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Lin X, Li C, Xu S, Wang J, Yang H, Qu Y, Chen Q, Li Z, Su M, Liu G, Liu H, Yang J, Lv Y, Li Y, Wu H. Smart windows based on ultraviolet-B persistent luminescence phosphors for bacterial inhibition and food preservation. Food Chem 2024; 448:139142. [PMID: 38554585 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, ultraviolet B (UVB) persistent luminescence phosphors containing SrAl12O19: Ce3+, Sc3+ nanoparticles were reported. Thermoluminescence (TL) spectrum analysis reveals that the shallow trap induced by Sc3+ co-doping plays an important role in photoluminescence persistent luminescence (PersL) development, while the deep trap dominates the generation of optical stimulated luminescence (OSL). Owing the appearance of deep trap, the OSL is observed under light (700 nm - 900 nm) excitation. UVB luminescence exerts good bactericidal effects on pathogenic bacteria involved in the process of food spoilage. Thus, the smart window with SrAl12O19: Ce3+, Sc3+/PDMS produces UVB PersL to efficiently inactivate Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the presence of the smart window delays the critical point of pork decay, and greatly reduces the time of pork spoilage. It maximizes the convenience of eradicating bacteria and preserving food, thus offering a fresh perspective on the use of UV light for food sterilization and preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China.
| | - Chonghui Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Shicai Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Huanxin Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Yikai Qu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Qingshuai Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Mengyu Su
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Hanping Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Jilei Yang
- China Department of Stomatology, Dezhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Yang Lv
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China
| | - Yang Li
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Haoyi Wu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Yang ZC, Wang WL, Jing ZB, Jiang YQ, Zhang HQ, Lee MY, Peng L, Wu QY. Ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxymonosulfate disinfection of MS2 coliphage in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:824-831. [PMID: 38323647 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00527e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The control of viruses in water is critical to preventing the spread of infectious viral diseases. Many oxidants can inactivate viruses, and this study aims to systematically compare the disinfection effects of ozone (O3), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on MS2 coliphage. The effects of oxidant dose and contact time on disinfection were explored, as were the disinfection effects of three oxidizing agents in secondary effluent. The 4-log inactivation of MS2 coliphage required 0.05 mM O3, 0.5 mM PMS, or 25 mM H2O2 with a contact time of 30 min. All three oxidants achieved at least 4-log disinfection within 30 min, and O3 required only 0.5 min. In secondary effluent, all three oxidants also achieved 4-log inactivation of MS2 coliphage. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) results indicate that all three oxidants removed dissolved organic matter synchronously and O3 oxidized dissolved organic matter more thoroughly while maintaining disinfection efficacy. Considering the criteria of oxidant dose, contact time, and disinfection efficacy in secondary effluent, O3 is the best choice for MS2 coliphage disinfection among the three oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zi-Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yi-Qing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - He-Qing Zhang
- CSCEC Scimee Sci.&Tech. Co., Ltd., Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- National Institute of Environment Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Liu G, Hu Z, Chen X, Li W, Wu Y, Liu Z, Miao L, Luo Z, Wang J, Guo Y. Oxygen vacancy-rich Ag/CuO nanoarray mesh fabricated by laser ablation for efficient bacterial inactivation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133269. [PMID: 38134696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of drinking water by microbes is a critical health concern, underscoring the need for safe, reliable, and efficient methods to treat pathogenic microorganisms. While most sterilization materials are available in powder form, this presents safety risks and challenges in recycling. Herein, this study reports the preparation of an innovative copper oxide supported silver monolithic nanoarray mesh with abundant oxygen vacancies (Ag/CuO-VO) by laser ablation. The instantaneous high temperature caused by laser ablation preserves the material's original structure while generating oxygen vacancies on the CuO surface. The Ag/CuO-VO mesh demonstrated a remarkable ability to inactivate over 99% of Escherichia coli (E. Coli) within 20 min. The oxygen vacancies in the Ag/CuO-VO enhance interactions between oxygen species and the Ag/CuO-VO, leading to the accumulation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The generated ROS effectively disrupt both layers of the bacterial cell wall - the peptidoglycan and the phospholipid - as confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, culminating in cell death. This research presents a monolithic material capable of inactivating pathogenic microorganisms efficiently, offering a significant advancement in water sterilization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Liu
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhixin Hu
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Weihao Li
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yan Wu
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zuocheng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lei Miao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhu Luo
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, Wuhan 430083, PR China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, Wuhan 430083, PR China.
| | - Yanbing Guo
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, Wuhan 430083, PR China.
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4
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Su R, Fu H, Ding L, Fu B, He S, Ma H, Hu H, Ren H. Long-term impact of nano zero-valent iron on methanogenic activity, microbial community structure, and transcription activity in anaerobic wastewater treatment system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130028. [PMID: 37977494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) is commonly used in industrial wastewater treatment. However, its long-term impact mechanisms of metabolization in anaerobic systems are not well understood. This study investigated the effects of long-term and continuous addition of NZVI on methanogenic activity, microbial community, and transcription activity. The results demonstrated that low levels of NZVI (1000 mg/L) induced inhibition of methanogenesis after 80 days, while high levels of NZVI (5000 mg/L) immediately led to a sharp decrease of cumulative methane production and chemical oxygen demand removal, which arrived at a steady state (14.4 % of control and 17 %) after 30 days. NZVI adversely affected cell viability, adenosine triphosphate production, and fatty acid evolution of cell membranes played a crucial role in resisting chronic NZVI toxicity. Moreover, high NZVI levels hindered the transcription of key enzymes CoM and mcrA, while low NZVI levels maintained its high CoM and mcrA activity, but down-regulated the transcription of cdh and hdr. Besides, amino-utilizing bacteria was reduced under the high NZVI concentration, while low NZVI changed dominant genus with potential protein hydrolysis function from Candidatus Cloacamonas to Sedimentibacter. These results provide a guideline for proper NZVI utilization in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huimin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Lili Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Bo Fu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Su He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haijun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haidong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Wu DX, Lu Y, Ye B, Liang JK, Wang WL, Du Y, Wu QY. Phototransformation of Brominated Disinfection Byproducts and Toxicity Elimination in Sunlit-Ozonated Reclaimed Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1700-1708. [PMID: 38154042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is universally used during water treatment but can form hazardous brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). While sunlight exposure is advised to reduce the risk of Br-DBPs, their phototransformation pathways remain insufficiently understood. Here, sunlight irradiation was found to reduce adsorbable organic bromine by 63%. Applying high-resolution mass spectrometry, the study investigated transformations of dissolved organic matter in sunlit-ozonated reclaimed water, revealing the number and abundance of assigned formulas decreased after irradiation. The Br-DBPs with O/C < 0.6 and MW > 400 Da were decreased or removed after irradiation, with the majority being CHOBr compounds. The peak intensity reduction ratio of CHOBr compounds correlated positively with double bound equivalent minus oxygen ratios but negatively with O/C, suggesting that photo-susceptible CHOBr compounds were highly unsaturated. Mass difference analysis revealed that the photodegradation pathways were mainly oxidation aligned with debromination. Three typical CHOBr molecular structures were resolved, and their photoproducts were proposed. Toxicity estimates indicated decreased toxicity in these photoproducts compared to their parent compounds, in line with experimentally determined values. Our proposed phototransformation pathways for Br-DBPs enhance our comprehension of their degradation and irradiation-induced toxicity reduction in reclaimed water, further illuminating their transformation under sunlight in widespread environmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xiu Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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Huang LZY, Shaw ZL, Penman R, Cheeseman S, Truong VK, Higgins MJ, Caruso RA, Elbourne A. Cell Adhesion, Elasticity, and Rupture Forces Guide Microbial Cell Death on Nanostructured Antimicrobial Titanium Surfaces. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:344-361. [PMID: 38100088 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Naturally occurring and synthetic nanostructured surfaces have been widely reported to resist microbial colonization. The majority of these studies have shown that both bacterial and fungal cells are killed upon contact and subsequent surface adhesion to such surfaces. This occurs because the presence of high-aspect-ratio structures can initiate a self-driven mechanical rupture of microbial cells during the surface adsorption process. While this technology has received a large amount of scientific and medical interest, one important question still remains: what factors drive microbial death on the surface? In this work, the interplay between microbial-surface adhesion, cell elasticity, cell membrane rupture forces, and cell lysis at the microbial-nanostructure biointerface during adsorptive processes was assessed using a combination of live confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, in situ amplitude atomic force microscopy, and single-cell force spectroscopy. Specifically, the adsorptive behavior and nanomechanical properties of live Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial cells, as well as the fungal species Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, were assessed on unmodified and nanostructured titanium surfaces. Unmodified titanium and titanium surfaces with nanostructures were used as model substrates for investigation. For all microbial species, cell elasticity, rupture force, maximum cell-surface adhesion force, the work of adhesion, and the cell-surface tether behavior were compared to the relative cell death observed for each surface examined. For cells with a lower elastic modulus, lower force to rupture through the cell, and higher work of adhesion, the surfaces had a higher antimicrobial activity, supporting the proposed biocidal mode of action for nanostructured surfaces. This study provides direct quantification of the differences observed in the efficacy of nanostructured antimicrobial surface as a function of microbial species indicating that a universal, antimicrobial surface architecture may be hard to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Z Y Huang
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Z L Shaw
- School of Engineering, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rowan Penman
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Samuel Cheeseman
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Graeme Clark Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology & Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Services, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michael J Higgins
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Rachel A Caruso
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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He L, Wang WL, Wu DX, Wang SY, Xiao X, Zhang HQ, Lee MY, Wu QY. Vacuum ultraviolet irradiation for reduction of the toxicity of wastewater towards mammalian cells: Removal mechanism, changes in organic compounds, and toxicity alternatives. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108314. [PMID: 37979535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, 185 + 254 nm) irradiation performs well for oxidation of model pollutants. However, oxidation of pollutants does not necessarily lead to a reduction in toxicity. Currently, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of VUV irradiation on the toxicity of real wastewater is still lacking. In this study, the influence of VUV irradiation on the toxicity of secondary effluents to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was investigated. The induction units of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in cells continuously decreased with prolonged irradiation time. After 36 min of irradiation, the cytotoxicity and the genotoxicity of the secondary effluents were reduced by 57%-63% and 56%-61%, respectively. The UV (254 nm), •OH, and other substances generated during the VUV irradiation directly drive toxicity changes of wastewater. The contribution of •OH generated during VUV irradiation to the reductions in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the secondary effluents reached 72%-78% and 77%-84%, respectively. Hydroxyl radicals generated during VUV irradiation played an important role in the detoxification. The relative signal intensity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) > 500 Da was partially removed, whereas that of DOC < 500 Da was small changed. Since the content of DOC > 500 Da in the samples was much lower than that of DOC < 500 Da, the removal of total DOC was only 15.8%-20.0% after 36 min of irradiation. The UV254 values and the fluorescence intensity values for different molecular weights (MWs) were all reduced effectively by VUV irradiation. Electron-rich organic compounds of all MWs were all sensitive to VUV irradiation. There were mono-linear relationships between changes in chemical indexes and changes in cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. The total fluorescence intensity (Ex: 220-420 nm, Em: 280-560 nm) was identified as the best indicator of the reduction in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - De-Xiu Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Shao-Yu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - He-Qing Zhang
- Cscec Scimee Science & Technical Company Limited, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- National Institute of Environment Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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