showing the largest changes in functional connectivity do not necessarily coincide with those presenting the largest changes in effective connectivity. We discuss the implications and conclude with a comprehensive summary of the assumptions and limitations of spectral DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Novelli
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Australia
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Australia
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, Toronto, Canada
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3
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Caeyenberghs K, Imms P, Irimia A, Monti MM, Esopenko C, de Souza NL, Dominguez D JF, Newsome MR, Dobryakova E, Cwiek A, Mullin HAC, Kim NJ, Mayer AR, Adamson MM, Bickart K, Breedlove KM, Dennis EL, Disner SG, Haswell C, Hodges CB, Hoskinson KR, Johnson PK, Königs M, Li LM, Liebel SW, Livny A, Morey RA, Muir AM, Olsen A, Razi A, Su M, Tate DF, Velez C, Wilde EA, Zielinski BA, Thompson PM, Hillary FG. ENIGMA's simple seven: Recommendations to enhance the reproducibility of resting-state fMRI in traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 42:103585. [PMID: 38531165 PMCID: PMC10982609 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) provides researchers and clinicians with a powerful tool to examine functional connectivity across large-scale brain networks, with ever-increasing applications to the study of neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). While rsfMRI holds unparalleled promise in systems neurosciences, its acquisition and analytical methodology across research groups is variable, resulting in a literature that is challenging to integrate and interpret. The focus of this narrative review is to address the primary methodological issues including investigator decision points in the application of rsfMRI to study the consequences of TBI. As part of the ENIGMA Brain Injury working group, we have collaborated to identify a minimum set of recommendations that are designed to produce results that are reliable, harmonizable, and reproducible for the TBI imaging research community. Part one of this review provides the results of a literature search of current rsfMRI studies of TBI, highlighting key design considerations and data processing pipelines. Part two outlines seven data acquisition, processing, and analysis recommendations with the goal of maximizing study reliability and between-site comparability, while preserving investigator autonomy. Part three summarizes new directions and opportunities for future rsfMRI studies in TBI patients. The goal is to galvanize the TBI community to gain consensus for a set of rigorous and reproducible methods, and to increase analytical transparency and data sharing to address the reproducibility crisis in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Caeyenberghs
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Phoebe Imms
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Andrei Irimia
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Andrew & Erna Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Quantitative & Computational Biology, Dana and David Dornsife College of Arts & Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Martin M Monti
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, USA; Brain Injury Research Center (BIRC), Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA, USA.
| | - Carrie Esopenko
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.
| | - Nicola L de Souza
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.
| | - Juan F Dominguez D
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Mary R Newsome
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA; H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Ekaterina Dobryakova
- Center for Traumatic Brain Injury, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Andrew Cwiek
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | - Hollie A C Mullin
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Kim
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Andrew & Erna Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Maheen M Adamson
- Women's Operational Military Exposure Network (WOMEN) & Rehabilitation Department, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Rehabilitation Service, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin Bickart
- UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA.
| | - Katherine M Breedlove
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Emily L Dennis
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Seth G Disner
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Courtney Haswell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Cooper B Hodges
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
| | - Kristen R Hoskinson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, OH, USA.
| | - Paula K Johnson
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
| | - Marsh Königs
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucia M Li
- C3NL, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; UK DRI Centre for Health Care and Technology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Spencer W Liebel
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Abigail Livny
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Alexandra M Muir
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
| | - Alexander Olsen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Clinic of Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; NorHEAD - Norwegian Centre for Headache Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, WC1N 3AR London, United Kingdom; CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Matthew Su
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - David F Tate
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Carmen Velez
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Elisabeth A Wilde
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Brandon A Zielinski
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
| | - Frank G Hillary
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Hershey Medical Center, PA, USA.
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Stoliker D, Novelli L, Vollenweider FX, Egan GF, Preller KH, Razi A. Neural Mechanisms of Resting-State Networks and the Amygdala Underlying the Cognitive and Emotional Effects of Psilocybin. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)00004-0. [PMID: 38185235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, alter perceptual and cognitive systems that are functionally integrated with the amygdala. These changes can alter cognition and emotions that are hypothesized to contribute to their therapeutic utility. However, the neural mechanisms of cognitive and subcortical systems altered by psychedelics are not well understood. METHODS We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance images collected during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 24 healthy adults under 0.2 mg/kg psilocybin to estimate the directed (i.e., effective) changes between the amygdala and 3 large-scale resting-state networks involved in cognition. These networks are the default mode network, the salience network, and the central executive network. RESULTS We found a pattern of decreased top-down effective connectivity from these resting-state networks to the amygdala. Effective connectivity decreased within the default mode network and salience network but increased within the central executive network. These changes in effective connectivity were statistically associated with behavioral measures of altered cognition and emotion under the influence of psilocybin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that temporary amygdala signal attenuation is associated with mechanistic changes to resting-state network connectivity. These changes are significant for altered cognition and perception and suggest targets for research investigating the efficacy of psychedelic therapy for internalizing psychiatric disorders. More broadly, our study suggests the value of quantifying the brain's hierarchical organization using effective connectivity to identify important mechanisms for basic cognitive function and how they are integrated to give rise to subjective experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Stoliker
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonardo Novelli
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franz X Vollenweider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gary F Egan
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrin H Preller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom; CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Wang J, Li B, Liu J, Li J, Razi A, Zheng K, Yan B, Wang H, Lu H, Friston K. Large-scale effective connectivity analysis reveals the existence of two mutual inhibitory systems in patients with major depression. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 41:103556. [PMID: 38134741 PMCID: PMC10784315 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
It is posited that cognitive and affective dysfunction in patients with major depression disorder (MDD) may be caused by dysfunctional signal propagation in the brain. By leveraging dynamic causal modeling, we investigated large-scale directed signal propagation (effective connectivity) among distributed large-scale brain networks with 43 MDD patients and 56 healthy controls. The results revealed the existence of two mutual inhibitory systems: the anterior default mode network, auditory network, sensorimotor network, salience network and visual networks formed an "emotional" brain, while the posterior default mode network, central executive networks, cerebellum and dorsal attention network formed a "rational brain". These two networks exhibited excitatory intra-system connectivity and inhibitory inter-system connectivity. Patients were characterized by potentiated intra-system connections within the "emotional/sensory brain", as well as over-inhibition of the "rational brain" by the "emotional/sensory brain". The hierarchical architecture of the large-scale effective connectivity networks was then analyzed using a PageRank algorithm which revealed a shift of the controlling role of the "rational brain" to the "emotional/sensory brain" in the patients. These findings inform basic organization of distributed large-scale brain networks and furnish a better characterization of the neural mechanisms of depression, which may facilitate effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Baojuan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Network Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Adeel Razi
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kaizhong Zheng
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Baoyu Yan
- Air Force Hangzhou Special Service Nursing Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Hongbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Karl Friston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Sultana T, Hasan MA, Kang X, Liou-Johnson V, Adamson MM, Razi A. Neural mechanisms of emotional health in traumatic brain injury patients undergoing rTMS treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5150-5158. [PMID: 37414927 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation such as that seen in depression, are a long-term consequence of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), that can be improved by using neuromodulation treatments such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Previous studies provide insights into the changes in functional connectivity related to general emotional health after the application of rTMS procedures in patients with TBI. However, these studies provide little understanding of the underlying neuronal mechanisms that drive the improvement of the emotional health in these patients. The current study focuses on inferring the effective (causal) connectivity changes and their association with emotional health, after rTMS treatment of cognitive problems in TBI patients (N = 32). Specifically, we used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) together with spectral dynamic causal model (spDCM) to investigate changes in brain effective connectivity, before and after the application of high frequency (10 Hz) rTMS over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We investigated the effective connectivity of the cortico-limbic network comprised of 11 regions of interest (ROIs) which are part of the default mode, salience, and executive control networks, known to be implicated in emotional processing. The results indicate that overall, among extrinsic connections, the strength of excitatory connections decreased while that of inhibitory connections increased after the neuromodulation. The cardinal region in the analysis was dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) which is considered to be the most influenced during emotional health disorders. Our findings implicate the altered connectivity of dACC with left anterior insula and medial prefrontal cortex, after the application of rTMS, as a potential neural mechanism underlying improvement of emotional health. Our investigation highlights the importance of these brain regions as treatment targets in emotional processing in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajwar Sultana
- Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, National Centre of Artificial Intelligence, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abul Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, National Centre of Artificial Intelligence, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Xiaojian Kang
- WRIISC-WOMEN, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System (VAPAHCS), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Victoria Liou-Johnson
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System (VAPAHCS), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Maheen Mausoof Adamson
- WRIISC-WOMEN, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System (VAPAHCS), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, WC1N 3AR, London, United Kingdom.
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Uddin LQ, Betzel RF, Cohen JR, Damoiseaux JS, De Brigard F, Eickhoff SB, Fornito A, Gratton C, Gordon EM, Laird AR, Larson-Prior L, McIntosh AR, Nickerson LD, Pessoa L, Pinho AL, Poldrack RA, Razi A, Sadaghiani S, Shine JM, Yendiki A, Yeo BTT, Spreng RN. Controversies and progress on standardization of large-scale brain network nomenclature. Netw Neurosci 2023; 7:864-905. [PMID: 37781138 PMCID: PMC10473266 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in scientific disciplines is accompanied by standardization of terminology. Network neuroscience, at the level of macroscale organization of the brain, is beginning to confront the challenges associated with developing a taxonomy of its fundamental explanatory constructs. The Workgroup for HArmonized Taxonomy of NETworks (WHATNET) was formed in 2020 as an Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM)-endorsed best practices committee to provide recommendations on points of consensus, identify open questions, and highlight areas of ongoing debate in the service of moving the field toward standardized reporting of network neuroscience results. The committee conducted a survey to catalog current practices in large-scale brain network nomenclature. A few well-known network names (e.g., default mode network) dominated responses to the survey, and a number of illuminating points of disagreement emerged. We summarize survey results and provide initial considerations and recommendations from the workgroup. This perspective piece includes a selective review of challenges to this enterprise, including (1) network scale, resolution, and hierarchies; (2) interindividual variability of networks; (3) dynamics and nonstationarity of networks; (4) consideration of network affiliations of subcortical structures; and (5) consideration of multimodal information. We close with minimal reporting guidelines for the cognitive and network neuroscience communities to adopt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucina Q. Uddin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard F. Betzel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jessica R. Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica S. Damoiseaux
- Institute of Gerontology and Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alex Fornito
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caterina Gratton
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Evan M. Gordon
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Angela R. Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Linda Larson-Prior
- Deptartment of Psychiatry and Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - A. Randal McIntosh
- Institute for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Luiz Pessoa
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ana Luísa Pinho
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sepideh Sadaghiani
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, IL, USA
| | - James M. Shine
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anastasia Yendiki
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B. T. Thomas Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - R. Nathan Spreng
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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8
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Wibawa P, Walterfang M, Malpas CB, Glikmann‐Johnston Y, Poudel G, Razi A, Hannan AJ, Velakoulis D, Georgiou‐Karistianis N. Selective perforant-pathway atrophy in Huntington disease: MRI analysis of hippocampal subfields. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:2650-2660. [PMID: 37306313 PMCID: PMC10946817 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While individuals with Huntington disease (HD) show memory impairment that indicates hippocampal dysfunction, the available literature does not consistently identify structural evidence for involvement of the whole hippocampus but rather suggests that hippocampal atrophy may be confined to certain hippocampal subregions. METHODS We processed T1-weighted MRI from IMAGE-HD study using FreeSurfer 7.0 and compared the volumes of the hippocampal subfields among 36 early motor symptomatic (symp-HD), 40 pre-symptomatic (pre-HD), and 36 healthy control individuals across three timepoints over 36 months. RESULTS Mixed-model analyses revealed significantly lower subfield volumes in symp-HD, compared with pre-HD and control groups, in the subicular regions of the perforant-pathway: presubiculum, subiculum, dentate gyrus, tail, and right molecular layer. These adjoining subfields aggregated into a single principal component, which demonstrated an accelerated rate of atrophy in the symp-HD. Volumes between pre-HD and controls did not show any significant difference. In the combined HD groups, CAG repeat length and disease burden score were associated with presubiculum, molecular layer, tail, and perforant-pathway subfield volumes. Hippocampal left tail and perforant-pathway subfields were associated with motor onset in the pre-HD group. CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal subfields atrophy in early symptomatic HD affects key regions of the perforant-pathway, which may implicate the distinctive memory impairment at this stage of illness. Their volumetric associations with genetic and clinical markers suggest the selective susceptibility of these subfields to mutant Huntingtin and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Wibawa
- NeuropsychiatryRoyal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry CenterUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- NeuropsychiatryRoyal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry CenterUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Charles B. Malpas
- NeuropsychiatryRoyal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry CenterUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Yifat Glikmann‐Johnston
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Govinda Poudel
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityFitzroyVictoriaAustralia
| | - Adeel Razi
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Anthony J. Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- NeuropsychiatryRoyal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry CenterUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nellie Georgiou‐Karistianis
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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9
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Avram M, Müller F, Preller KH, Razi A, Rogg H, Korda A, Holze F, Vizeli P, Ley L, Liechti ME, Borgwardt S. Effective Connectivity of Thalamocortical Interactions Following d-Amphetamine, LSD, and MDMA Administration. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2023:S2451-9022(23)00191-X. [PMID: 37532129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the exploration of serotonergic psychedelics as psychiatric medicines deepens, so does the pressure to better understand how these compounds act on the brain. METHODS We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design and administered lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and d-amphetamine in 25 healthy participants. By using spectral dynamic causal modeling, we mapped substance-induced changes in effective connectivity between the thalamus and different cortex types (unimodal vs. transmodal) derived from a previous study with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Due to the distinct pharmacological modes of action of the 3 substances, we were able to investigate specific effects mainly driven by different neurotransmitter systems on thalamocortical and corticothalamic interactions. RESULTS Compared with placebo, all 3 substances increased the effective connectivity from the thalamus to specific unimodal cortices, whereas the influence of these cortices on the thalamus was reduced. These results indicate increased bottom-up and decreased top-down information flow between the thalamus and some unimodal cortices. However, for the amphetamines, we found the opposite effects when examining the effective connectivity with transmodal cortices, including parts of the salience network. Intriguingly, LSD increased the effective connectivity from the thalamus to both unimodal and transmodal cortices, indicating a breach in the hierarchical organization of ongoing brain activity. CONCLUSIONS The results advance our knowledge about the action of psychedelics on the brain and refine current models aiming to explain the underlying neurobiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Avram
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Felix Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katrin H Preller
- Pharmaco-Neuroimaging and Cognitive-Emotional Processing, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Rogg
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexandra Korda
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Friederike Holze
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vizeli
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Ley
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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10
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Sacu S, Wackerhagen C, Erk S, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Schwarz K, Schweiger JI, Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Heinz A, Razi A, Walter H. Effective connectivity during face processing in major depression - distinguishing markers of pathology, risk, and resilience. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4139-4151. [PMID: 35393001 PMCID: PMC10317809 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant brain connectivity during emotional processing, especially within the fronto-limbic pathway, is one of the hallmarks of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the methodological heterogeneity of previous studies made it difficult to determine the functional and etiological implications of specific alterations in brain connectivity. We previously reported alterations in psychophysiological interaction measures during emotional face processing, distinguishing depressive pathology from at-risk/resilient and healthy states. Here, we extended these findings by effective connectivity analyses in the same sample to establish a refined neural model of emotion processing in depression. METHODS Thirty-seven patients with MDD, 45 first-degree relatives of patients with MDD and 97 healthy controls performed a face-matching task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used dynamic causal modeling to estimate task-dependent effective connectivity at the subject level. Parametric empirical Bayes was performed to quantify group differences in effective connectivity. RESULTS MDD patients showed decreased effective connectivity from the left amygdala and left lateral prefrontal cortex to the fusiform gyrus compared to relatives and controls, whereas patients and relatives showed decreased connectivity from the right orbitofrontal cortex to the left insula and from the left orbitofrontal cortex to the right fusiform gyrus compared to controls. Relatives showed increased connectivity from the anterior cingulate cortex to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared to patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the depressive state alters top-down control of higher visual regions during face processing. Alterations in connectivity within the cognitive control network present potential risk or resilience mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Sacu
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Wackerhagen
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Erk
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Schwarz
- Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Janina I. Schweiger
- Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adeel Razi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health & Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Henrik Walter
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Zarghami TS, Zeidman P, Razi A, Bahrami F, Hossein‐Zadeh G. Dysconnection and cognition in schizophrenia: A spectral dynamic causal modeling study. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:2873-2896. [PMID: 36852654 PMCID: PMC10089110 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe mental disorder characterized by failure of functional integration (aka dysconnection) across the brain. Recent functional connectivity (FC) studies have adopted functional parcellations to define subnetworks of large-scale networks, and to characterize the (dys)connection between them, in normal and clinical populations. While FC examines statistical dependencies between observations, model-based effective connectivity (EC) can disclose the causal influences that underwrite the observed dependencies. In this study, we investigated resting state EC within seven large-scale networks, in 66 SZ and 74 healthy subjects from a public dataset. The results showed that a remarkable 33% of the effective connections (among subnetworks) of the cognitive control network had been pathologically modulated in SZ. Further dysconnection was identified within the visual, default mode and sensorimotor networks of SZ subjects, with 24%, 20%, and 11% aberrant couplings. Overall, the proportion of discriminative connections was remarkably larger in EC (24%) than FC (1%) analysis. Subsequently, to study the neural correlates of impaired cognition in SZ, we conducted a canonical correlation analysis between the EC parameters and the cognitive scores of the patients. As such, the self-inhibitions of supplementary motor area and paracentral lobule (in the sensorimotor network) and the excitatory connection from parahippocampal gyrus to inferior temporal gyrus (in the cognitive control network) were significantly correlated with the social cognition, reasoning/problem solving and working memory capabilities of the patients. Future research can investigate the potential of whole-brain EC as a biomarker for diagnosis of brain disorders and for neuroimaging-based cognitive assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh S. Zarghami
- Bio‐Electric Department, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of EngineeringUniversity of TeranTehranIran
- Human Motor Control and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of EngineeringUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Peter Zeidman
- The Wellcome Centre for Human NeuroimagingUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Adeel Razi
- The Wellcome Centre for Human NeuroimagingUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Monash Biomedical ImagingMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFARTorontoCanada
| | - Fariba Bahrami
- Bio‐Electric Department, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of EngineeringUniversity of TeranTehranIran
- Human Motor Control and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of EngineeringUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Gholam‐Ali Hossein‐Zadeh
- Bio‐Electric Department, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of EngineeringUniversity of TeranTehranIran
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12
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Kagan BJ, Razi A, Bhat A, Kitchen AC, Tran NT, Habibollahi F, Khajehnejad M, Parker BJ, Rollo B, Friston KJ. Scientific communication and the semantics of sentience. Neuron 2023; 111:606-607. [PMID: 36863320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adeel Razi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anjali Bhat
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Nhi T Tran
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Forough Habibollahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Moein Khajehnejad
- Department of Data Science and AI, Faculty of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ben Rollo
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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13
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Stoliker D, Novelli L, Vollenweider FX, Egan GF, Preller KH, Razi A. Effective Connectivity of Functionally Anticorrelated Networks Under Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:224-232. [PMID: 36270812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic psychedelic-induced ego dissolution involves a shift in the sense of self and a blurring of the boundary between the self and the world. A similar phenomenon is identified in psychopathology and is associated with the balance of anticorrelated activity between the default mode network, which directs attention inward, and the salience network, which recruits the dorsal attention network to direct attention outward. METHODS To test whether changes in anticorrelated networks underlie the peak effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), we applied dynamic causal modeling to infer effective connectivity of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans from a study of 25 healthy adults who were administered 100 μg of LSD or placebo. RESULTS We found that inhibitory effective connectivity from the salience network to the default mode network became excitatory, and inhibitory effective connectivity from the default mode network to the dorsal attention network decreased under the peak effect of LSD. CONCLUSIONS The effective connectivity changes we identified may reflect diminution of the functional anticorrelation between resting-state networks that may be a key neural mechanism of LSD and underlie ego dissolution. Our findings suggest that changes to the sense of self and subject-object boundaries across different states of consciousness may depend upon the organized balance of effective connectivity of resting-state networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Stoliker
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Leonardo Novelli
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franz X Vollenweider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gary F Egan
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrin H Preller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom; CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Thomas GEC, Zeidman P, Sultana T, Zarkali A, Razi A, Weil RS. Changes in both top-down and bottom-up effective connectivity drive visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Brain Commun 2022; 5:fcac329. [PMID: 36601626 PMCID: PMC9798302 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual hallucinations are common in Parkinson's disease and are associated with a poorer quality of life and a higher risk of dementia. An important and influential model that is widely accepted as an explanation for the mechanism of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease and other Lewy body diseases is that these arise due to aberrant hierarchical processing, with impaired bottom-up integration of sensory information and overweighting of top-down perceptual priors within the visual system. This hypothesis has been driven by behavioural data and supported indirectly by observations derived from regional activation and correlational measures using neuroimaging. However, until now, there was no evidence from neuroimaging for differences in causal influences between brain regions measured in patients with Parkinson's hallucinations. This is in part because previous resting-state studies focused on functional connectivity, which is inherently undirected in nature and cannot test hypotheses about the directionality of connectivity. Spectral dynamic causal modelling is a Bayesian framework that allows the inference of effective connectivity-defined as the directed (causal) influence that one region exerts on another region-from resting-state functional MRI data. In the current study, we utilize spectral dynamic causal modelling to estimate effective connectivity within the resting-state visual network in our cohort of 15 Parkinson's disease visual hallucinators and 75 Parkinson's disease non-visual hallucinators. We find that visual hallucinators display decreased bottom-up effective connectivity from the lateral geniculate nucleus to primary visual cortex and increased top-down effective connectivity from the left prefrontal cortex to primary visual cortex and the medial thalamus, as compared with non-visual hallucinators. Importantly, we find that the pattern of effective connectivity is predictive of the presence of visual hallucinations and associated with their severity within the hallucinating group. This is the first study to provide evidence, using resting-state effective connectivity, to support a model of aberrant hierarchical predictive processing as the mechanism for visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E C Thomas
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3AR London, UK
| | - Peter Zeidman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3AR London, UK
| | - Tajwar Sultana
- Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NCAI Computer and Information Systems Department, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Angeliki Zarkali
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3AR London, UK
| | - Adeel Razi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3AR London, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Rimona S Weil
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3AR London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3AR London, UK
- Movement Disorders Consortium, UCL, London, UK
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15
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Kagan BJ, Kitchen AC, Tran NT, Habibollahi F, Khajehnejad M, Parker BJ, Bhat A, Rollo B, Razi A, Friston KJ. In vitro neurons learn and exhibit sentience when embodied in a simulated game-world. Neuron 2022; 110:3952-3969.e8. [PMID: 36228614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Integrating neurons into digital systems may enable performance infeasible with silicon alone. Here, we develop DishBrain, a system that harnesses the inherent adaptive computation of neurons in a structured environment. In vitro neural networks from human or rodent origins are integrated with in silico computing via a high-density multielectrode array. Through electrophysiological stimulation and recording, cultures are embedded in a simulated game-world, mimicking the arcade game "Pong." Applying implications from the theory of active inference via the free energy principle, we find apparent learning within five minutes of real-time gameplay not observed in control conditions. Further experiments demonstrate the importance of closed-loop structured feedback in eliciting learning over time. Cultures display the ability to self-organize activity in a goal-directed manner in response to sparse sensory information about the consequences of their actions, which we term synthetic biological intelligence. Future applications may provide further insights into the cellular correlates of intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nhi T Tran
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Forough Habibollahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Moein Khajehnejad
- Department of Data Science and AI, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bradyn J Parker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anjali Bhat
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Rollo
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adeel Razi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Razi A, Azimian A, Arezumand R, Solati A, Ahmadabad HN. Associations between serum levels of C3, C4, and total classical complement activity in COVID-19 patients at the time of admission and clinical outcome. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-abs-1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the association between complement system status at the time of admission and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. This single-center study was carried out with sixty-one adult patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized at Imam Hassan Hospital of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences (Bojnurd, Iran) with less than three days passage since onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Twenty-three healthy volunteers with demographic features similar to the patient group (matched by age and gender) were included in the study as a control group. Patient information including demographic information, demographic data, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes were obtained from electronic medical records. Of 61 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, 28 (47.54%) were female, and the average age was 48.78.8 years. The healthy control group included 23 cases (11 (47.8%) female, 12 (52.1%) males, mean age 46.44.4 years). Twenty-one of the 61 patients (34.4%) were admitted to the ICU, and sixteen of them (26.2%) died. Thirty-three (54.10%) patients with COVID-19 were hospitalized for less than 7 days, and 28 (45.90%) of them were hospitalized for 7 days. Our results show that length of hospital stay in the no-ICU group was significantly lower than the ICU admission or death groups (6.490.24 vs. 8.851.59 and 10.531.80, p = 0.0002). The levels of C3, C4, and CH50 were determined through the immunoturbidimetric method and single-radial-haemolysis plates, respectively, on serum samples obtained from patients at the time of admission or those in the control group. Our results indicate that C3, C4 and CH50 levels were markedly lower in COVID-19 patients than in the control group. We also found that complement parameter levels in COVID-19 patients who died or were admitted to ICU were significantly lower than in non-ICU COVID-19 patients. In general, it seems that serum level of C3, C4, and CH50 at admission may predict disease progression or adverse clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients.
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17
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Stoliker D, Egan GF, Friston KJ, Razi A. Neural Mechanisms and Psychology of Psychedelic Ego Dissolution. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:876-917. [PMID: 36786290 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies of psychedelics have advanced our understanding of hierarchical brain organization and the mechanisms underlying their subjective and therapeutic effects. The primary mechanism of action of classic psychedelics is binding to serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors. Agonist activity at these receptors leads to neuromodulatory changes in synaptic efficacy that can have a profound effect on hierarchical message-passing in the brain. Here, we review the cognitive and neuroimaging evidence for the effects of psychedelics: in particular, their influence on selfhood and subject-object boundaries-known as ego dissolution-surmised to underwrite their subjective and therapeutic effects. Agonism of 5-HT2A receptors, located at the apex of the cortical hierarchy, may have a particularly powerful effect on sentience and consciousness. These effects can endure well after the pharmacological half-life, suggesting that psychedelics may have effects on neural plasticity that may play a role in their therapeutic efficacy. Psychologically, this may be accompanied by a disarming of ego resistance that increases the repertoire of perceptual hypotheses and affords alternate pathways for thought and behavior, including those that undergird selfhood. We consider the interaction between serotonergic neuromodulation and sentience through the lens of hierarchical predictive coding, which speaks to the value of psychedelics in understanding how we make sense of the world and specific predictions about effective connectivity in cortical hierarchies that can be tested using functional neuroimaging. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Classic psychedelics bind to serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors. Their agonist activity at these receptors leads to neuromodulatory changes in synaptic efficacy, resulting in a profound effect on information processing in the brain. Here, we synthesize an abundance of brain imaging research with pharmacological and psychological interpretations informed by the framework of predictive coding. Moreover, predictive coding is suggested to offer more sophisticated interpretations of neuroimaging findings by bridging the role between the 5-HT2A receptors and large-scale brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Stoliker
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (D.S., G.F.E., A.R.) and Monash Biomedical Imaging (G.F.E., A.R.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, London, United Kingdom (K.J.F., A.R.); and CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada (A.R.)
| | - Gary F Egan
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (D.S., G.F.E., A.R.) and Monash Biomedical Imaging (G.F.E., A.R.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, London, United Kingdom (K.J.F., A.R.); and CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada (A.R.)
| | - Karl J Friston
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (D.S., G.F.E., A.R.) and Monash Biomedical Imaging (G.F.E., A.R.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, London, United Kingdom (K.J.F., A.R.); and CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada (A.R.)
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health (D.S., G.F.E., A.R.) and Monash Biomedical Imaging (G.F.E., A.R.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, London, United Kingdom (K.J.F., A.R.); and CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada (A.R.)
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Rasheed K, Qayyum A, Ghaly M, Al-Fuqaha A, Razi A, Qadir J. Explainable, trustworthy, and ethical machine learning for healthcare: A survey. Comput Biol Med 2022; 149:106043. [PMID: 36115302 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) empowered applications for critical applications like healthcare, the questions about liability, trust, and interpretability of their outputs are raising. The black-box nature of various DL models is a roadblock to clinical utilization. Therefore, to gain the trust of clinicians and patients, we need to provide explanations about the decisions of models. With the promise of enhancing the trust and transparency of black-box models, researchers are in the phase of maturing the field of eXplainable ML (XML). In this paper, we provided a comprehensive review of explainable and interpretable ML techniques for various healthcare applications. Along with highlighting security, safety, and robustness challenges that hinder the trustworthiness of ML, we also discussed the ethical issues arising because of the use of ML/DL for healthcare. We also describe how explainable and trustworthy ML can resolve all these ethical problems. Finally, we elaborate on the limitations of existing approaches and highlight various open research problems that require further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khansa Rasheed
- IHSAN Lab, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Adnan Qayyum
- IHSAN Lab, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammed Ghaly
- Research Center for Islamic Legislation and Ethics (CILE), College of Islamic Studies, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ala Al-Fuqaha
- Information and Computing Technology Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar.
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars program, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Junaid Qadir
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Ahsan MA, Qayyum A, Razi A, Qadir J. An active learning method for diabetic retinopathy classification with uncertainty quantification. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:2797-2811. [PMID: 35859243 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, deep learning (DL) techniques have provided state-of-the-art performance in medical imaging. However, good quality (annotated) medical data is in general hard to find due to the usually high cost of medical images, limited availability of expert annotators (e.g., radiologists), and the amount of time required for annotation. In addition, DL is data-hungry and its training requires extensive computational resources. Furthermore, DL being a black-box method lacks transparency on its inner working and lacks fundamental understanding behind decisions made by the model and consequently, this notion enhances the uncertainty on its predictions. To this end, we address these challenges by proposing a hybrid model, which uses a Bayesian convolutional neural network (BCNN) for uncertainty quantification, and an active learning approach for annotating the unlabeled data. The BCNN is used as a feature descriptor and these features are then used for training a model, in an active learning setting. We evaluate the proposed framework for diabetic retinopathy classification problem and demonstrate state-of-the-art performance in terms of different metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adnan Qayyum
- Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK.,CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada
| | - Junaid Qadir
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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20
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Voigt K, Andrews ZB, Harding IH, Razi A, Verdejo-Garcia A. Hypothalamic effective connectivity at rest is associated with body weight and energy homeostasis. Netw Neurosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Hunger and satiety drive eating behaviours via changes in brain function. The hypothalamus is a central component of the brain networks that regulate food intake. Animal research parsed the roles of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and medial hypothalamus (MH) in hunger and satiety respectively. Here, we examined how hunger and satiety change information flow between human LH and MH brain networks, and how these interactions are influenced by body mass index (BMI). Forty participants (16 overweight/obese) underwent two resting-state functional MRI scans whilst being fasted and sated. The excitatory/inhibitory influence of information flow between the MH and LH was modelled using spectral dynamic causal modelling. Our results revealed two core networks interacting across homeostatic state and weight: subcortical bidirectional connections between the LH, MH and the substantia nigra pars compacta (prSN), and cortical top-down inhibition from frontoparietal and temporal areas. During fasting, we found higher inhibition between the LH and prSN, whereas the prSN received greater top-down inhibition from across the cortex. Individuals with higher BMI showed that these network dynamics occur irrespective of homeostatic state. Our findings reveal fasting affects brain dynamics over a distributed hypothalamic-midbrain-cortical network. This network is less sensitive to state-related fluctuations among people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Voigt
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian H. Harding
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adeel Razi
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
AbstractEdge time series are increasingly used in brain imaging to study the node functional connectivity (nFC) dynamics at the finest temporal resolution while avoiding sliding windows. Here, we lay the mathematical foundations for the edge-centric analysis of neuroimaging time series, explaining why a few high-amplitude cofluctuations drive the nFC across datasets. Our exposition also constitutes a critique of the existing edge-centric studies, showing that their main findings can be derived from the nFC under a static null hypothesis that disregards temporal correlations. Testing the analytic predictions on functional MRI data from the Human Connectome Project confirms that the nFC can explain most variation in the edge FC matrix, the edge communities, the large cofluctuations, and the corresponding spatial patterns. We encourage the use of dynamic measures in future research, which exploit the temporal structure of the edge time series and cannot be replicated by static null models.
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22
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Jamieson AJ, Harrison BJ, Razi A, Davey CG. Rostral anterior cingulate network effective connectivity in depressed adolescents and associations with treatment response in a randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1240-1248. [PMID: 34782701 PMCID: PMC9018815 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) is consistently implicated in the neurobiology of depression. While the functional connectivity of the rACC has been previously associated with treatment response, there is a paucity of work investigating the specific directional interactions underpinning these associations. We compared the fMRI resting-state effective connectivity of 94 young people with major depressive disorder and 91 healthy controls. Following the fMRI scan, patients were randomized to receive cognitive behavioral therapy for 12 weeks, plus either fluoxetine or a placebo. Using spectral dynamic causal modelling, we examined the effective connectivity of the rACC with eight other regions implicated in depression: the left and right anterior insular cortex (AIC), amygdalae, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC); and in the midline, the subgenual (sgACC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). Parametric empirical Bayes was used to compare baseline differences between controls and patients and responders and non-responders to treatment. Depressed patients demonstrated greater inhibitory connectivity from the rACC to the dlPFC, AIC, dACC and left amygdala. Moreover, treatment responders illustrated greater inhibitory connectivity from the rACC to dACC, greater excitatory connectivity from the dACC to sgACC and reduced inhibitory connectivity from the sgACC to amygdalae at baseline. The inhibitory hyperconnectivity of the rACC in depressed patients aligns with hypotheses concerning the dominance of the default mode network over other intrinsic brain networks. Surprisingly, treatment responders did not demonstrate connectivity which was more similar to healthy controls, but rather distinct alterations that may have predicated their enhanced treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J. Jamieson
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC Australia
| | - Ben J. Harrison
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC Australia
| | - Adeel Razi
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health & Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ,grid.450002.30000 0004 0611 8165Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK ,grid.440050.50000 0004 0408 2525CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Christopher G. Davey
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
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23
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Stoliker D, Egan GF, Razi A. Reduced Precision Underwrites Ego Dissolution and Therapeutic Outcomes Under Psychedelics. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:827400. [PMID: 35368271 PMCID: PMC8968396 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.827400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests classic psychedelics reduce the precision of belief updating and enable access to a range of alternate hypotheses that underwrite how we make sense of the world. This process, in the higher cortices, has been postulated to explain the therapeutic efficacy of psychedelics for the treatment of internalizing disorders. We argue reduced precision also underpins change to consciousness, known as “ego dissolution,” and that alterations to consciousness and attention under psychedelics have a common mechanism of reduced precision of Bayesian belief updating. Evidence, connecting the role of serotonergic receptors to large-scale connectivity changes in the cortex, suggests the precision of Bayesian belief updating may be a mechanism to modify and investigate consciousness and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Stoliker
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Devon Stoliker,
| | - Gary F. Egan
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Programs, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Sabaroedin K, Razi A, Chopra S, Tran N, Pozaruk A, Chen Z, Finlay A, Nelson B, Allott K, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Graham J, Yuen HP, Harrigan S, Cropley V, Sharma S, Saluja B, Williams R, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, O’Donoghue B, Francey S, McGorry P, Aquino K, Fornito A. Frontostriatothalamic effective connectivity and dopaminergic function in the psychosis continuum. Brain 2022; 146:372-386. [PMID: 35094052 PMCID: PMC9825436 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of fronto-striato-thalamic (FST) circuits is thought to contribute to dopaminergic dysfunction and symptom onset in psychosis, but it remains unclear whether this dysfunction is driven by aberrant bottom-up subcortical signalling or impaired top-down cortical regulation. We used spectral dynamic causal modelling of resting-state functional MRI to characterize the effective connectivity of dorsal and ventral FST circuits in a sample of 46 antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis patients and 23 controls and an independent sample of 36 patients with established schizophrenia and 100 controls. We also investigated the association between FST effective connectivity and striatal 18F-DOPA uptake in an independent healthy cohort of 33 individuals who underwent concurrent functional MRI and PET. Using a posterior probability threshold of 0.95, we found that midbrain and thalamic connectivity were implicated as dysfunctional across both patient groups. Dysconnectivity in first-episode psychosis patients was mainly restricted to the subcortex, with positive symptom severity being associated with midbrain connectivity. Dysconnectivity between the cortex and subcortical systems was only apparent in established schizophrenia patients. In the healthy 18F-DOPA cohort, we found that striatal dopamine synthesis capacity was associated with the effective connectivity of nigrostriatal and striatothalamic pathways, implicating similar circuits to those associated with psychotic symptom severity in patients. Overall, our findings indicate that subcortical dysconnectivity is evident in the early stages of psychosis, that cortical dysfunction may emerge later in the illness, and that nigrostriatal and striatothalamic signalling are closely related to striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, which is a robust marker for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sabaroedin
- Correspondence to: Kristina Sabaroedin Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia E-mail:
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Sidhant Chopra
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nancy Tran
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrii Pozaruk
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zhaolin Chen
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kelly Allott
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mario Alvarez-Jimenez
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica Graham
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hok P Yuen
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Susy Harrigan
- Department of Social Work, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville. Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Vanessa Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sujit Sharma
- Monash Health, Dandenong, Victoria 3175, Australia
| | | | - Rob Williams
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia,The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Brian O’Donoghue
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shona Francey
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick McGorry
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kevin Aquino
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Bian L, Cui T, Thomas Yeo BT, Fornito A, Razi A, Keith J. Identification of community structure-based brain states and transitions using functional MRI. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118635. [PMID: 34624503 PMCID: PMC8905300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-based detection of discrete brain states using stochastic latent block model. Bayesian change-point detection and model selection via posterior predictive discrepancy. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for estimation of community memberships. Distinctive brain states for varying task demands in working memory task fMRI.
Brain function relies on a precisely coordinated and dynamic balance between the functional integration and segregation of distinct networks. Characterizing the way in which brain regions reconfigure their interactions to give rise to distinct but hidden brain states remains an open challenge. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian method for characterizing community structure-based latent brain states and showcase a novel strategy based on posterior predictive discrepancy using the latent block model to detect transitions between community structures in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) time series. The set of estimated parameters in the model includes a latent label vector that assigns network nodes to communities, and also block model parameters that reflect the weighted connectivity within and between communities. Besides extensive in-silico model evaluation, we also provide empirical validation (and replication) using the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset of 100 healthy adults. Our results obtained through an analysis of task-fMRI data during working memory performance show appropriate lags between external task demands and change-points between brain states, with distinctive community patterns distinguishing fixation, low-demand and high-demand task conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Bian
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Tiangang Cui
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Australia
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex Fornito
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Australia
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Australia; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, United Kingdom; CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada.
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Rasheed K, Qadir J, O’Brien TJ, Kuhlmann L, Razi A. A Generative Model to Synthesize EEG Data for Epileptic Seizure Prediction. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:2322-2332. [PMID: 34727036 PMCID: PMC8592500 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3125023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scarcity of good quality electroencephalography (EEG) data is one of the roadblocks for accurate seizure prediction. This work proposes a deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) to generate synthetic EEG data. Another objective of our study is to use transfer-learning (TL) for evaluating the performance of four well-known deep-learning (DL) models to predict epileptic seizure. METHODS We proposed an algorithm that generate synthetic data using DCGAN trained on real EEG data in a patient-specific manner. We validate quality of generated data using one-class SVM and a new proposal namely convolutional epileptic seizure predictor (CESP). We evaluate performance of VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, and Inceptionv3 trained on augmented data using TL with average time of 10 min between true prediction and seizure onset samples. RESULTS The CESP model achieves sensitivity of 78.11% and 88.21%, and false prediction rate of 0.27/h and 0.14/h for training on synthesized and testing on real Epilepsyecosystem and CHB-MIT datasets, respectively. Using TL and augmented data, Inceptionv3 achieved highest accuracy with sensitivity of 90.03% and 0.03 FPR/h. With the proposed data augmentation method prediction results of CESP model and Inceptionv3 increased by 4-5% as compared to state-of-the-art augmentation techniques. CONCLUSION The performance of CESP shows that synthetic data acquired association between features and labels very well and by using the augmented data CESP predicted better than chance level for both datasets. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed DCGAN can be used to generate synthetic data to increase the prediction performance and to overcome good quality data scarcity issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khansa Rasheed
- Department of Electrical EngineeringInformation Technology University (ITU)PunjabLahore54000Pakistan
| | - Junaid Qadir
- Department of Electrical EngineeringInformation Technology University (ITU)PunjabLahore54000Pakistan
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringCollege of EngineeringQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Terence J. O’Brien
- Department of NeuroscienceCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVIC3800Australia
| | - Levin Kuhlmann
- Faculty of Information TechnologyMonash UniversityClaytonVIC3800Australia
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash UniversityClaytonVIC3800Australia
- Wellcome Centre for Human NeuroimagingUCLLondonWC1E 6BTU.K
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars ProgramCIFARTorontoONM5G 1M1Canada
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27
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Voigt K, Razi A, Harding IH, Andrews ZB, Verdejo-Garcia A. Neural network modelling reveals changes in directional connectivity between cortical and hypothalamic regions with increased BMI. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2447-2454. [PMID: 34341471 PMCID: PMC8528693 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity has been ascribed to corticostriatal regions taking control over homeostatic areas. To test this assumption, we applied an effective connectivity approach to reveal the direction of information flow between brain regions and the valence of connections (excitatory versus inhibitory) as a function of increased BMI and homeostatic state. SUBJECTS/METHODS Forty-one participants (21 overweight/obese) underwent two resting-state fMRI scans: after overnight fasting (hunger) and following a standardised meal (satiety). We used spectral dynamic causal modelling to unravel hunger and increased BMI-related changes in directed connectivity between cortical, insular, striatal and hypothalamic regions. RESULTS During hunger, as compared to satiety, we found increased excitation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex over the ventral striatum and hypothalamus, suggesting enhanced top-down modulation compensating energy depletion. Increased BMI was associated with increased excitation of the anterior insula over the hypothalamus across the hunger and satiety conditions. The interaction of hunger and increased BMI yielded decreased intra-cortical excitation from the dorso-lateral to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that excess weight and obesity is associated with persistent top-down excitation of the hypothalamus, regardless of homeostatic state, and hunger-related reductions of dorso-lateral to ventromedial prefrontal inputs. These findings are compatible with eating without hunger and reduced self-regulation views of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Voigt
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adeel Razi
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ian H Harding
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Nair A, Razi A, Gregory S, Rutledge RR, Rees G, Tabrizi SJ. Imbalanced basal ganglia connectivity is associated with motor deficits and apathy in Huntington's disease. Brain 2021; 145:991-1000. [PMID: 34633421 PMCID: PMC9050569 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gating of movement depends on activity within the cortico-striato-thalamic loops. Within these loops, emerging from the cells of the striatum, run two opponent pathways—the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways. Both are complex and polysynaptic, but the overall effect of activity within these pathways is thought to encourage and inhibit movement, respectively. In Huntington’s disease, the preferential early loss of striatal neurons forming the indirect pathway is thought to lead to disinhibition, giving rise to the characteristic motor features of the condition. But early Huntington’s disease is also associated with apathy, a loss of motivation and failure to engage in goal-directed movement. We hypothesized that in Huntington’s disease, motor signs and apathy may be selectively correlated with indirect and direct pathway dysfunction, respectively. We used spectral dynamic casual modelling of resting-state functional MRI data to model effective connectivity in a model of these cortico-striatal pathways. We tested both of these hypotheses in vivo for the first time in a large cohort of patients with prodromal Huntington’s disease. Using an advanced approach at the group level we combined parametric empirical Bayes and Bayesian model reduction procedures to generate a large number of competing models and compare them using Bayesian model comparison. With this automated Bayesian approach, associations between clinical measures and connectivity parameters emerge de novo from the data. We found very strong evidence (posterior probability > 0.99) to support both of our hypotheses. First, more severe motor signs in Huntington’s disease were associated with altered connectivity in the indirect pathway components of our model and, by comparison, loss of goal-direct behaviour or apathy, was associated with changes in the direct pathway component. The empirical evidence we provide here demonstrates that imbalanced basal ganglia connectivity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of some of commonest and disabling features of Huntington’s disease and may have important implications for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Nair
- Huntington's Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.,UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17-19 Queen Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton 3800, Australia.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Sarah Gregory
- Huntington's Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Robb R Rutledge
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Geraint Rees
- Huntington's Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.,UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17-19 Queen Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Huntington's Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
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Hidalgo-Lopez E, Zeidman P, Harris T, Razi A, Pletzer B. Spectral dynamic causal modelling in healthy women reveals brain connectivity changes along the menstrual cycle. Commun Biol 2021; 4:954. [PMID: 34376799 PMCID: PMC8355156 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal menstrual cycle studies allow to investigate the effects of ovarian hormones on brain organization. Here, we use spectral dynamic causal modelling (spDCM) in a triple network model to assess effective connectivity changes along the menstrual cycle within and between the default mode, salience and executive control networks (DMN, SN, and ECN). Sixty healthy young women were scanned three times along their menstrual cycle, during early follicular, pre-ovulatory and mid-luteal phase. Related to estradiol, right before ovulation the left insula recruits the ECN, while the right middle frontal gyrus decreases its connectivity to the precuneus and the DMN decouples into anterior/posterior parts. Related to progesterone during the mid-luteal phase, the insulae (SN) engage to each other, while decreasing their connectivity to parietal ECN, which in turn engages the posterior DMN. When including the most confident connections in a leave-one out cross-validation, we find an above-chance prediction of the left-out subjects' cycle phase. These findings corroborate the plasticity of the female brain in response to acute hormone fluctuations and may help to further understand the neuroendocrine interactions underlying cognitive changes along the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Hidalgo-Lopez
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Peter Zeidman
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - TiAnni Harris
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Adeel Razi
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Belinda Pletzer
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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Nair A, Razi A, Gregory S, Rutledge R, Rees G, Tabrizi S. #3101 Imbalanced basal ganglia connectivity is associated with motor deficits and apathy in Huntingtons disease: first evidence from human in vivo neuroimaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-bnpa.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe gating of movement in humans is thought to depend on activity within the cortico-striato-thalamic loops. Within these loops, emerging from the cells of the striatum, run two opponent pathways the direct and indirect pathway. Both are complex and polysynaptic but the overall effect of activity within these pathways is to encourage and inhibit movement respectively. In Huntingtons disease (HD), the preferential early loss of striatal neurons forming the indirect pathway is thought to lead to disinhibition that gives rise to the characteristic motor features of the condition. But early HD is also specifically associated with apathy, a failure to engage in goal-directed movement. We hypothesised that in HD, motor signs and apathy may be selectively correlated with indirect and direct pathway dysfunction respectively.MethodsUsing a novel technique for estimating dynamic effective connectivity of the basal ganglia, we tested both of these hypotheses in vivo for the first time in a large cohort of patients with prodromal HD (n = 94). We used spectral dynamic casual modelling of resting state fMRI data to model effective connectivity in a model of these cortico-striatal pathways. We used an advanced approach at the group level by combining Parametric Empirical Bayes and Bayesian Model Reduction procedure to generate large number of competing models and compare them by using Bayesian model comparison.ResultsWith this fully Bayesian approach, associations between clinical measures and connectivity parameters emerge de novo from the data. We found very strong evidence (posterior probability > 0.99) to support both of our hypotheses. Firstly, more severe motor signs in HD were associated with altered connectivity in the indirect pathway and by comparison, loss of goal-direct behaviour or apathy, was associated with changes in the direct pathway component of our model.ConclusionsThe empirical evidence we provide here is the first in vivo demonstration that imbalanced basal ganglia connectivity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of some of commonest and disabling features of HD and may have important implications for therapeutics.
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31
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Abeyasinghe PM, Long JD, Razi A, Pustina D, Paulsen JS, Tabrizi SJ, Poudel GR, Georgiou-Karistianis N. Tracking Huntington's Disease Progression Using Motor, Functional, Cognitive, and Imaging Markers. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2282-2292. [PMID: 34014005 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential therapeutic targets and clinical trials for Huntington's disease have grown immensely in the last decade. However, to improve clinical trial outcomes, there is a need to better characterize profiles of signs and symptoms across different epochs of the disease to improve selection of participants. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to best distinguish longitudinal trajectories across different Huntington's disease progression groups. METHODS Clinical and morphometric imaging data from 1082 participants across IMAGE-HD, TRACK-HD, and PREDICT-HD studies were combined, with longitudinal times ranging between 1 and 10 years. Participants were classified into 4 groups using CAG and age product. Using multivariate linear mixed modeling, 63 combinations of markers were tested for their sensitivity in differentiating CAG and age product groups. Next, multivariate linear mixed modeling was applied to define the best combination of markers to track progression across individual CAG and age product groups. RESULTS Putamen and caudate volumes, individually and/or combined, were identified as the best variables to both differentiate CAG and age product groups and track progression within them. The model using only caudate volume best described advanced disease progression in the combined data set. Contrary to expectations, combining clinical markers and volumetric measures did not improve tracking longitudinal progression. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring volumetric changes throughout a trial (alongside primary and secondary clinical end points) may provide a more comprehensive understanding of improvements in functional outcomes and help to improve the design of clinical trials. Alternatively, our results suggest that imaging deserves consideration as an end point in clinical trials because of the prospect of greater sensitivity. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubu M Abeyasinghe
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Long
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver Collage of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Adeel Razi
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorian Pustina
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jane S Paulsen
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- UCL Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Huntington's Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Govinda R Poudel
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Bajaj S, Raikes AC, Razi A, Miller MA, Killgore WDS. Blue-Light Therapy Strengthens Resting-State Effective Connectivity within Default-Mode Network after Mild TBI. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2021; 13:11795735211015076. [PMID: 34104033 PMCID: PMC8145607 DOI: 10.1177/11795735211015076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence suggests that post concussive symptoms, including mood changes, may be improved through morning blue-wavelength light therapy (BLT). However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. We hypothesize that BLT may influence the effective brain connectivity (EC) patterns within the default-mode network (DMN), particularly involving the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), which may contribute to improvements in mood. Methods: Resting-state functional MRI data were collected from 41 healthy-controls (HCs) and 28 individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Individuals with mTBI also underwent a diffusion-weighted imaging scan and were randomly assigned to complete either 6 weeks of daily morning BLT (N = 14) or amber light therapy (ALT; N = 14). Advanced spectral dynamic causal modeling (sDCM) and diffusion MRI connectometry were used to estimate EC patterns and structural connectivity strength within the DMN, respectively. Results: The sDCM analysis showed dominant connectivity pattern following mTBI (pre-treatment) within the hemisphere contralateral to the one observed for HCs. BLT, but not ALT, resulted in improved directional information flow (ie, EC) from the left lateral parietal cortex (LLPC) to MPFC within the DMN. The improvement in EC from LLPC to MPFC was accompanied by stronger structural connectivity between the 2 areas. For the BLT group, the observed improvements in function and structure were correlated (at a trend level) with changes in self-reported happiness. Conclusions: The current preliminary findings provide empirical evidence that morning short-wavelength light therapy could be used as a novel alternative rehabilitation technique for mTBI. Trial registry: The research protocols were registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov database (CT Identifiers NCT01747811 and NCT01721356).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Bajaj
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (SCAN) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Multimodal Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (MCNL), Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
- Sahil Bajaj, Multimodal Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14015 Flanagan Blvd. Suite #102, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA.
| | - Adam C Raikes
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, and Monash Biomedical Imaging at Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Michael A Miller
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (SCAN) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - William DS Killgore
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (SCAN) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Friston KJ, Parr T, Zeidman P, Razi A, Flandin G, Daunizeau J, Hulme OJ, Billig AJ, Litvak V, Price CJ, Moran RJ, Lambert C. Second waves, social distancing, and the spread of COVID-19 across the USA. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:103. [PMID: 33954262 PMCID: PMC8063524 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15986.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a dynamic causal model of a COVID-19 outbreak within a single region. Here, we combine several instantiations of this (epidemic) model to create a (pandemic) model of viral spread among regions. Our focus is on a second wave of new cases that may result from loss of immunity-and the exchange of people between regions-and how mortality rates can be ameliorated under different strategic responses. In particular, we consider hard or soft social distancing strategies predicated on national (Federal) or regional (State) estimates of the prevalence of infection in the population. The modelling is demonstrated using timeseries of new cases and deaths from the United States to estimate the parameters of a factorial (compartmental) epidemiological model of each State and, crucially, coupling between States. Using Bayesian model reduction, we identify the effective connectivity between States that best explains the initial phases of the outbreak in the United States. Using the ensuing posterior parameter estimates, we then evaluate the likely outcomes of different policies in terms of mortality, working days lost due to lockdown and demands upon critical care. The provisional results of this modelling suggest that social distancing and loss of immunity are the two key factors that underwrite a return to endemic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Parr
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Zeidman
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Adeel Razi
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Guillaume Flandin
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jean Daunizeau
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM UMRS 1127, Paris, France
| | - Oliver J. Hulme
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- London Mathematical Laboratory, Hammersmith, UK
| | | | - Vladimir Litvak
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Catherine J. Price
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rosalyn J. Moran
- Centre for Neuroimaging Science, Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Lambert
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Friston KJ, Fagerholm ED, Zarghami TS, Parr T, Hipólito I, Magrou L, Razi A. Parcels and particles: Markov blankets in the brain. Netw Neurosci 2021; 5:211-251. [PMID: 33688613 PMCID: PMC7935044 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
At the inception of human brain mapping, two principles of functional anatomy underwrote most conceptions-and analyses-of distributed brain responses: namely, functional segregation and integration. There are currently two main approaches to characterizing functional integration. The first is a mechanistic modeling of connectomics in terms of directed effective connectivity that mediates neuronal message passing and dynamics on neuronal circuits. The second phenomenological approach usually characterizes undirected functional connectivity (i.e., measurable correlations), in terms of intrinsic brain networks, self-organized criticality, dynamical instability, and so on. This paper describes a treatment of effective connectivity that speaks to the emergence of intrinsic brain networks and critical dynamics. It is predicated on the notion of Markov blankets that play a fundamental role in the self-organization of far from equilibrium systems. Using the apparatus of the renormalization group, we show that much of the phenomenology found in network neuroscience is an emergent property of a particular partition of neuronal states, over progressively coarser scales. As such, it offers a way of linking dynamics on directed graphs to the phenomenology of intrinsic brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik D. Fagerholm
- Department of Neuroimaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tahereh S. Zarghami
- Bio-Electric Department, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Amirabad, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Hipólito
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, and Institut für Philosophie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Loïc Magrou
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Adeel Razi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Friston KJ, Parr T, Zeidman P, Razi A, Flandin G, Daunizeau J, Hulme OJ, Billig AJ, Litvak V, Price CJ, Moran RJ, Lambert C. Testing and tracking in the UK: A dynamic causal modelling study. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16004.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
By equipping a previously reported dynamic causal modelling of COVID-19 with an isolation state, we were able to model the effects of self-isolation consequent on testing and tracking. Specifically, we included a quarantine or isolation state occupied by people who believe they might be infected but are asymptomatic—and could only leave if they test negative. We recovered maximum posteriori estimates of the model parameters using time series of new cases, daily deaths, and tests for the UK. These parameters were used to simulate the trajectory of the outbreak in the UK over an 18-month period. Several clear-cut conclusions emerged from these simulations. For example, under plausible (graded) relaxations of social distancing, a rebound of infections is highly unlikely. The emergence of a second wave depends almost exclusively on the rate at which we lose immunity, inherited from the first wave. There exists no testing strategy that can attenuate mortality rates, other than by deferring or delaying a second wave. A testing and tracking policy—implemented at the present time—will defer any second wave beyond a time horizon of 18 months. Crucially, this deferment is within current testing capabilities (requiring an efficacy of tracing and tracking of about 20% of asymptomatic infected cases, with 50,000 tests per day). These conclusions are based upon a dynamic causal model for which we provide some construct and face validation—using a comparative analysis of the United Kingdom and Germany, supplemented with recent serological studies.
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Friston KJ, Parr T, Zeidman P, Razi A, Flandin G, Daunizeau J, Hulme OJ, Billig AJ, Litvak V, Price CJ, Moran RJ, Lambert C. Second waves, social distancing, and the spread of COVID-19 across the USA. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:103. [PMID: 33954262 PMCID: PMC8063524 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15986.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently described a dynamic causal model of a COVID-19 outbreak within a single region. Here, we combine several instantiations of this (epidemic) model to create a (pandemic) model of viral spread among regions. Our focus is on a second wave of new cases that may result from loss of immunity-and the exchange of people between regions-and how mortality rates can be ameliorated under different strategic responses. In particular, we consider hard or soft social distancing strategies predicated on national (Federal) or regional (State) estimates of the prevalence of infection in the population. The modelling is demonstrated using timeseries of new cases and deaths from the United States to estimate the parameters of a factorial (compartmental) epidemiological model of each State and, crucially, coupling between States. Using Bayesian model reduction, we identify the effective connectivity between States that best explains the initial phases of the outbreak in the United States. Using the ensuing posterior parameter estimates, we then evaluate the likely outcomes of different policies in terms of mortality, working days lost due to lockdown and demands upon critical care. The provisional results of this modelling suggest that social distancing and loss of immunity are the two key factors that underwrite a return to endemic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Parr
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Zeidman
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Adeel Razi
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Guillaume Flandin
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jean Daunizeau
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM UMRS 1127, Paris, France
| | - Oliver J. Hulme
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- London Mathematical Laboratory, Hammersmith, UK
| | | | - Vladimir Litvak
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Catherine J. Price
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rosalyn J. Moran
- Centre for Neuroimaging Science, Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Lambert
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Rasheed K, Qayyum A, Qadir J, Sivathamboo S, Kwan P, Kuhlmann L, O'Brien T, Razi A. Machine Learning for Predicting Epileptic Seizures Using EEG Signals: A Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 14:139-155. [PMID: 32746369 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2020.3008792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the advancement in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques, researchers are striving towards employing these techniques for advancing clinical practice. One of the key objectives in healthcare is the early detection and prediction of disease to timely provide preventive interventions. This is especially the case for epilepsy, which is characterized by recurrent and unpredictable seizures. Patients can be relieved from the adverse consequences of epileptic seizures if it could somehow be predicted in advance. Despite decades of research, seizure prediction remains an unsolved problem. This is likely to remain at least partly because of the inadequate amount of data to resolve the problem. There have been exciting new developments in ML-based algorithms that have the potential to deliver a paradigm shift in the early and accurate prediction of epileptic seizures. Here we provide a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art ML techniques in early prediction of seizures using EEG signals. We will identify the gaps, challenges, and pitfalls in the current research and recommend future directions.
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Paquola C, Benkarim O, DeKraker J, Larivière S, Frässle S, Royer J, Tavakol S, Valk S, Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N, Khan A, Evans AC, Razi A, Smallwood J, Bernhardt BC. Convergence of cortical types and functional motifs in the human mesiotemporal lobe. eLife 2020; 9:e60673. [PMID: 33146610 PMCID: PMC7671688 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesiotemporal lobe (MTL) is implicated in many cognitive processes, is compromised in numerous brain disorders, and exhibits a gradual cytoarchitectural transition from six-layered parahippocampal isocortex to three-layered hippocampal allocortex. Leveraging an ultra-high-resolution histological reconstruction of a human brain, our study showed that the dominant axis of MTL cytoarchitectural differentiation follows the iso-to-allocortical transition and depth-specific variations in neuronal density. Projecting the histology-derived MTL model to in-vivo functional MRI, we furthermore determined how its cytoarchitecture underpins its intrinsic effective connectivity and association to large-scale networks. Here, the cytoarchitectural gradient was found to underpin intrinsic effective connectivity of the MTL, but patterns differed along the anterior-posterior axis. Moreover, while the iso-to-allocortical gradient parametrically represented the multiple-demand relative to task-negative networks, anterior-posterior gradients represented transmodal versus unimodal networks. Our findings establish that the combination of micro- and macrostructural features allow the MTL to represent dominant motifs of whole-brain functional organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Paquola
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Oualid Benkarim
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Jordan DeKraker
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
| | - Sara Larivière
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Stefan Frässle
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jessica Royer
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Shahin Tavakol
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Sofie Valk
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging Of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Neda Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging Of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Ali Khan
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | | | | | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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Benhamou E, Marshall CR, Russell LL, Hardy CJD, Bond RL, Sivasathiaseelan H, Greaves CV, Friston KJ, Rohrer JD, Warren JD, Razi A. The neurophysiological architecture of semantic dementia: spectral dynamic causal modelling of a neurodegenerative proteinopathy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16321. [PMID: 33004840 PMCID: PMC7530731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective destruction of large-scale brain networks by pathogenic protein spread is a ubiquitous theme in neurodegenerative disease. Characterising the circuit architecture of these diseases could illuminate both their pathophysiology and the computational architecture of the cognitive processes they target. However, this is challenging using standard neuroimaging techniques. Here we addressed this issue using a novel technique-spectral dynamic causal modelling-that estimates the effective connectivity between brain regions from resting-state fMRI data. We studied patients with semantic dementia-the paradigmatic disorder of the brain system mediating world knowledge-relative to healthy older individuals. We assessed how the effective connectivity of the semantic appraisal network targeted by this disease was modulated by pathogenic protein deposition and by two key phenotypic factors, semantic impairment and behavioural disinhibition. The presence of pathogenic protein in SD weakened the normal inhibitory self-coupling of network hubs in both antero-mesial temporal lobes, with development of an abnormal excitatory fronto-temporal projection in the left cerebral hemisphere. Semantic impairment and social disinhibition were linked to a similar but more extensive profile of abnormally attenuated inhibitory self-coupling within temporal lobe regions and excitatory projections between temporal and inferior frontal regions. Our findings demonstrate that population-level dynamic causal modelling can disclose a core pathophysiological feature of proteinopathic network architecture-attenuation of inhibitory connectivity-and the key elements of distributed neuronal processing that underwrite semantic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Benhamou
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
| | - Charles R Marshall
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Chris J D Hardy
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Rebecca L Bond
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Harri Sivasathiaseelan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Adeel Razi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Friston KJ, Parr T, Zeidman P, Razi A, Flandin G, Daunizeau J, Hulme OJ, Billig AJ, Litvak V, Price CJ, Moran RJ, Costello A, Pillay D, Lambert C. Effective immunity and second waves: a dynamic causal modelling study. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:204. [PMID: 33088924 PMCID: PMC7549178 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16253.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This technical report addresses a pressing issue in the trajectory of the coronavirus outbreak; namely, the rate at which effective immunity is lost following the first wave of the pandemic. This is a crucial epidemiological parameter that speaks to both the consequences of relaxing lockdown and the propensity for a second wave of infections. Using a dynamic causal model of reported cases and deaths from multiple countries, we evaluated the evidence models of progressively longer periods of immunity. The results speak to an effective population immunity of about three months that, under the model, defers any second wave for approximately six months in most countries. This may have implications for the window of opportunity for tracking and tracing, as well as for developing vaccination programmes, and other therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Parr
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Zeidman
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adeel Razi
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Guillaume Flandin
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jean Daunizeau
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM UMRS 1127, Paris, France
| | - Oliver J. Hulme
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- London Mathematical Laboratory, Hammersmith, London, UK
| | | | - Vladimir Litvak
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy J. Price
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosalyn J. Moran
- Centre for Neuroimaging Science, Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Costello
- UCL Institute for Global Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Deenan Pillay
- UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Lambert
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
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41
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Sokolov AA, Zeidman P, Razi A, Erb M, Ryvlin P, Pavlova MA, Friston KJ. Asymmetric high-order anatomical brain connectivity sculpts effective connectivity. Netw Neurosci 2020; 4:871-890. [PMID: 33615094 PMCID: PMC7888488 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bridging the gap between symmetric, direct white matter brain connectivity and neural dynamics that are often asymmetric and polysynaptic may offer insights into brain architecture, but this remains an unresolved challenge in neuroscience. Here, we used the graph Laplacian matrix to simulate symmetric and asymmetric high-order diffusion processes akin to particles spreading through white matter pathways. The simulated indirect structural connectivity outperformed direct as well as absent anatomical information in sculpting effective connectivity, a measure of causal and directed brain dynamics. Crucially, an asymmetric diffusion process determined by the sensitivity of the network nodes to their afferents best predicted effective connectivity. The outcome is consistent with brain regions adapting to maintain their sensitivity to inputs within a dynamic range. Asymmetric network communication models offer a promising perspective for understanding the relationship between structural and functional brain connectomes, both in normalcy and neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseny A. Sokolov
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, University Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Service de Neurologie and Neuroscape@NeuroTech Platform, Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neuroscape Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Zeidman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adeel Razi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Michael Erb
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University of Tübingen Medical School, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philippe Ryvlin
- Service de Neurologie and Neuroscape@NeuroTech Platform, Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marina A. Pavlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen Medical School, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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42
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Friston KJ, Parr T, Zeidman P, Razi A, Flandin G, Daunizeau J, Hulme OJ, Billig AJ, Litvak V, Price CJ, Moran RJ, Costello A, Pillay D, Lambert C. Effective immunity and second waves: a dynamic causal modelling study. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:204. [PMID: 33088924 PMCID: PMC7549178 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16253.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This technical report addresses a pressing issue in the trajectory of the coronavirus outbreak; namely, the rate at which effective immunity is lost following the first wave of the pandemic. This is a crucial epidemiological parameter that speaks to both the consequences of relaxing lockdown and the propensity for a second wave of infections. Using a dynamic causal model of reported cases and deaths from multiple countries, we evaluated the evidence models of progressively longer periods of immunity. The results speak to an effective population immunity of about three months that, under the model, defers any second wave for approximately six months in most countries. This may have implications for the window of opportunity for tracking and tracing, as well as for developing vaccination programmes, and other therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Parr
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Zeidman
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adeel Razi
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Guillaume Flandin
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jean Daunizeau
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM UMRS 1127, Paris, France
| | - Oliver J. Hulme
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- London Mathematical Laboratory, Hammersmith, London, UK
| | | | - Vladimir Litvak
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy J. Price
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosalyn J. Moran
- Centre for Neuroimaging Science, Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Costello
- UCL Institute for Global Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Deenan Pillay
- UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Lambert
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
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Friston KJ, Parr T, Zeidman P, Razi A, Flandin G, Daunizeau J, Hulme OJ, Billig AJ, Litvak V, Moran RJ, Price CJ, Lambert C. Dynamic causal modelling of COVID-19. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:89. [PMID: 32832701 PMCID: PMC7431977 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15881.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This technical report describes a dynamic causal model of the spread of coronavirus through a population. The model is based upon ensemble or population dynamics that generate outcomes, like new cases and deaths over time. The purpose of this model is to quantify the uncertainty that attends predictions of relevant outcomes. By assuming suitable conditional dependencies, one can model the effects of interventions (e.g., social distancing) and differences among populations (e.g., herd immunity) to predict what might happen in different circumstances. Technically, this model leverages state-of-the-art variational (Bayesian) model inversion and comparison procedures, originally developed to characterise the responses of neuronal ensembles to perturbations. Here, this modelling is applied to epidemiological populations-to illustrate the kind of inferences that are supported and how the model per se can be optimised given timeseries data. Although the purpose of this paper is to describe a modelling protocol, the results illustrate some interesting perspectives on the current pandemic; for example, the nonlinear effects of herd immunity that speak to a self-organised mitigation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Zeidman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Adeel Razi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health & Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Guillaume Flandin
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jean Daunizeau
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM UMRS, Paris, 1127, France
| | - Ollie J. Hulme
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- London Mathematical Laboratory, Hammersmith, London, UK
| | | | - Vladimir Litvak
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rosalyn J. Moran
- Centre for Neuroimaging Science, Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy J. Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christian Lambert
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Latif S, Usman M, Manzoor S, Iqbal W, Qadir J, Tyson G, Castro I, Razi A, Boulos MNK, Weller A, Crowcroft J. Leveraging Data Science to Combat COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Trans Artif Intell 2020; 1:85-103. [PMID: 37982070 PMCID: PMC8545032 DOI: 10.1109/tai.2020.3020521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in March 2020. By mid-August 2020, more than 21 million people have tested positive worldwide. Infections have been growing rapidly and tremendous efforts are being made to fight the disease. In this paper, we attempt to systematise the various COVID-19 research activities leveraging data science, where we define data science broadly to encompass the various methods and tools-including those from artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), statistics, modeling, simulation, and data visualization-that can be used to store, process, and extract insights from data. In addition to reviewing the rapidly growing body of recent research, we survey public datasets and repositories that can be used for further work to track COVID-19 spread and mitigation strategies. As part of this, we present a bibliometric analysis of the papers produced in this short span of time. Finally, building on these insights, we highlight common challenges and pitfalls observed across the surveyed works. We also created a live resource repository at https://github.com/Data-Science-and-COVID-19/Leveraging-Data-Science-To-Combat-COVID-19-A-Comprehensive-Review that we intend to keep updated with the latest resources including new papers and datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddique Latif
- University of Southern QueenslandSpringfieldQueensland4300Australia
- Distributed Sensing Systems Group, Data61CSIROPullenvaleQLD4069Australia
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Seoul National UniversitySeoul08700South Korea
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging, HealthHub Company Ltd.Seoul06524South Korea
| | - Sanaullah Manzoor
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging, HealthHub Company Ltd.Seoul06524South Korea
| | - Waleed Iqbal
- Information Technology UniversityPunjab5400Pakistan
| | | | - Gareth Tyson
- Queen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSU.K.
- Queen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSU.K.
| | | | | | - Maged N. Kamel Boulos
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health & Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash UniversityMelbourne3800Australia
| | - Adrian Weller
- the School of Information Management, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- University of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZU.K.
| | - Jon Crowcroft
- Alan Turing InstituteLondonNW1 2DBU.K.
- University of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1TNU.K.
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Friston KJ, Parr T, Zeidman P, Razi A, Flandin G, Daunizeau J, Hulme OJ, Billig AJ, Litvak V, Price CJ, Moran RJ, Lambert C. Testing and tracking in the UK: A dynamic causal modelling study. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16004.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
By equipping a previously reported dynamic causal modelling of COVID-19 with an isolation state, we were able to model the effects of self-isolation consequent on testing and tracking. Specifically, we included a quarantine or isolation state occupied by people who believe they might be infected but are asymptomatic—and could only leave if they test negative. We recovered maximum posteriori estimates of the model parameters using time series of new cases, daily deaths, and tests for the UK. These parameters were used to simulate the trajectory of the outbreak in the UK over an 18-month period. Several clear-cut conclusions emerged from these simulations. For example, under plausible (graded) relaxations of social distancing, a rebound of infections is highly unlikely. The emergence of a second wave depends almost exclusively on the rate at which we lose immunity, inherited from the first wave. There exists no testing strategy that can attenuate mortality rates, other than by deferring or delaying a second wave. A testing and tracking policy—implemented at the present time—will defer any second wave beyond a time horizon of 18 months. Crucially, this deferment is within current testing capabilities (requiring an efficacy of tracing and tracking of about 20% of asymptomatic infected cases, with 50,000 tests per day). These conclusions are based upon a dynamic causal model for which we provide some construct and face validation—using a comparative analysis of the United Kingdom and Germany, supplemented with recent serological studies.
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Friston KJ, Parr T, Zeidman P, Razi A, Flandin G, Daunizeau J, Hulme OJ, Billig AJ, Litvak V, Price CJ, Moran RJ, Lambert C. Second waves, social distancing, and the spread of COVID-19 across America. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:103. [PMID: 33954262 PMCID: PMC8063524 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15986.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently described a dynamic causal model of a COVID-19 outbreak within a single region. Here, we combine several of these (epidemic) models to create a (pandemic) model of viral spread among regions. Our focus is on a second wave of new cases that may result from loss of immunity-and the exchange of people between regions-and how mortality rates can be ameliorated under different strategic responses. In particular, we consider hard or soft social distancing strategies predicated on national (Federal) or regional (State) estimates of the prevalence of infection in the population. The modelling is demonstrated using timeseries of new cases and deaths from the United States to estimate the parameters of a factorial (compartmental) epidemiological model of each State and, crucially, coupling between States. Using Bayesian model reduction, we identify the effective connectivity between States that best explains the initial phases of the outbreak in the United States. Using the ensuing posterior parameter estimates, we then evaluate the likely outcomes of different policies in terms of mortality, working days lost due to lockdown and demands upon critical care. The provisional results of this modelling suggest that social distancing and loss of immunity are the two key factors that underwrite a return to endemic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Parr
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Zeidman
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Adeel Razi
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Guillaume Flandin
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jean Daunizeau
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM UMRS 1127, Paris, France
| | - Oliver J. Hulme
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- London Mathematical Laboratory, Hammersmith, UK
| | | | - Vladimir Litvak
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Catherine J. Price
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rosalyn J. Moran
- Centre for Neuroimaging Science, Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Lambert
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Friston KJ, Parr T, Zeidman P, Razi A, Flandin G, Daunizeau J, Hulme OJ, Billig AJ, Litvak V, Moran RJ, Price CJ, Lambert C. Dynamic causal modelling of COVID-19. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:89. [PMID: 32832701 PMCID: PMC7431977 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15881.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This technical report describes a dynamic causal model of the spread of coronavirus through a population. The model is based upon ensemble or population dynamics that generate outcomes, like new cases and deaths over time. The purpose of this model is to quantify the uncertainty that attends predictions of relevant outcomes. By assuming suitable conditional dependencies, one can model the effects of interventions (e.g., social distancing) and differences among populations (e.g., herd immunity) to predict what might happen in different circumstances. Technically, this model leverages state-of-the-art variational (Bayesian) model inversion and comparison procedures, originally developed to characterise the responses of neuronal ensembles to perturbations. Here, this modelling is applied to epidemiological populations-to illustrate the kind of inferences that are supported and how the model per se can be optimised given timeseries data. Although the purpose of this paper is to describe a modelling protocol, the results illustrate some interesting perspectives on the current pandemic; for example, the nonlinear effects of herd immunity that speak to a self-organised mitigation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Zeidman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Adeel Razi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health & Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Guillaume Flandin
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jean Daunizeau
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM UMRS, Paris, 1127, France
| | - Ollie J. Hulme
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- London Mathematical Laboratory, Hammersmith, London, UK
| | | | - Vladimir Litvak
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rosalyn J. Moran
- Centre for Neuroimaging Science, Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy J. Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christian Lambert
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Wei H, Jafarian A, Zeidman P, Litvak V, Razi A, Hu D, Friston KJ. Bayesian fusion and multimodal DCM for EEG and fMRI. Neuroimage 2020; 211:116595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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49
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Adamson MM, Shakil S, Sultana T, Hasan MA, Mubarak F, Enam SA, Parvaz MA, Razi A. Brain Injury and Dementia in Pakistan: Current Perspectives. Front Neurol 2020; 11:299. [PMID: 32425875 PMCID: PMC7205019 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 50-75% of all cases, with a greater proportion of individuals affected at older age range. A single moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with accelerated aging and increased risk for dementia. The fastest growth in the elderly population is taking place in China, Pakistan, and their south Asian neighbors. Current clinical assessments are based on data collected from Caucasian populations from wealthy backgrounds giving rise to a "diversity" crisis in brain research. Pakistan is a lower-middle income country (LMIC) with an estimated one million people living with dementia. Pakistan also has an amalgamation of risk factors that lead to brain injuries such as lack of road legislations, terrorism, political instability, and domestic and sexual violence. Here, we provide an initial and current assessment of the incidence and management of dementia and TBI in Pakistan. Our review demonstrates the lack of resources in terms of speciality trained clinician staff, medical equipment, research capabilities, educational endeavors, and general awareness in the fields of dementia and TBI. Pakistan also lacks state-of-the-art assessment of dementia and its risk factors, such as neuroimaging of brain injury and aging. We provide recommendations for improvement in this arena that include the recent creation of Pakistan Brain Injury Consortium (PBIC). This consortium will enhance international collaborative efforts leading to capacity building for innovative research, clinician and research training and developing databases to bring Pakistan into the international platform for dementia and TBI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheen M Adamson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Rehabilitation, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Sadia Shakil
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tajwar Sultana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.,Neurocomputation Laboratory, National Centre for Artificial Intelligence, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abul Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.,Neurocomputation Laboratory, National Centre for Artificial Intelligence, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Mubarak
- Department of Radiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ather Enam
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Parvaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
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50
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Lurie DJ, Kessler D, Bassett DS, Betzel RF, Breakspear M, Kheilholz S, Kucyi A, Liégeois R, Lindquist MA, McIntosh AR, Poldrack RA, Shine JM, Thompson WH, Bielczyk NZ, Douw L, Kraft D, Miller RL, Muthuraman M, Pasquini L, Razi A, Vidaurre D, Xie H, Calhoun VD. Questions and controversies in the study of time-varying functional connectivity in resting fMRI. Netw Neurosci 2020; 4:30-69. [PMID: 32043043 PMCID: PMC7006871 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a complex, multiscale dynamical system composed of many interacting regions. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal organization of these interactions is critical for establishing a solid understanding of the brain's functional architecture and the relationship between neural dynamics and cognition in health and disease. The possibility of studying these dynamics through careful analysis of neuroimaging data has catalyzed substantial interest in methods that estimate time-resolved fluctuations in functional connectivity (often referred to as "dynamic" or time-varying functional connectivity; TVFC). At the same time, debates have emerged regarding the application of TVFC analyses to resting fMRI data, and about the statistical validity, physiological origins, and cognitive and behavioral relevance of resting TVFC. These and other unresolved issues complicate interpretation of resting TVFC findings and limit the insights that can be gained from this promising new research area. This article brings together scientists with a variety of perspectives on resting TVFC to review the current literature in light of these issues. We introduce core concepts, define key terms, summarize controversies and open questions, and present a forward-looking perspective on how resting TVFC analyses can be rigorously and productively applied to investigate a wide range of questions in cognitive and systems neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Lurie
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kessler
- Departments of Statistics and Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Danielle S. Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard F. Betzel
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Breakspear
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shella Kheilholz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA
| | - Raphaël Liégeois
- Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anthony Randal McIntosh
- Rotman Research Institute - Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - James M. Shine
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William Hedley Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Linda Douw
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominik Kraft
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Pasquini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adeel Razi
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Diego Vidaurre
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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