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Clark BJ, LaChance PA, Winter SS, Mehlman ML, Butler W, LaCour A, Taube JS. Comparison of head direction cell firing characteristics across thalamo-parahippocampal circuitry. Hippocampus 2024; 34:168-196. [PMID: 38178693 PMCID: PMC10950528 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Head direction (HD) cells, which fire persistently when an animal's head is pointed in a particular direction, are widely thought to underlie an animal's sense of spatial orientation and have been identified in several limbic brain regions. Robust HD cell firing is observed throughout the thalamo-parahippocampal system, although recent studies report that parahippocampal HD cells exhibit distinct firing properties, including conjunctive aspects with other spatial parameters, which suggest they play a specialized role in spatial processing. Few studies, however, have quantified these apparent differences. Here, we performed a comparative assessment of HD cell firing characteristics across the anterior dorsal thalamus (ADN), postsubiculum (PoS), parasubiculum (PaS), medial entorhinal (MEC), and postrhinal (POR) cortices. We report that HD cells with a high degree of directional specificity were observed in all five brain regions, but ADN HD cells display greater sharpness and stability in their preferred directions, and greater anticipation of future headings compared to parahippocampal regions. Additional analysis indicated that POR HD cells were more coarsely modulated by other spatial parameters compared to PoS, PaS, and MEC. Finally, our analyses indicated that the sharpness of HD tuning decreased as a function of laminar position and conjunctive coding within the PoS, PaS, and MEC, with cells in the superficial layers along with conjunctive firing properties showing less robust directional tuning. The results are discussed in relation to theories of functional organization of HD cell tuning in thalamo-parahippocampal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Patrick A LaChance
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Shawn S Winter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Max L Mehlman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Will Butler
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ariyana LaCour
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Taube
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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2
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Gonzalo Cogno S, Obenhaus HA, Lautrup A, Jacobsen RI, Clopath C, Andersson SO, Donato F, Moser MB, Moser EI. Minute-scale oscillatory sequences in medial entorhinal cortex. Nature 2024; 625:338-344. [PMID: 38123682 PMCID: PMC10781645 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) hosts many of the brain's circuit elements for spatial navigation and episodic memory, operations that require neural activity to be organized across long durations of experience1. Whereas location is known to be encoded by spatially tuned cell types in this brain region2,3, little is known about how the activity of entorhinal cells is tied together over time at behaviourally relevant time scales, in the second-to-minute regime. Here we show that MEC neuronal activity has the capacity to be organized into ultraslow oscillations, with periods ranging from tens of seconds to minutes. During these oscillations, the activity is further organized into periodic sequences. Oscillatory sequences manifested while mice ran at free pace on a rotating wheel in darkness, with no change in location or running direction and no scheduled rewards. The sequences involved nearly the entire cell population, and transcended epochs of immobility. Similar sequences were not observed in neighbouring parasubiculum or in visual cortex. Ultraslow oscillatory sequences in MEC may have the potential to couple neurons and circuits across extended time scales and serve as a template for new sequence formation during navigation and episodic memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Gonzalo Cogno
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Fred Kavli Building, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Horst A Obenhaus
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Fred Kavli Building, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ane Lautrup
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Fred Kavli Building, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R Irene Jacobsen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Fred Kavli Building, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claudia Clopath
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian O Andersson
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Fred Kavli Building, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Flavio Donato
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Fred Kavli Building, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Biozentrum Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - May-Britt Moser
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Fred Kavli Building, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Edvard I Moser
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex, Fred Kavli Building, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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3
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Ren J, Huang F, Gao C, Gott J, Schoch SF, Qin S, Dresler M, Luo J. Functional lateralization of the medial temporal lobe in novel associative processing during creativity evaluation. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:1186-1206. [PMID: 35353185 PMCID: PMC9930633 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hemispheric lateralization of creativity has been a longstanding topic of debate, the underlying neurocognitive mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we designed 2 types of novel stimuli-"novel useful and novel useless," adapted from "familiar useful" designs taken from daily life-to demonstrate how the left and right medial temporal lobe (MTL) respond to novel designs of different usefulness. Taking the "familiar useful" design as a baseline, we found that the right MTL showed increased activation in response to "novel useful" designs, followed by "novel useless" ones, while the left MTL only showed increased activation in response to "novel useful" designs. Calculating an asymmetry index suggests that usefulness processing is predominant in the left MTL, whereas the right MTL is predominantly involved in novelty processing. Moreover, the left parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) showed stronger functional connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex when responding to "novel useless" designs. In contrast, the right PHG showed stronger connectivity with the amygdala, midbrain, and hippocampus. Critically, multivoxel representational similarity analyses revealed that the left MTL was more effective than the right MTL at distinguishing the usefulness differences in novel stimuli, while representational patterns in the left PHG positively predicted the post-behavior evaluation of "truly creative" products. These findings suggest an apparent dissociation of the left and right MTL in integrating the novelty and usefulness information and novel associative processing during creativity evaluation, respectively. Our results provide novel insights into a longstanding and controversial question in creativity research by demonstrating functional lateralization of the MTL in processing novel associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Ren
- Corresponding authors: Jingyuan Ren, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Trigon Building, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525 EN, Netherlands, ; Jing Luo, Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Baiduizijia 23, Beijing 100048, China,
| | - Furong Huang
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Netherlands
| | - Jarrod Gott
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Netherlands
| | - Sarah F Schoch
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Netherlands
- Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Netherlands
| | - Jing Luo
- Corresponding authors: Jingyuan Ren, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Trigon Building, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525 EN, Netherlands, ; Jing Luo, Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Baiduizijia 23, Beijing 100048, China,
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Baccini G, Wulff P. Commentary on: Peng, Y et al., Structured recurrent inhibition in the presubiculum could improve information processing. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1691-1693. [PMID: 34648053 PMCID: PMC8528764 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Baccini
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Peer Wulff
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
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Huang CC, Rolls ET, Hsu CCH, Feng J, Lin CP. Extensive Cortical Connectivity of the Human Hippocampal Memory System: Beyond the "What" and "Where" Dual Stream Model. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4652-4669. [PMID: 34013342 PMCID: PMC8866812 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human hippocampus is involved in forming new memories: damage impairs memory. The dual stream model suggests that object "what" representations from ventral stream temporal cortex project to the hippocampus via the perirhinal and then lateral entorhinal cortex, and spatial "where" representations from the dorsal parietal stream via the parahippocampal gyrus and then medial entorhinal cortex. The hippocampus can then associate these inputs to form episodic memories of what happened where. Diffusion tractography was used to reveal the direct connections of hippocampal system areas in humans. This provides evidence that the human hippocampus has extensive direct cortical connections, with connections that bypass the entorhinal cortex to connect with the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex, with the temporal pole, with the posterior and retrosplenial cingulate cortex, and even with early sensory cortical areas. The connections are less hierarchical and segregated than in the dual stream model. This provides a foundation for a conceptualization for how the hippocampal memory system connects with the cerebral cortex and operates in humans. One implication is that prehippocampal cortical areas such as the parahippocampal TF and TH subregions and perirhinal cortices may implement specialized computations that can benefit from inputs from the dorsal and ventral streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chung Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Edmund T Rolls
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK
| | - Chih-Chin Heather Hsu
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
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6
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Jung Y, Walther DB. Neural Representations in the Prefrontal Cortex Are Task Dependent for Scene Attributes But Not for Scene Categories. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7234-7245. [PMID: 34103357 PMCID: PMC8387120 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2816-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural scenes deliver rich sensory information about the world. Decades of research has shown that the scene-selective network in the visual cortex represents various aspects of scenes. However, less is known about how such complex scene information is processed beyond the visual cortex, such as in the prefrontal cortex. It is also unknown how task context impacts the process of scene perception, modulating which scene content is represented in the brain. In this study, we investigate these questions using scene images from four natural scene categories, which also depict two types of scene attributes, temperature (warm or cold), and sound level (noisy or quiet). A group of healthy human subjects from both sexes participated in the present study using fMRI. In the study, participants viewed scene images under two different task conditions: temperature judgment and sound-level judgment. We analyzed how these scene attributes and categories are represented across the brain under these task conditions. Our findings show that scene attributes (temperature and sound level) are only represented in the brain when they are task relevant. However, scene categories are represented in the brain, in both the parahippocampal place area and the prefrontal cortex, regardless of task context. These findings suggest that the prefrontal cortex selectively represents scene content according to task demands, but this task selectivity depends on the types of scene content: task modulates neural representations of scene attributes but not of scene categories.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Research has shown that visual scene information is processed in scene-selective regions in the occipital and temporal cortices. Here, we ask how scene content is processed and represented beyond the visual brain, in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We show that both scene categories and scene attributes are represented in PFC, with interesting differences in task dependency: scene attributes are only represented in PFC when they are task relevant, but scene categories are represented in PFC regardless of the task context. Together, our work shows that scene information is processed beyond the visual cortex, and scene representation in PFC reflects how adaptively our minds extract relevant information from a scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaelan Jung
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Dirk B Walther
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
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7
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Silson EH, Zeidman P, Knapen T, Baker CI. Representation of Contralateral Visual Space in the Human Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2382-2392. [PMID: 33500275 PMCID: PMC7984600 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1990-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial encoding of visual information primarily from the contralateral visual field is a fundamental organizing principle of the primate visual system. Recently, the presence of such retinotopic sensitivity has been shown to extend well beyond early visual cortex to regions not historically considered retinotopically sensitive. In particular, human scene-selective regions in parahippocampal and medial parietal cortex exhibit prominent biases for the contralateral visual field. Here, we used fMRI to test the hypothesis that the human hippocampus, which is thought to be anatomically connected with these scene-selective regions, would also exhibit a biased representation of contralateral visual space. First, population receptive field (pRF) mapping with scene stimuli revealed strong biases for the contralateral visual field in bilateral hippocampus. Second, the distribution of retinotopic sensitivity suggested a more prominent representation in anterior medial portions of the hippocampus. Finally, the contralateral bias was confirmed in independent data taken from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) initiative. The presence of contralateral biases in the hippocampus, a structure considered by many as the apex of the visual hierarchy, highlights the truly pervasive influence of retinotopy. Moreover, this finding has important implications for understanding how visual information relates to the allocentric global spatial representations known to be encoded therein.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Retinotopic encoding of visual information is an organizing principle of visual cortex. Recent work demonstrates this sensitivity in structures far beyond early visual cortex, including those anatomically connected to the hippocampus. Here, using population receptive field (pRF) modeling in two independent sets of data we demonstrate a consistent bias for the contralateral visual field in bilateral hippocampus. Such a bias highlights the truly pervasive influence of retinotopy, with important implications for understanding how the presence of retinotopy relates to more allocentric spatial representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Silson
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Section on Learning and Plasticity, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892-1366, Maryland
| | - Peter Zeidman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Knapen
- Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WX, The Netherlands
- Spinoza Centre for NeuroImaging, Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences 1012 WX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I Baker
- Section on Learning and Plasticity, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892-1366, Maryland
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8
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LaFlamme EM, Waguespack HF, Forcelli PA, Malkova L. The Parahippocampal Cortex and its Functional Connection with the Hippocampus are Critical for Nonnavigational Spatial Memory in Macaques. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2251-2267. [PMID: 33270817 PMCID: PMC7945022 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hamilton Search Task (HST) is a test of nonnavigational spatial memory that is dependent on the hippocampus. The parahippocampal cortex (PHC) is a major route for spatial information to reach the hippocampus, but the extent to which the PHC and hippocampus function independently of one another in the context of nonnavigational spatial memory is unclear. Here, we tested the hypotheses that (1) bilateral pharmacological inactivation of the PHC would impair HST performance, and (2) that functional disconnection of the PHC and hippocampus by contralateral (crossed) inactivation would likewise impair performance. Transient inactivation of the PHC impaired HST performance most robustly with 30 s intertrial delays, but not when color cues were introduced. Functional disconnection of the PHC and hippocampus, but not separate unilateral inactivation of either region, also selectively impaired long-term spatial memory. These findings indicate a critical role for the PHC and its interactions with the hippocampus in nonnavigational spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssa M LaFlamme
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Hannah F Waguespack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Ludise Malkova
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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9
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Rocchi F, Oya H, Balezeau F, Billig AJ, Kocsis Z, Jenison RL, Nourski KV, Kovach CK, Steinschneider M, Kikuchi Y, Rhone AE, Dlouhy BJ, Kawasaki H, Adolphs R, Greenlee JDW, Griffiths TD, Howard MA, Petkov CI. Common fronto-temporal effective connectivity in humans and monkeys. Neuron 2021; 109:852-868.e8. [PMID: 33482086 PMCID: PMC7927917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human brain pathways supporting language and declarative memory are thought to have differentiated substantially during evolution. However, cross-species comparisons are missing on site-specific effective connectivity between regions important for cognition. We harnessed functional imaging to visualize the effects of direct electrical brain stimulation in macaque monkeys and human neurosurgery patients. We discovered comparable effective connectivity between caudal auditory cortex and both ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC, including area 44) and parahippocampal cortex in both species. Human-specific differences were clearest in the form of stronger hemispheric lateralization effects. In humans, electrical tractography revealed remarkably rapid evoked potentials in VLPFC following auditory cortex stimulation and speech sounds drove VLPFC, consistent with prior evidence in monkeys of direct auditory cortex projections to homologous vocalization-responsive regions. The results identify a common effective connectivity signature in human and nonhuman primates, which from auditory cortex appears equally direct to VLPFC and indirect to the hippocampus. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rocchi
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Hiroyuki Oya
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Fabien Balezeau
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Zsuzsanna Kocsis
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rick L Jenison
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kirill V Nourski
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Mitchell Steinschneider
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yukiko Kikuchi
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ariane E Rhone
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brian J Dlouhy
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hiroto Kawasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy D W Greenlee
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Timothy D Griffiths
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew A Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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10
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Tu HW, Diana RA. The interaction of relational encoding and unitization: Effects on medial temporal lobe processing during retrieval. Behav Brain Res 2021; 396:112878. [PMID: 32890598 PMCID: PMC7572763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In retrieval of typical episodic memories, recollection leads to retrieval of context details whereas familiarity is only diagnostic for item memory. Unitization is an encoding strategy that allows context details to be processed as item features and therefore increases the involvement of familiarity-based recognition in retrieval of these context details. Relational encoding is a hippocampally-dependent process that stores items and contexts independently. Our previous study Tu and Diana [1] concluded that mixing unitized and non-unitized context details in the same episode reduced the contribution of familiarity to retrieval of any one detail. In the current study, we modified the paradigm by removing visual cues to the context details and the condition-specific blocking during test. Surprisingly, the behavioral data diverged from our 2016 study and indicated that the two manipulated context details in the modified paradigm were processed independently of one another. Neuroimaging data further revealed anterior hippocampal activation was associated with unitization of source information as compared to relational encoding. We also found the predicted increase in bilateral perirhinal cortex activation and decrease in parahippocampal cortex activation during retrieval of unitized color information when compared to relationally-encoded color information. We did not find that same predicted pattern of differences due to unitization of size information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wei Tu
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States
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11
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Paquola C, Benkarim O, DeKraker J, Larivière S, Frässle S, Royer J, Tavakol S, Valk S, Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N, Khan A, Evans AC, Razi A, Smallwood J, Bernhardt BC. Convergence of cortical types and functional motifs in the human mesiotemporal lobe. eLife 2020; 9:e60673. [PMID: 33146610 PMCID: PMC7671688 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesiotemporal lobe (MTL) is implicated in many cognitive processes, is compromised in numerous brain disorders, and exhibits a gradual cytoarchitectural transition from six-layered parahippocampal isocortex to three-layered hippocampal allocortex. Leveraging an ultra-high-resolution histological reconstruction of a human brain, our study showed that the dominant axis of MTL cytoarchitectural differentiation follows the iso-to-allocortical transition and depth-specific variations in neuronal density. Projecting the histology-derived MTL model to in-vivo functional MRI, we furthermore determined how its cytoarchitecture underpins its intrinsic effective connectivity and association to large-scale networks. Here, the cytoarchitectural gradient was found to underpin intrinsic effective connectivity of the MTL, but patterns differed along the anterior-posterior axis. Moreover, while the iso-to-allocortical gradient parametrically represented the multiple-demand relative to task-negative networks, anterior-posterior gradients represented transmodal versus unimodal networks. Our findings establish that the combination of micro- and macrostructural features allow the MTL to represent dominant motifs of whole-brain functional organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Paquola
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Oualid Benkarim
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Jordan DeKraker
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
| | - Sara Larivière
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Stefan Frässle
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jessica Royer
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Shahin Tavakol
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Sofie Valk
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging Of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Neda Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging Of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Ali Khan
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | | | | | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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12
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Brown N, Wojtalik JA, Turkel M, Vuper T, Strasshofer D, Sheline YI, Bruce SE. Neuroticism and Its Associated Brain Activation in Women With PTSD. J Interpers Violence 2020; 35:341-363. [PMID: 29294627 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516682519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests a diathesis-stress model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), wherein individuals with high levels of neuroticism who are exposed to traumatic events subsequently develop PTSD. Although studies have established relationships between neuroticism and neurological functioning in various brain regions for healthy and depressed individuals, the specific neural correlates of neuroticism for individuals with PTSD are yet unknown. This relationship is particularly relevant for women, given that their increased risk for PTSD is partially accounted for by their higher baseline levels of neuroticism. The current study examined previously established neural correlates of neuroticism in 61 women (48 women with interpersonal violence [IPV]/PTSD and 13 healthy controls). A specific region of interest map, including the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), was examined while participants completed an emotional conflict task. Results showed that the PTSD group had significantly higher neuroticism scores than the healthy control group (t = 6.90, p < .001). Higher neuroticism scores were associated with increased neural activity in the right dmPFC when participants were instructed to directly attend to faces with negative emotional valences. Significant trends between higher neuroticism scores and greater right amygdala and right ACC activation also emerged for this condition. Finally, neuroticism was found to be associated with right amygdala and right parahippocampal activity when participants were instructed to ignore faces with negative emotional valences. The results of this study lend further evidence to the proposed diathesis-stress model of neuroticism and PTSD. Moreover, findings suggest a significant association between neuroticism and neural activity in brain regions associated with fear and emotion regulation for women with IPV and subsequent PTSD.
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Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is known to support episodic memory and spatial navigation, raising the possibility that its true function is to form "cognitive maps" of any kind of information. Studies in humans and animals support the idea that the hippocampal theta rhythm (4 to 8 Hz) is key to this mapping function, as it has been repeatedly observed during spatial navigation tasks. If episodic memory and spatial navigation are 2 sides of the same coin, we hypothesized that theta oscillations might reflect relations between explicitly nonspatial items, such as words. We asked 189 neurosurgical patients to perform a verbal free-recall task, of which 96 had indwelling electrodes placed in the MTL. Subjects were instructed to remember short lists of sequentially presented nouns. We found that hippocampal theta power and connectivity during item retrieval coded for semantic distances between words, as measured using word2vec-derived subspaces. Additionally, hippocampal theta indexed temporal distances between words after filtering lists on recall performance, to ensure adequate dynamic range in time. Theta effects were noted only for semantic subspaces of 1 dimension, indicating a substantial compression of the possible semantic feature space. These results lend further support to our growing confidence that the MTL forms cognitive maps of arbitrary representational spaces, helping to reconcile longstanding differences between the spatial and episodic memory literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A Solomon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Bradley C Lega
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Michael R Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Michael J Kahana
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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14
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Parker TD, Cash DM, Lane CAS, Lu K, Malone IB, Nicholas JM, James SN, Keshavan A, Murray-Smith H, Wong A, Buchanan SM, Keuss SE, Sudre CH, Modat M, Thomas DL, Crutch SJ, Richards M, Fox NC, Schott JM. Hippocampal subfield volumes and pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease in 408 cognitively normal adults born in 1946. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224030. [PMID: 31622410 PMCID: PMC6797197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human hippocampus comprises a number of interconnected histologically and functionally distinct subfields, which may be differentially influenced by cerebral pathology. Automated techniques are now available that estimate hippocampal subfield volumes using in vivo structural MRI data. To date, research investigating the influence of cerebral β-amyloid deposition-one of the earliest hypothesised changes in the pathophysiological continuum of Alzheimer's disease-on hippocampal subfield volumes in cognitively normal older individuals, has been limited. METHODS Using cross-sectional data from 408 cognitively normal individuals born in mainland Britain (age range at time of assessment = 69.2-71.9 years) who underwent cognitive assessment, 18F-Florbetapir PET and structural MRI on the same 3 Tesla PET/MR unit (spatial resolution 1.1 x 1.1 x 1.1. mm), we investigated the influences of β-amyloid status, age at scan, and global white matter hyperintensity volume on: CA1, CA2/3, CA4, dentate gyrus, presubiculum and subiculum volumes, adjusting for sex and total intracranial volume. RESULTS Compared to β-amyloid negative participants (n = 334), β-amyloid positive participants (n = 74) had lower volume of the presubiculum (3.4% smaller, p = 0.012). Despite an age range at scanning of just 2.7 years, older age at time of scanning was associated with lower CA1 (p = 0.007), CA4 (p = 0.004), dentate gyrus (p = 0.002), and subiculum (p = 0.035) volumes. There was no evidence that white matter hyperintensity volume was associated with any subfield volumes. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence of differential associations in cognitively normal older adults between hippocampal subfield volumes and β-amyloid deposition and, increasing age at time of scan. The relatively selective effect of lower presubiculum volume in the β-amyloid positive group potentially suggest that the presubiculum may be an area of early and relatively specific volume loss in the pathophysiological continuum of Alzheimer's disease. Future work using higher resolution imaging will be key to exploring these findings further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Parker
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Cash
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. S. Lane
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Lu
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian B. Malone
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M. Nicholas
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah-Naomi James
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashvini Keshavan
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Murray-Smith
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah M. Buchanan
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Keuss
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carole H. Sudre
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Modat
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Thomas
- Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick C. Fox
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Schott
- The Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Kirino E, Hayakawa Y, Inami R, Inoue R, Aoki S. Simultaneous fMRI-EEG-DTI recording of MMN in patients with schizophrenia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215023. [PMID: 31071097 PMCID: PMC6508624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalogram (EEG), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) recording have complementary spatiotemporal resolution limitations but can be powerful methods when used together to enable both functional and anatomical modeling, with each neuroimaging procedure used to maximum advantage. We recorded EEGs during event-related fMRI followed by DTI in 15 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with schizophrenia using an omission mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes were calculated in a region of interest (ROI) analysis, and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the white matter fibers related to each area was compared between groups using tract-specific analysis. Patients with schizophrenia had reduced BOLD activity in the left middle temporal gyrus, and BOLD activity in the right insula and right parahippocampal gyrus significantly correlated with positive symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and hostility subscores. BOLD activation of Heschl’s gyri also correlated with the limbic system, including the insula. FA values in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) significantly correlated with changes in the BOLD signal in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG), and FA values in the right ACC significantly correlated with PANSS scores. This is the first study to examine MMN using simultaneous fMRI, EEG, and DTI recording in patients with schizophrenia to investigate the potential implications of abnormalities in the ACC and limbic system, including the insula and parahippocampal gyrus, as well as the STG. Structural changes in the ACC during schizophrenia may represent part of the neural basis for the observed MMN deficits. The deficits seen in the feedback/feedforward connections between the prefrontal cortex and STG modulated by the ACC and insula may specifically contribute to impaired MMN generation and clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kirino
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Izunokuni City, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Juntendo Institute of Mental Health, Fukuroyama, Koshigaya City, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yayoi Hayakawa
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Inami
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiichi Inoue
- Juntendo Institute of Mental Health, Fukuroyama, Koshigaya City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Kim K, Ladenbauer J, Babo-Rebelo M, Buot A, Lehongre K, Adam C, Hasboun D, Lambrecq V, Navarro V, Ostojic S, Tallon-Baudry C. Resting-State Neural Firing Rate Is Linked to Cardiac-Cycle Duration in the Human Cingulate and Parahippocampal Cortices. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3676-3686. [PMID: 30842247 PMCID: PMC6510341 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2291-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation and functional imaging studies have revealed the existence of a large network of cortical regions involved in the regulation of heart rate. However, very little is known about the link between cortical neural firing and cardiac-cycle duration (CCD). Here, we analyze single-unit and multiunit data obtained in humans at rest, and show that firing rate covaries with CCD in 16.7% of the sample (25 of 150). The link between firing rate and CCD was most prevalent in the anterior medial temporal lobe (entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, anterior hippocampus, and amygdala), where 36% (18 of 50) of the units show the effect, and to a lesser extent in the mid-to-anterior cingulate cortex (11.1%, 5 of 45). The variance in firing rate explained by CCD ranged from 0.5 to 11%. Several lines of analysis indicate that neural firing influences CCD, rather than the other way around, and that neural firing affects CCD through vagally mediated mechanisms in most cases. These results show that part of the spontaneous fluctuations in firing rate can be attributed to the cortical control of the cardiac cycle. The fine tuning of the regulation of CCD represents a novel physiological factor accounting for spontaneous variance in firing rate. It remains to be determined whether the "noise" introduced in firing rate by the regulation of CCD is detrimental or beneficial to the cognitive information processing carried out in the parahippocampal and cingulate regions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Fluctuations in heart rate are known to be under the control of cortical structures, but spontaneous fluctuations in cortical firing rate, or "noise," have seldom been related to heart rate. Here, we analyze unit activity in humans at rest and show that spontaneous fluctuations in neural firing in the medial temporal lobe, as well as in the mid-to-anterior cingulate cortex, influence heart rate. This phenomenon was particularly pronounced in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, where it could be observed in one of three neurons. Our results show that part of spontaneous firing rate variability in regions best known for their cognitive role in spatial navigation and memory corresponds to precise physiological regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeon Kim
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France,
| | - Josef Ladenbauer
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mariana Babo-Rebelo
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
| | - Anne Buot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Katia Lehongre
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
| | - Claude Adam
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
- Epileptology Unit and Neurophysiology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Hasboun
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
- Epileptology Unit and Neurophysiology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Lambrecq
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
- Epileptology Unit and Neurophysiology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
- Epileptology Unit and Neurophysiology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Srdjan Ostojic
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Tallon-Baudry
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
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Burke SN, Gaynor LS, Barnes CA, Bauer RM, Bizon JL, Roberson ED, Ryan L. Shared Functions of Perirhinal and Parahippocampal Cortices: Implications for Cognitive Aging. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:349-359. [PMID: 29555181 PMCID: PMC5970964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A predominant view of perirhinal cortex (PRC) and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex (POR/PHC) function contends that these structures are tuned to represent objects and spatial information, respectively. However, known anatomical connectivity, together with recent electrophysiological, neuroimaging, and lesion data, indicate that both brain areas participate in spatial and nonspatial processing. Instead of content-based organization, the PRC and PHC/POR may participate in two computationally distinct cortical-hippocampal networks: one network that is tuned to process coarse information quickly, forming gist-like representations of scenes/environments, and a second network tuned to process information about the specific sensory details that are necessary for discrimination across sensory modalities. The available data suggest that the latter network may be more vulnerable in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Burke
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Leslie S Gaynor
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Division of Neural Systems Memory and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Russell M Bauer
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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18
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Viney TJ, Salib M, Joshi A, Unal G, Berry N, Somogyi P. Shared rhythmic subcortical GABAergic input to the entorhinal cortex and presubiculum. eLife 2018; 7:e34395. [PMID: 29620525 PMCID: PMC5908441 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic theta frequency (~5-12 Hz) oscillations coordinate neuronal synchrony and higher frequency oscillations across the cortex. Spatial navigation and context-dependent episodic memories are represented in several interconnected regions including the hippocampal and entorhinal cortices, but the cellular mechanisms for their dynamic coupling remain to be defined. Using monosynaptically-restricted retrograde viral tracing in mice, we identified a subcortical GABAergic input from the medial septum that terminated in the entorhinal cortex, with collaterals innervating the dorsal presubiculum. Extracellularly recording and labeling GABAergic entorhinal-projecting neurons in awake behaving mice show that these subcortical neurons, named orchid cells, fire in long rhythmic bursts during immobility and locomotion. Orchid cells discharge near the peak of hippocampal and entorhinal theta oscillations, couple to entorhinal gamma oscillations, and target subpopulations of extra-hippocampal GABAergic interneurons. Thus, orchid cells are a specialized source of rhythmic subcortical GABAergic modulation of 'upstream' and 'downstream' cortico-cortical circuits involved in mnemonic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim James Viney
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Minas Salib
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Abhilasha Joshi
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Gunes Unal
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Naomi Berry
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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19
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Mızrak E, Singmann H, Öztekin I. Forgetting emotional material in working memory. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:331-340. [PMID: 29272535 PMCID: PMC5836275 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Proactive interference (PI) is the tendency for information learned earlier to interfere with more recently learned information. In the present study, we induced PI by presenting items from the same category over several trials. This results in a build-up of PI and reduces the discriminability of the items in each subsequent trial. We introduced emotional (e.g. disgust) and neutral (e.g. furniture) categories and examined how increasing levels of PI affected performance for both stimulus types. Participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) performing a 5-item probe recognition task. We modeled responses and corresponding response times with a hierarchical diffusion model. Results showed that PI effects on latent processes (i.e. reduced drift rate) were similar for both stimulus types, but the effect of PI on drift rate was less pronounced PI for emotional compared to neutral stimuli. The decline in the drift rate was accompanied by an increase in neural activation in parahippocampal regions and this relationship was more strongly observed for neutral stimuli compared to emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Mızrak
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul 3310, Turkey
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Henrik Singmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilke Öztekin
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul 3310, Turkey
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20
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Chen S, Dong D, Jackson T, Zhuang Q, Chen H. Trait-based food-cravings are encoded by regional homogeneity in the parahippocampal gyrus. Appetite 2017; 114:155-160. [PMID: 28344152 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Food cravings can reflect an intense trait-like emotional-motivational desire to eat palatable food, often resulting in the failure of weight loss efforts. Studies have linked trait-based food-cravings to increased risk of overeating. However, little is known about resting-state neural mechanisms that underlie food cravings. We investigated this issue using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the extent to which spontaneous neural activity occurs in regions implicated in emotional memory and reward motivation associated with food cravings. Spontaneous regional activity patterns correlating to food cravings were assessed among 65 young healthy women using regional homogeneity analysis to assess temporal synchronization of spontaneous activity. Analyses indicated that women with higher scores on the Food Cravings Questionnaire displayed increased local functional homogeneity in brain regions involved in emotional memory and visual attention processing (i.e., parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus) but not reward. In view of parahippocampal gyrus involvement in hedonic learning and incentive memory encoding, this study suggests that trait-based food cravings are encoded by emotional memory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Debo Dong
- Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
| | - Todd Jackson
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Qian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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21
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Abstract
Parahippocampal cortex (PHc) is known to process spatial information, both in perceptual and episodic memory studies. However, recent theories propose an expanded role for PHc in processing context information in general, whether spatial or nonspatial. The current study used a source memory paradigm to investigate encoding and retrieval of nonspatial context information. Human participants were asked to judge lexical aspects of word stimuli and to retrieve those judgments during a later memory test. Anterior PHc showed significantly greater activation for items associated with correct source judgments than items associated with incorrect source judgments during both encoding and retrieval phases. These findings suggest that the role of PHc in episodic memory cannot be limited to spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Diana
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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22
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Bracht T, Jones DK, Bells S, Walther S, Drakesmith M, Linden D. Myelination of the right parahippocampal cingulum is associated with physical activity in young healthy adults. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:4537-4548. [PMID: 26786737 PMCID: PMC5102942 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that individual differences in physical activity (PA) may be associated with individual differences in white matter microstructure and with grey matter volume of the hippocampus. Therefore, this study investigated the association between PA and white matter microstructure of pathways connecting to the hippocampus. A total of 33 young, healthy adults underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). High angular resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and multi-component relaxometry MRI scans (multi-component driven equilibrium pulse observation of T1 and T2) were acquired for each participant. Activity levels (AL) of participants were calculated from 72-h actigraphy recordings. Tractography using the damped Richardson Lucy algorithm was used to reconstruct the fornix and bilateral parahippocampal cinguli (PHC). The mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and the myelin water fraction (MWF), a putative marker of myelination, were determined for each pathway. A positive correlation between both AL and FA and between AL and MWF were hypothesized for the three pathways. There was a selective positive correlation between AL and MWF in the right PHC (r = 0.482, p = 0.007). Thus, our results provide initial in vivo evidence for an association between myelination of the right PHC and PA in young healthy adults. Our results suggest that MWF may not only be more specific, but also more sensitive than FA to detect white matter microstructural alterations. If PA was to induce structural plasticity of the right PHC this may contribute to reverse structural alterations of the right PHC in neuropsychiatric disorder with hippocampal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bracht
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- Translational Research Centre, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Derek K Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sonya Bells
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Centre, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Drakesmith
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Linden
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatry Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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23
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Kamps FS, Julian JB, Kubilius J, Kanwisher N, Dilks DD. The occipital place area represents the local elements of scenes. Neuroimage 2016; 132:417-424. [PMID: 26931815 PMCID: PMC4872505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have identified three scene-selective regions in human cortex: parahippocampal place area (PPA), retrosplenial complex (RSC), and occipital place area (OPA). However, precisely what scene information each region represents is not clear, especially for the least studied, more posterior OPA. Here we hypothesized that OPA represents local elements of scenes within two independent, yet complementary scene descriptors: spatial boundary (i.e., the layout of external surfaces) and scene content (e.g., internal objects). If OPA processes the local elements of spatial boundary information, then it should respond to these local elements (e.g., walls) themselves, regardless of their spatial arrangement. Indeed, we found that OPA, but not PPA or RSC, responded similarly to images of intact rooms and these same rooms in which the surfaces were fractured and rearranged, disrupting the spatial boundary. Next, if OPA represents the local elements of scene content information, then it should respond more when more such local elements (e.g., furniture) are present. Indeed, we found that OPA, but not PPA or RSC, responded more to multiple than single pieces of furniture. Taken together, these findings reveal that OPA analyzes local scene elements - both in spatial boundary and scene content representation - while PPA and RSC represent global scene properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik S Kamps
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua B Julian
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonas Kubilius
- Laboratories of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nancy Kanwisher
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel D Dilks
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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24
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Li M, Lu S, Zhong N. The Parahippocampal Cortex Mediates Contextual Associative Memory: Evidence from an fMRI Study. Biomed Res Int 2016; 2016:9860604. [PMID: 27247946 PMCID: PMC4876207 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9860604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The parahippocampal cortex (PHC) plays a key role in episodic memory, spatial processing, and the encoding of novel stimuli. Recent studies proposed that the PHC is largely involved in contextual associative processing. Consequently, the function of this region has been a hot debate in cognitive neuroscience. To test this assumption, we used two types of experimental materials to form the contextual associative memory: visual objects in reality and meaningless visual shapes. New associations were modeled from either the contextual objects or the contextual shapes. Both contextual objects and shapes activated the bilateral PHC more than the noncontextual ones. The contextual objects with semantics significantly activated the left PHC areas, whereas the meaningless contextual shapes significantly elicited the right PHC. The results clearly demonstrate that the PHC influences the processing of contextual information and provides experimental evidence for an understanding of the different functions of bilateral PHC in contextual associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- International WIC Institute, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of MRI and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Shengfu Lu
- International WIC Institute, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of MRI and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ning Zhong
- International WIC Institute, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of MRI and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi 371-0816, Japan
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25
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Weisholtz DS, Root JC, Butler T, Tüscher O, Epstein J, Pan H, Protopopescu X, Goldstein M, Isenberg N, Brendel G, LeDoux J, Silbersweig DA, Stern E. Beyond the amygdala: Linguistic threat modulates peri-sylvian semantic access cortices. Brain Lang 2015; 151:12-22. [PMID: 26575986 PMCID: PMC4743641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, healthy volunteers were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural systems involved in processing the threatening content conveyed via visually presented "threat words." The neural responses elicited by these words were compared to those elicited by matched neutral control words. The results demonstrate that linguistic threat, when presented in written form, can selectively engage areas of lateral temporal and inferior frontal cortex, distinct from the core language areas implicated in aphasia. Additionally, linguistic threat modulates neural activity in visceral/emotional systems (amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus and periaqueductal gray), and at earlier stages of the visual-linguistic processing stream involved in visual word form representations (ventral occipitotemporal cortex). We propose a model whereby limbic activation modulates activity at multiple nodes along the visual-linguistic-semantic processing stream, including a perisylvian "semantic access network" involved in decoding word meaning, suggesting a dynamic interplay between feedforward and feedback processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Weisholtz
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - James C Root
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Tracy Butler
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeck Street 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jane Epstein
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System/Harvard Medical School, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, United States
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | | - Martin Goldstein
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 5 East 98th Street, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Nancy Isenberg
- Neuroscience Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1100 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - Gary Brendel
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Joseph LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, Room 809, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - David A Silbersweig
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Emily Stern
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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26
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Tseng YS, Huang TY, Tsai SY. Reducing signal loss of the parahippocampal gyrus improves imaging of the default-mode network in 3.0-T MRI: the effect of susceptibility-induced field gradients. NMR Biomed 2015; 28:1739-1746. [PMID: 26510634 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have indicated that the default-mode network (DMN) is highly involved in memory processing in the parahippocampal gyrus (PHC). However, because of susceptibility-related signal loss, parahippocampal activation in the DMN is difficult to detect in resting-state functional MRI experiments that are conducted using a 3.0-T MRI scanner. This study investigated the magnetic field gradients of various brain regions and attempted to compensate for signal loss in the PHC using an optimized slice orientation. The field gradients, signal intensities and DMN functional connectivity (FC) of the PHC were investigated using datasets acquired from 18 healthy volunteers. The results show that the field gradient component parallel to the main magnetic field dominates the PHC. The results indicate that the signal intensities and FC of the DMN are significantly low in the PHC when the slice orientation of the imaging plane is transversal. Whether the voxel dimension is isotropic or anisotropic exerts a minimal effect in altering the slice orientation dependence. In conclusion, the results of this study support the selection of the coronal or sagittal planes for imaging of the DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Tseng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Yi Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yueh Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Winter SS, Mehlman ML, Clark BJ, Taube JS. Passive Transport Disrupts Grid Signals in the Parahippocampal Cortex. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2493-502. [PMID: 26387719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Navigation is usually thought of relative to landmarks, but neural signals representing space also use information generated by an animal's movements. These signals include grid cells, which fire at multiple locations, forming a repeating grid pattern. Grid cell generation depends upon theta rhythm, a 6-10 Hz electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillation that is modulated by the animals' movement velocity. We passively moved rats in a clear cart to eliminate motor related self-movement cues that drive moment-to-moment changes in theta rhythmicity. We found that passive movement maintained theta power and frequency at levels equivalent to low active movement velocity, spared overall head-direction (HD) cell characteristics, but abolished both velocity modulation of theta rhythmicity and grid cell firing patterns. These results indicate that self-movement motor cues are necessary for generating grid-specific firing patterns, possibly by driving velocity modulation of theta rhythmicity, which may be used as a speed signal to generate the repeating pattern of grid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn S Winter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Max L Mehlman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Taube
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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28
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Cauthron JL, Stripling JS. Long-term plasticity in the regulation of olfactory bulb activity by centrifugal fibers from piriform cortex. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9677-87. [PMID: 25031407 PMCID: PMC4099545 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1314-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory bulb granule cells are activated synaptically via two main pathways. Mitral/tufted (M/T) cells form dendrodendritic synapses on granule cells that can be activated by antidromic stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). Centrifugal fibers originating from the association fiber (AF) system in piriform cortex (PC) make axodendritic synapses on granule cells within the granule cell layer (GCL) that can be activated by orthodromic stimulation of AF axons in the PC. We explored functional plasticity in the AF pathway by recording extracellularly from individual M/T cells and presumed granule cells in male Long-Evans rats under urethane anesthesia while testing their response to LOT and AF stimulation. Presumed granule cells driven synaptically by LOT stimulation (type L cells) were concentrated in the superficial half of the GCL and were activated at short latencies, whereas those driven synaptically by AF stimulation (type A cells) were concentrated in the deep half of the GCL and were activated at longer latencies. Type A cells were readily detected only in animals in which the AF input to the GCL had been previously potentiated by repeated high-frequency stimulation. An additional bout of high-frequency stimulation administered under urethane caused an immediate increase in the number of action potentials evoked in type A cells by AF test stimulation and a concomitant increase in inhibition of M/T cells. These results underscore the importance of the role played in olfactory processing by PC regulation of OB activity and document the long-lasting potentiation of that regulation by repeated high-frequency AF activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy L Cauthron
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| | - Jeffrey S Stripling
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
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29
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Enomoto A, Asai N, Takahashi M. [Mechanisms for the differentiation of postnatal and adult neural stem cells: new insights and pathological issues based on the analysis of Girdin]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2014; 143:289-294. [PMID: 24919555 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.143.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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30
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Strang S, Utikal V, Fischbacher U, Weber B, Falk A. Neural correlates of receiving an apology and active forgiveness: an FMRI study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87654. [PMID: 24505303 PMCID: PMC3914861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal conflicts are a common element of many social relationships. One possible process in rebuilding social relationships is the act of apologizing. Behavioral studies have shown that apologies promote forgiveness. However, the neural bases of receiving an apology and forgiveness are still unknown. Hence, the aim of the present fMRI study was to investigate brain processes involved in receiving an apology and active forgiveness of an ambiguous offense. We asked one group of participants (player A) to make decisions, which were either positive or negative for another group of participants (player B). The intention of player A was ambiguous to player B. In case of a negative impact, participants in the role of player A could send an apology message to participants in the role of player B. Subsequently players B were asked whether they wanted to forgive player A for making a decision with negative consequences. We found that receiving an apology yielded activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus, the left middle temporal gyrus, and left angular gyrus. In line with previous research we found that forgiving judgments activated the right angular gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Strang
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Verena Utikal
- Department of Economics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Urs Fischbacher
- Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Thurgau Institute of Economics, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Weber
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Armin Falk
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Economics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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31
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Luksys G, Ackermann S, Coynel D, Fastenrath M, Gschwind L, Heck A, Rasch B, Spalek K, Vogler C, Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain D. BAIAP2 is related to emotional modulation of human memory strength. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83707. [PMID: 24392092 PMCID: PMC3879265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory performance is the result of many distinct mental processes, such as memory encoding, forgetting, and modulation of memory strength by emotional arousal. These processes, which are subserved by partly distinct molecular profiles, are not always amenable to direct observation. Therefore, computational models can be used to make inferences about specific mental processes and to study their genetic underpinnings. Here we combined a computational model-based analysis of memory-related processes with high density genetic information derived from a genome-wide study in healthy young adults. After identifying the best-fitting model for a verbal memory task and estimating the best-fitting individual cognitive parameters, we found a common variant in the gene encoding the brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2 (BAIAP2) that was related to the model parameter reflecting modulation of verbal memory strength by negative valence. We also observed an association between the same genetic variant and a similar emotional modulation phenotype in a different population performing a picture memory task. Furthermore, using functional neuroimaging we found robust genotype-dependent differences in activity of the parahippocampal cortex that were specifically related to successful memory encoding of negative versus neutral information. Finally, we analyzed cortical gene expression data of 193 deceased subjects and detected significant BAIAP2 genotype-dependent differences in BAIAP2 mRNA levels. Our findings suggest that model-based dissociation of specific cognitive parameters can improve the understanding of genetic underpinnings of human learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gediminas Luksys
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Ackermann
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Division of Biopsychology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Coynel
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Fastenrath
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo Gschwind
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angela Heck
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Rasch
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Division of Biopsychology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klara Spalek
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Vogler
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Papassotiropoulos
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique de Quervain
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Rémy F, Vayssière N, Pins D, Boucart M, Fabre-Thorpe M. Incongruent object/context relationships in visual scenes: where are they processed in the brain? Brain Cogn 2013; 84:34-43. [PMID: 24280445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid object visual categorization in briefly flashed natural scenes is influenced by the surrounding context. The neural correlates underlying reduced categorization performance in response to incongruent object/context associations remain unclear and were investigated in the present study using fMRI. Participants were instructed to categorize objects in briefly presented scenes (exposure duration=100ms). Half of the scenes consisted of objects pasted in an expected (congruent) context, whereas for the other half, objects were embedded in incongruent contexts. Object categorization was more accurate and faster in congruent relative to incongruent scenes. Moreover, we found that the two types of scenes elicited different patterns of cerebral activation. In particular, the processing of incongruent scenes induced increased activations in the parahippocampal cortex, as well as in the right frontal cortex. This higher activity may indicate additional neural processing of the novel (non experienced) contextual associations that were inherent to the incongruent scenes. Moreover, our results suggest that the locus of object categorization impairment due to contextual incongruence is in the right anterior parahippocampal cortex. Indeed in this region activity was correlated with the reaction time increase observed with incongruent scenes. Representations for associations between objects and their usual context of appearance might be encoded in the right anterior parahippocampal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Rémy
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, France; CNRS, CerCo, Toulouse, France.
| | - Nathalie Vayssière
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, France; CNRS, CerCo, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Pins
- Université Lille Nord de France, UDSL, Laboratoire Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; CNRS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Muriel Boucart
- Université Lille Nord de France, UDSL, Laboratoire Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; CNRS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michèle Fabre-Thorpe
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, France; CNRS, CerCo, Toulouse, France
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Di Giorgio A, Gelao B, Caforio G, Romano R, Andriola I, D'Ambrosio E, Papazacharias A, Elifani F, Bianco LL, Taurisano P, Fazio L, Popolizio T, Blasi G, Bertolino A. Evidence that hippocampal-parahippocampal dysfunction is related to genetic risk for schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1661-1671. [PMID: 23111173 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in hippocampal-parahippocampal (H-PH) function are prominent features of schizophrenia and have been associated with deficits in episodic memory. However, it remains unclear whether these abnormalities represent a phenotype related to genetic risk for schizophrenia or whether they are related to disease state. METHOD We investigated H-PH-mediated behavior and physiology, using blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI), during episodic memory in a sample of patients with schizophrenia, clinically unaffected siblings and healthy subjects. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia and unaffected siblings displayed abnormalities in episodic memory performance. During an fMRI memory encoding task, both patients and siblings demonstrated a similar pattern of reduced H-PH engagement compared with healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the inability of patients with schizophrenia to properly engage the H-PH during episodic memory is related to genetic risk for the disorder. Therefore, H-PH dysfunction can be assumed as a schizophrenia susceptibility-related phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Giorgio
- IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
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Sills JB, Connors BW, Burwell RD. Electrophysiological and morphological properties of neurons in layer 5 of the rat postrhinal cortex. Hippocampus 2012; 22:1912-22. [PMID: 22522564 PMCID: PMC3660403 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The postrhinal (POR) cortex of the rat is homologous to the parahippocampal cortex of the primate based on connections and other criteria. POR provides the major visual and visuospatial input to the hippocampal formation, both directly to CA1 and indirectly through connections with the medial entorhinal cortex. Although the cortical and hippocampal connections of the POR cortex are well described, the physiology of POR neurons has not been studied. Here, we examined the electrical and morphological characteristics of layer 5 neurons from POR cortex of 14- to 16-day-old rats using an in vitro slice preparation. Neurons were subjectively classified as regular-spiking (RS), fast-spiking (FS), or low-threshold spiking (LTS) based on their electrophysiological properties and similarities with neurons in other regions of neocortex. Cells stained with biocytin included pyramidal cells and interneurons with bitufted or multipolar dendritic patterns. Similarity analysis using only physiological data yielded three clusters that corresponded to FS, LTS, and RS classes. The cluster corresponding to the FS class was composed entirely of multipolar nonpyramidal cells, and the cluster corresponding to the RS class was composed entirely of pyramidal cells. The third cluster, corresponding to the LTS class, was heterogeneous and included both multipolar and bitufted dendritic arbors as well as one pyramidal cell. We did not observe any intrinsically bursting pyramidal cells, which is similar to entorhinal cortex but unlike perirhinal cortex. We conclude that POR includes at least two major classes of neocortical inhibitory interneurons, but has a functionally restricted cohort of pyramidal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeseph B. Sills
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Barry W. Connors
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Rebecca D. Burwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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Abstract
Abstract
Objects along a route can help us to successfully navigate through our surroundings. Previous neuroimaging research has shown that the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) distinguishes between objects that were previously encountered at navigationally relevant locations (decision points) and irrelevant locations (nondecision points) during simple object recognition. This study aimed at unraveling how this neural marking of objects relevant for navigation is established during learning and postlearning rest. Twenty-four participants were scanned using fMRI while they were viewing a route through a virtual environment. Eye movements were measured, and brain responses were time-locked to viewing each object. The PHG showed increased responses to decision point objects compared with nondecision point objects during route learning. We compared functional connectivity between the PHG and the rest of the brain in a resting state scan postlearning with such a scan prelearning. Results show that functional connectivity between the PHG and the hippocampus is positively related to participants' self-reported navigational ability. On the other hand, connectivity with the caudate nucleus correlated negatively with navigational ability. These results are in line with a distinction between egocentric and allocentric spatial representations in the caudate nucleus and the hippocampus, respectively. Our results thus suggest a relation between navigational ability and a neural preference for a specific type of spatial representation. Together, these results show that the PHG is immediately involved in the encoding of navigationally relevant object information. Furthermore, they provide insight into the neural correlates of individual differences in spatial ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Wegman
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Although category-specific activation for faces in the ventral visual pathway appears adult-like in adolescence, recognition abilities for individual faces are still immature. We investigated how the ability to represent "individual" faces and houses develops at the neural level. Category-selective regions of interest (ROIs) for faces in the fusiform gyrus (FG) and for places in the parahippocampal place area (PPA) were identified individually in children, adolescents, and adults. Then, using an functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation paradigm, we measured category selectivity and individual-level adaptation for faces and houses in each ROI. Only adults exhibited both category selectivity and individual-level adaptation bilaterally for faces in the FG and for houses in the PPA. Adolescents showed category selectivity bilaterally for faces in the FG and houses in the PPA. Despite this profile of category selectivity, adolescents only exhibited individual-level adaptation for houses bilaterally in the PPA and for faces in the "left" FG. Children only showed category-selective responses for houses in the PPA, and they failed to exhibit category-selective responses for faces in the FG and individual-level adaptation effects anywhere in the brain. These results indicate that category-level neural tuning develops prior to individual-level neural tuning and that face-related cortex is disproportionately slower in this developmental transition than is place-related cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzanne Scherf
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Di Giorgio A, Caforio G, Blasi G, Taurisano P, Fazio L, Romano R, Ursini G, Gelao B, Bianco LL, Papazacharias A, Sinibaldi L, Popolizio T, Bellomo A, Bertolino A. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val(158)Met association with parahippocampal physiology during memory encoding in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2011; 41:1721-1731. [PMID: 21144115 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710002278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met has been associated with activity of the mesial temporal lobe during episodic memory and it may weakly increase risk for schizophrenia. However, how this variant affects parahippocampal and hippocampal physiology when dopamine transmission is perturbed is unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the COMT Val158Met genotype on parahippocampal and hippocampal physiology during encoding of recognition memory in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy subjects. METHOD Using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied 28 patients with schizophrenia and 33 healthy subjects matched for a series of sociodemographic and genetic variables while they performed a recognition memory task. RESULTS We found that healthy subjects had greater parahippocampal and hippocampal activity during memory encoding compared to patients with schizophrenia. We also found different activity of the parahippocampal region between healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia as a function of the COMT genotype, in that the predicted COMT Met allele dose effect had an opposite direction in controls and patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a COMT Val158Met genotype by diagnosis interaction in parahippocampal activity during memory encoding and may suggest that modulation of dopamine signaling interacts with other disease-related processes in determining the phenotype of parahippocampal physiology in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Giorgio
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Bari, Italy
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de Vanssay-Maigne A, Noulhiane M, Devauchelle AD, Rodrigo S, Baudoin-Chial S, Meder JF, Oppenheim C, Chiron C, Chassoux F. Modulation of encoding and retrieval by recollection and familiarity: mapping the medial temporal lobe networks. Neuroimage 2011; 58:1131-8. [PMID: 21763430 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures are crucial for episodic memory. However, it remains unclear how these structures are involved in encoding and retrieval processes as a function of recollection and familiarity. To better elucidate MTL organization of these two processes, we implemented an fMRI protocol in which both encoding and retrieval of words were scanned in 21 healthy adults. During encoding, subjects were requested to bind each word to an emotional context (pleasant or unpleasant). Retrieval consisted of a Remember/Know procedure in two stages: first, subjects had to recognize the word, followed by the retrieval of the associated emotional context. fMRI data were reported in eight manually delineated MTL regions of interest (in the head, body and tail of the hippocampus, the entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices, the amygdala and the temporopolar cortex). Results obtained in 19 subjects showed four MTL patterns of activity consisting in activations of parahippocampal cortex and hippocampus in episodic encoding and retrieval and perirhinal cortex involvement in familiarity. These results are in line with the Binding of Item and Context (BIC) model predictions. Additionally, some new findings specified the familiarity MTL neural substrate by showing precise entorhinal activations during retrieval of familiar words, as well as hippocampal and amygdala deactivations in encoding of these words. Finally, we emphasize that among all four memory processes, episodic retrieval (recollection effect) was the only one eliciting strong bilateral activations in all MTL structures. These results should be considered for future studies on MTL dysfunction in patients with temporal lobe damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée de Vanssay-Maigne
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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Rajimehr R, Devaney KJ, Bilenko NY, Young JC, Tootell RBH. The "parahippocampal place area" responds preferentially to high spatial frequencies in humans and monkeys. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000608. [PMID: 21483719 PMCID: PMC3071373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A visual brain area that is thought to encode higher-level "place" information
responds instead to lower-level "edge" information. A corresponding brain area
is demonstrated in non-human species. Defining the exact mechanisms by which the brain processes visual objects and
scenes remains an unresolved challenge. Valuable clues to this process have
emerged from the demonstration that clusters of neurons (“modules”)
in inferior temporal cortex apparently respond selectively to specific
categories of visual stimuli, such as places/scenes. However, the higher-order
“category-selective” response could also reflect specific
lower-level spatial factors. Here we tested this idea in multiple functional MRI
experiments, in humans and macaque monkeys, by systematically manipulating the
spatial content of geometrical shapes and natural images. These tests revealed
that visual spatial discontinuities (as reflected by an increased response to
high spatial frequencies) selectively activate a well-known place-selective
region of visual cortex (the “parahippocampal place area”) in
humans. In macaques, we demonstrate a homologous cortical area, and show that it
also responds selectively to higher spatial frequencies. The parahippocampal
place area may use such information for detecting object borders and scene
details during spatial perception and navigation. Many reports suggest that different categories of visual stimuli are processed in
correspondingly specific “modules” in the visual cortex. For
instance, images of faces are processed in one cortical module (the
“fusiform face area”), while images of scenes are processed in an
adjacent module (the “parahippocampal place area,” or PPA). How does
the PPA encode for such high-level, complex visual scenes? In this study, we
show that at least part of the PPA response is due to a lower-level variable,
reflected as higher spatial frequencies. These are prominent in the edges and
details of scenes, but less prominent in faces and other stimuli. When we
altered standard images of faces and places so that they only contained low,
medium, or high spatial frequencies, we found that the PPA responded strongly to
images containing high spatial frequencies. Importantly, using the same stimuli
as for the human studies, we also demonstrated a homolog of human PPA in macaque
temporal cortex (“mPPA”). As in humans, mPPA responds selectively to
higher spatial frequencies. This demonstration of PPA in macaques paves the way
for carrying out further electrophysiological and anatomical studies that may
help elucidate the neural mechanisms for place selectivity in the human visual
cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rajimehr
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Petrini K, Pollick FE, Dahl S, McAleer P, McKay LS, Rocchesso D, Waadeland CH, Love S, Avanzini F, Puce A. Action expertise reduces brain activity for audiovisual matching actions: an fMRI study with expert drummers. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1480-92. [PMID: 21397699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When we observe someone perform a familiar action, we can usually predict what kind of sound that action will produce. Musical actions are over-experienced by musicians and not by non-musicians, and thus offer a unique way to examine how action expertise affects brain processes when the predictability of the produced sound is manipulated. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to scan 11 drummers and 11 age- and gender-matched novices who made judgments on point-light drumming movements presented with sound. In Experiment 1, sound was synchronized or desynchronized with drumming strikes, while in Experiment 2 sound was always synchronized, but the natural covariation between sound intensity and velocity of the drumming strike was maintained or eliminated. Prior to MRI scanning, each participant completed psychophysical testing to identify personal levels of synchronous and asynchronous timing to be used in the two fMRI activation tasks. In both experiments, the drummers' brain activation was reduced in motor and action representation brain regions when sound matched the observed movements, and was similar to that of novices when sound was mismatched. This reduction in neural activity occurred bilaterally in the cerebellum and left parahippocampal gyrus in Experiment 1, and in the right inferior parietal lobule, inferior temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus in Experiment 2. Our results indicate that brain functions in action-sound representation areas are modulated by multimodal action expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Petrini
- Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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41
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Sämann PG, Wehrle R, Hoehn D, Spoormaker VI, Peters H, Tully C, Holsboer F, Czisch M. Development of the brain's default mode network from wakefulness to slow wave sleep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 21:2082-93. [PMID: 21330468 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Falling asleep is paralleled by a loss of conscious awareness and reduced capacity to process external stimuli. Little is known on sleep-associated changes of spontaneously synchronized anatomical networks as detected by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). We employed functional connectivity analysis of rs-fMRI series obtained from 25 healthy participants, covering all non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stages. We focused on the default mode network (DMN) and its anticorrelated network (ACN) that are involved in internal and external awareness during wakefulness. Using independent component analysis, cross-correlation analysis (CCA), and intraindividual dynamic network tracking, we found significant changes in DMN/ACN integrity throughout the NREM sleep. With increasing sleep depth, contributions of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/retrosplenial cortex (RspC), parahippocampal gyrus, and medial prefrontal cortex to the DMN decreased. CCA revealed a breakdown of corticocortical functional connectivity, particularly between the posterior and anterior midline node of the DMN and the DMN and the ACN. Dynamic tracking of the DMN from wakefulness into slow wave sleep in a single subject added insights into intraindividual network fluctuations. Results resonate with a role of the PCC/RspC for the regulation of consciousness. We further submit that preserved corticocortical synchronization could represent a prerequisite for maintaining internal and external awareness.
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42
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Lascano AM, Hummel T, Lacroix JS, Landis BN, Michel CM. Spatio-temporal dynamics of olfactory processing in the human brain: an event-related source imaging study. Neuroscience 2010; 167:700-8. [PMID: 20153813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although brain structures involved in central nervous olfactory processing in humans have been well identified with functional neuroimaging, little is known about the temporal sequence of their activation. We recorded olfactory event-related potentials (ERP) to H(2)S stimuli presented to the left and right nostril in 12 healthy subjects. Topographic and source analysis identified four distinct processing steps between 200 and 1000 ms. Activation started ipsilateral to the stimulated nostril in the mesial and lateral temporal cortex (amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, insula). Subsequently, the corresponding structures on the contralateral side became involved, followed by frontal structures at the end of the activation period. Thus, based on EEG-related data, current results suggest that olfactory information in humans is processed first ipsilaterally to the stimulated nostril and then activates the major relays in olfactory information processing in both hemispheres. Most importantly, the currently described techniques allow the investigation of the spatial processing of olfactory information at a high temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lascano
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital and Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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43
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Abstract
The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is a region of human cortex that responds more strongly to visual scenes (e.g., landscapes or cityscapes) than to other visual stimuli. It has been proposed that the primary function of the PPA is encoding of contextual information about object co-occurrence. Supporting this context hypothesis are reports that the PPA responds more strongly to strong-context than to weak-context objects and more strongly to famous faces (for which contextual associations are available) than to nonfamous faces. We reexamined the reliability of these 2 effects by scanning subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed strong- and weak-context objects, scrambled versions of these objects, and famous and nonfamous faces. "Contextual" effects for objects were observed to be reliable in the PPA at slow presentation rates but not at faster presentation rates intended to discourage scene imagery. We were unable to replicate the earlier finding of preferential PPA response to famous versus nonfamous faces. These results are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that the PPA encodes contextual associations but are consistent with a competing hypothesis that the PPA encodes scenic layout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell A Epstein
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6241, USA.
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44
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Hynie S, Klenerová V. [Neurobiology of memory]. Cesk Fysiol 2010; 59:44-50. [PMID: 21254659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the introduction we summarized basic information about memory and indicated studies, which were milestones in the study of memory. Basic studies of memory are reviewed and neurobiological approach is highlighted. The aim of this investigation is to find the relationship among basic facts about memory and what are the underlying mechanisms. This study deals with the participating brain structures, what happens on the synapses and how neurons are influenced. Substantial part of the review is devoted to synaptic plasticity and long-lasting potentiation (LTP). They represent the in vitro approaches, which help to discover mechanisms that participate in memory. The decisive role of AMPA and NMDA receptors and signaling cascades for memory are presented. The role of hippocampus and parahippocampal formation for memory storage is described in more details. Processes of memory consolidation and reconsolidation are presented as well as mechanisms, which modulate memory processes. The review is closed by the index theory, which explains complicated situation in storage and retrieval of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hynie
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuropharmacology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague.
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Abstract
The neural network associated with idiopathic hyperacusis is still not well known. We studied the brain activation of 3 middle-aged patients with mild to moderate hyperacusis by functional magnetic resonance imaging while they were listening to white noise binaurally. In addition to the temporal lobes, in all patients, sound elicited activation in the frontal lobes (superior, middle, or inferior frontal gyri) and occipital lobes (precuneus, cuneus, superior occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, or fusiform gyrus). The parahippocampus was activated in 2 of 3 patients. Furthermore, the precentral and postcentral gyri, superior and inferior parietal lobules, thalamus, midbrain, claustrum, insula, posterior cingulated gyrus, and orbital and rectal gyrus were also activated in one patient. The neural network associated with idiopathic hyperacusis might be associated with the frontal lobes and parahippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juen-Haur Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Zeithamova D, Maddox WT, Schnyer DM. Dissociable prototype learning systems: evidence from brain imaging and behavior. J Neurosci 2008; 28:13194-201. [PMID: 19052210 PMCID: PMC2605650 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2915-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural underpinnings of prototype learning are not well understood. A major source of confusion is that two versions of the prototype learning task have been used interchangeably in the literature; one where participants learn to categorize exemplars derived from two prototypes (A/B task), and one where participants learn to categorize exemplars derived from one prototype and noncategorical exemplars (A/non-A). We report results from an fMRI study of A/B and A/non-A prototype learning that allows for a direct contrast of the two learning methods. Accuracy in the two tasks did not correlate within subject despite equivalent average difficulty. The fMRI results revealed neural activation in a network of regions consistent with episodic memory retrieval for the A/B task while greater activation of a nondeclarative learning network was observed for the A/non-A task. The results demonstrate that learning in these two tasks is mediated by different neural systems and that recruitment of each system is dictated by the context of learning rather than the actual category structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Zeithamova
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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47
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Kholodar-Smith DB, Boguszewski P, Brown TH. Auditory trace fear conditioning requires perirhinal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:537-43. [PMID: 18678265 PMCID: PMC2629995 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is well-known to be critical for trace fear conditioning, but nothing is known about the importance of perirhinal cortex (PR), which has reciprocal connections with hippocampus. PR damage severely impairs delay fear conditioning to ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and discontinuous tones (pips), but has no effect on delay conditioning to continuous tones. Here we demonstrate that trace auditory fear conditioning also critically depends on PR function. The trace interval between the CS offset and the US onset was 16s. Pre-training neurotoxic lesions were produced through multiple injections of N-methyl-D-aspartate along the full length of PR, which was directly visualized during the injections. Control animals received injections with phosphate-buffered saline. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the lesion volumes demonstrated that the neurotoxic damage was well-localized to PR and included most of its anterior-posterior extent. Automated video analysis quantified freezing behavior, which served as the conditional response. PR-damaged rats were profoundly impaired in trace conditioning to either of three different CSs (a USV, tone pips, and a continuous tone) as well as conditioning to the training context. Within both the lesion and control groups, the type of cue had no effect on the mean CR. The overall PR lesion effect size was 2.7 for cue conditioning and 3.9 for context conditioning. We suggest that the role of PR in trace fear conditioning may be distinct from some of its more perceptual functions. The results further define the essential circuitry underlying trace fear conditioning to auditory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Kholodar-Smith
- Departments of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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48
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Epstein RA. Parahippocampal and retrosplenial contributions to human spatial navigation. Trends Cogn Sci 2008; 12:388-96. [PMID: 18760955 PMCID: PMC2858632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spatial navigation is a core cognitive ability in humans and animals. Neuroimaging studies have identified two functionally defined brain regions that activate during navigational tasks and also during passive viewing of navigationally relevant stimuli such as environmental scenes: the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and the retrosplenial complex (RSC). Recent findings indicate that the PPA and RSC have distinct and complementary roles in spatial navigation, with the PPA more concerned with representation of the local visual scene and RSC more concerned with situating the scene within the broader spatial environment. These findings are a first step towards understanding the separate components of the cortical network that mediates spatial navigation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell A Epstein
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6241, USA.
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49
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Tsukiura T. [Functional neuroimaging studies of episodic memory--functional dissociation in the medial temporal lobe structures]. Brain Nerve 2008; 60:833-844. [PMID: 18646623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the critical role of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions in the encoding and retrieval of episodic memory. It has also been shown that an emotional factor in human memory enhances episodic encoding and retrieval. However, there is little evidence regarding the specific contribution of each MTL region to the relational, contextual, and emotional processes of episodic memory. The goal of this review article is to identify differential activation patterns of the processes between MTL regions. Results from functional neuroimaging studies of episodic memory show that the hippocampus is involved in encoding the relation between memory items, whereas the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices (anterior parahippocampal gyrus) contribute to the encoding of a single item. Additionally, the parahippocampal cortex (posterior parahippocampal gyrus) is selectively activated during the processing of contextual information of episodic memory. A similar pattern of functional dissociation is found in episodic memory retrieval. Functional neuroimaging has also shown that emotional information of episodic memory enhances amygdala-MTL correlations and that this enhancement is observed during both the encoding and retrieval of emotional memories. These findings from pervious neuroimaging studies suggest that different MTL regions could organize memory for personally experienced episodes via the "relation" and "context" factors of episodic memory, and that the emotional factor of episodes could modulate the functional organization in the MTL regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsukiura
- Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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50
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Hoekert M, Bais L, Kahn RS, Aleman A. Time course of the involvement of the right anterior superior temporal gyrus and the right fronto-parietal operculum in emotional prosody perception. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2244. [PMID: 18493307 PMCID: PMC2373925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In verbal communication, not only the meaning of the words convey information, but also the tone of voice (prosody) conveys crucial information about the emotional state and intentions of others. In various studies right frontal and right temporal regions have been found to play a role in emotional prosody perception. Here, we used triple-pulse repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to shed light on the precise time course of involvement of the right anterior superior temporal gyrus and the right fronto-parietal operculum. We hypothesized that information would be processed in the right anterior superior temporal gyrus before being processed in the right fronto-parietal operculum. Right-handed healthy subjects performed an emotional prosody task. During listening to each sentence a triplet of TMS pulses was applied to one of the regions at one of six time points (400-1900 ms). Results showed a significant main effect of Time for right anterior superior temporal gyrus and right fronto-parietal operculum. The largest interference was observed half-way through the sentence. This effect was stronger for withdrawal emotions than for the approach emotion. A further experiment with the inclusion of an active control condition, TMS over the EEG site POz (midline parietal-occipital junction), revealed stronger effects at the fronto-parietal operculum and anterior superior temporal gyrus relative to the active control condition. No evidence was found for sequential processing of emotional prosodic information from right anterior superior temporal gyrus to the right fronto-parietal operculum, but the results revealed more parallel processing. Our results suggest that both right fronto-parietal operculum and right anterior superior temporal gyrus are critical for emotional prosody perception at a relatively late time period after sentence onset. This may reflect that emotional cues can still be ambiguous at the beginning of sentences, but become more apparent half-way through the sentence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolijn Hoekert
- BCN Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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