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Xu S, He X, Trinh DC, Zhang X, Wu X, Qiu D, Zhou M, Xiang D, Roeder AHK, Hamant O, Hong L. A 3-component module maintains sepal flatness in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:4007-4020.e4. [PMID: 39146940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
As in origami, morphogenesis in living systems heavily relies on tissue curving and folding through the interplay between biochemical and biomechanical cues. By contrast, certain organs maintain their flat posture over several days. Here, we identified a pathway that is required for the maintenance of organ flatness, taking the sepal, the outermost floral organ, in Arabidopsis as a model system. Through genetic, cellular, and mechanical approaches, our results demonstrate that the global gene expression regulator VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 4 (VIP4) fine-tunes the mechanical properties of sepal cell walls and maintains balanced growth on both sides of the sepals, mainly by orchestrating the distribution pattern of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 3 (ARF3). vip4 mutation results in softer cell walls and faster cell growth on the adaxial sepal side, which eventually cause sepals to bend outward. Downstream of VIP4, ARF3 works through modulating auxin to downregulate pectin methylesterase VANGUARD1, resulting in decreased cell wall stiffness. Thus, our work unravels a 3-component module that relates hormonal patterns to organ curvature and actively maintains sepal flatness during its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi He
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Duy-Chi Trinh
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, CNRS, 46 Allee d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi 11355, Vietnam
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, CNRS, 46 Allee d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xiaojiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The Advanced Seed Institute, National Key Laboratory of Rice Breeding and Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dengying Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, CNRS, 46 Allee d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Lilan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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Oliveri H, Moulton DE, Harrington HA, Goriely A. Active shape control by plants in dynamic environments. Phys Rev E 2024; 110:014405. [PMID: 39160906 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.110.014405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants are a paradigm for active shape control in response to stimuli. For instance, it is well known that a tilted plant will eventually straighten vertically, demonstrating the influence of both an external stimulus, gravity, and an internal stimulus, proprioception. These effects can be modulated when a potted plant is additionally rotated along the plant's axis, as in a rotating clinostat, leading to intricate shapes. We use a previously derived rod model to study the response of a growing plant and the joint effects of both stimuli at all rotation speeds. In the absence of rotation, we identify a universal planar shape towards which all shoots eventually converge. With rotation, we demonstrate the existence of a stable family of three-dimensional dynamic equilibria where the plant axis is fixed in space. Further, the effect of axial growth is to induce steady behaviors, such as solitary waves. Overall, this study offers insight into the complex out-of-equilibrium dynamics of a plant in three dimensions and further establishes that internal stimuli in active materials are key for robust shape control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Oliveri
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Zellbiologie und Genetik, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Fakultät Mathematik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | | | - Heather A Harrington
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Zellbiologie und Genetik, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Fakultät Mathematik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
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3
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Guo K, Liu M, Vella D, Suresh S, Hsia KJ. Dehydration-induced corrugated folding in Rhapis excelsa plant leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320259121. [PMID: 38588439 PMCID: PMC11047117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320259121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant leaves, whose remarkable ability for morphogenesis results in a wide range of petal and leaf shapes in response to environmental cues, have inspired scientific studies as well as the development of engineering structures and devices. Although some typical shape changes in plants and the driving force for such shape evolution have been extensively studied, there remain many poorly understood mechanisms, characteristics, and principles associated with the vast array of shape formation of plant leaves in nature. Here, we present a comprehensive study that combines experiment, theory, and numerical simulations of one such topic-the mechanics and mechanisms of corrugated leaf folding induced by differential shrinking in Rhapis excelsa. Through systematic measurements of the dehydration process in sectioned leaves, we identify a linear correlation between change in the leaf-folding angle and water loss. Building on experimental findings, we develop a generalized model that provides a scaling relationship for water loss in sectioned leaves. Furthermore, our study reveals that corrugated folding induced by dehydration in R. excelsa leaves is achieved by the deformation of a structural architecture-the "hinge" cells. Utilizing such connections among structure, morphology, environmental stimuli, and mechanics, we fabricate several biomimetic machines, including a humidity sensor and morphing devices capable of folding in response to dehydration. The mechanisms of corrugated folding in R. excelsa identified in this work provide a general understanding of the interactions between plant leaves and water. The actuation mechanisms identified in this study also provide insights into the rational design of soft machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Guo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
| | - Mingchao Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Vella
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OxfordOX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Subra Suresh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI02912
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - K. Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
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4
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Zhao H, Wang S, Yang R, Yang D, Zhao Y, Kuang J, Chen L, Zhang R, Hu H. Side chain of confined xylan affects cellulose integrity leading to bending stem with reduced mechanical strength in ornamental plants. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121787. [PMID: 38286554 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The stem support for fresh-cut flowers exerts a profound influence on the display of their blossoms. During vase insertion, bending stems significantly affect the ornamental value, but much remains unclear about the underlying reasons. In this study, six pairs of ornamental plants were screened for the contrast of bending and straight stems. The bending stems have weakened mechanical force and biomass recalcitrance compared with the straight ones. Meanwhile, cells in the bending stems became more loosely packed, along with a decrease in cell wall thickness and cellulose levels. Furthermore, wall properties characterizations show bending stems have decreased lignocellulosic CrI and cellulose DP, and enhanced the branching ratio of hemicellulose which is trapped in the cellulose. Given the distinct cell wall factors in different species, all data are grouped in standardized to eliminate the variations among plant species. The principal composition analysis and correlation analysis of the processed dataset strongly suggest that cellulose association factors determine the stem mechanical force and recalcitrance. Based on our results, we propose a model for how branches of confined hemicellulose interacted with cellulose to modulate stem strength support for the straight or bending phenotype in cut flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqian Zhao
- Yunnan Province Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Yunnan Province Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Runjie Yang
- Yunnan Province Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Yunnan Province Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yongjing Zhao
- Yunnan Province Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jianhua Kuang
- Yunnan Province Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Longqing Chen
- Yunnan Province Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huizhen Hu
- Yunnan Province Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
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Porat A, Tekinalp A, Bhosale Y, Gazzola M, Meroz Y. On the mechanical origins of waving, coiling and skewing in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312761121. [PMID: 38446852 PMCID: PMC10945788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312761121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
By masterfully balancing directed growth and passive mechanics, plant roots are remarkably capable of navigating complex heterogeneous environments to find resources. Here, we present a theoretical and numerical framework which allows us to interrogate and simulate the mechanical impact of solid interfaces on the growth pattern of plant organs. We focus on the well-known waving, coiling, and skewing patterns exhibited by roots of Arabidopsis thaliana when grown on inclined surfaces, serving as a minimal model of the intricate interplay with solid substrates. By modeling growing slender organs as Cosserat rods that mechanically interact with the environment, our simulations verify hypotheses of waving and coiling arising from the combination of active gravitropism and passive root-plane responses. Skewing is instead related to intrinsic twist due to cell file rotation. Numerical investigations are outfitted with an analytical framework that consistently relates transitions between straight, waving, coiling, and skewing patterns with substrate tilt angle. Simulations are found to corroborate theory and recapitulate a host of reported experimental observations, thus providing a systematic approach for studying in silico plant organs behavior in relation to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Porat
- Department of Condensed Matter, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
- Center for Physics, Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Arman Tekinalp
- Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Yashraj Bhosale
- Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Mattia Gazzola
- Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Yasmine Meroz
- Center for Physics, Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Zhang H, Xue F, Guo L, Cheng J, Jabbour F, DuPasquier PE, Xie Y, Zhang P, Wu Y, Duan X, Kong H, Zhang R. The mechanism underlying asymmetric bending of lateral petals in Delphinium (Ranunculaceae). Curr Biol 2024; 34:755-768.e4. [PMID: 38272029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
During the process of flower opening, most petals move downward in the direction of the pedicel (i.e., epinastic movement). In most Delphinium flowers, however, their two lateral petals display a very peculiar movement, the mirrored helical rotation, which requires the twist of the petal stalk. However, in some lineages, their lateral petals also exhibit asymmetric bending that increases the degree of mirrored helical rotation, facilitating the formation of a 3D final shape. Notably, petal asymmetric bending is a novel trait that has not been noticed yet, so its morphological nature, developmental process, and molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, by using D. anthriscifolium as a model, we determined that petal asymmetric bending was caused by the localized expansion of cell width, accompanied by the specialized array of cell wall nano-structure, on the adaxial epidermis. Digital gene analyses, gene expression, and functional studies revealed that a class I homeodomain-leucine zipper family transcription factor gene, DeanLATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 (DeanLMI1), contributes to petal asymmetric bending; knockdown of it led to the formation of explanate 2D petals. Specifically, DeanLMI1 promotes cell expansion in width and influences the arrangement of cell wall nano-structure on the localized adaxial epidermis. These results not only provide a comprehensive portrait of petal asymmetric bending for the first time but also shed some new insights into the mechanisms of flower opening and helical movement in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fang Xue
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liping Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Florian Jabbour
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris 75005, France
| | | | - Yanru Xie
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yijia Wu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoshan Duan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongzhi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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7
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Xu N, Qin XQ, Li DB, Hou YJ, Fang C, Zhang SW, You JY, Li HL, Qiu HY. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome profiles of the leaf and fruits of a Xianjinfeng litchi budding mutant and its mother plant. Front Genet 2024; 15:1360138. [PMID: 38463170 PMCID: PMC10920226 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1360138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is an important sub-tropical fruit in the horticulture market in China. Breeding for improved fruit characteristics is needed for satisfying consumer demands. Budding is a sustainable method for its propagation. During our ongoing breeding program, we observed a litchi mutant with flat leaves and sharp fruit peel cracking in comparison to the curled leaves and blunt fruit peel cracking fruits of the mother plant. Methods: To understand the possible molecular pathways involved, we performed a combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis. Results: We identified 1,060 metabolites in litchi leaves and fruits, of which 106 and 101 were differentially accumulated between the leaves and fruits, respectively. The mutant leaves were richer in carbohydrates, nucleotides, and phenolic acids, while the mother plant was rich in most of the amino acids and derivatives, flavonoids, lipids and organic acids and derivatives, and vitamins. Contrastingly, mutant fruits had higher levels of amino acids and derivatives, carbohydrates and derivatives, and organic acids and derivatives. However, the mother plant's fruits contained higher levels of flavonoids, scopoletin, amines, some amino acids and derivatives, benzamidine, carbohydrates and derivatives, and some organic acids and derivatives. The number of differentially expressed genes was consistent with the metabolome profiles. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway-enriched gene expressions showed consistent profiles as of metabolome analysis. Conclusion: These results provide the groundwork for breeding litchi for fruit and leaf traits that are useful for its taste and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong-Li Li
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong-ye Qiu
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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8
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Wang W, Li Y, Cai C, Zhu Q. Auxin response factors fine-tune lignin biosynthesis in response to mechanical bending in bamboo. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1161-1176. [PMID: 37964659 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignin contributes to plant mechanical properties during bending loads. Meanwhile, phytohormone auxin controls various plant biological processes. However, the mechanism of auxin's role in bending-induced lignin biosynthesis was unclear, especially in bamboo, celebrated for its excellent deformation stability. Here, we reported that auxin response factors (ARF) 3 and ARF6 from Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz) directly regulate lignin biosynthesis pathway genes, and affect lignin biosynthesis in bamboo. Auxin and lignin exhibited asymmetric distribution patterns, and auxin promoted lignin biosynthesis in response to bending loads in bamboo. Employing transcriptomic and weighted gene co-expression network analysis approach, we discovered that expression patterns of ARF3 and ARF6 strongly correlated with lignin biosynthesis genes. ARF3 and ARF6 directly bind to the promoter regions of 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL3, 4CL7, and 4CL9) or caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT2) genes, pivotal to lignin biosynthesis, and activate their expressions. Notably, the efficacy of this binding hinges on auxin levels. Alternation of the expressions of ARF3 and ARF6 substantially altered lignin accumulation in transgenic bamboo. Collectively, our study shed light on bamboo lignification genetics. Auxin signaling could directly modulate lignin biosynthesis genes to impact plant lignin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (BFPC), College of Forestry, Haixia Institute for Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yigang Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (BFPC), College of Forestry, Haixia Institute for Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Changyang Cai
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (BFPC), College of Forestry, Haixia Institute for Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (BFPC), College of Forestry, Haixia Institute for Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fujian, China
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9
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Pozhvanov G, Suslov D. Sucrose and Mannans Affect Arabidopsis Shoot Gravitropism at the Cell Wall Level. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:209. [PMID: 38256762 PMCID: PMC10819476 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Gravitropism is the plant organ bending in response to gravity. Gravitropism, phototropism and sufficient mechanical strength define the optimal position of young shoots for photosynthesis. Etiolated wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings grown horizontally in the presence of sucrose had a lot more upright hypocotyls than seedlings grown without sucrose. We studied the mechanism of this effect at the level of cell wall biomechanics and biochemistry. Sucrose strengthened the bases of hypocotyls and decreased the content of mannans in their cell walls. As sucrose is known to increase the gravitropic bending of hypocotyls, and mannans have recently been shown to interfere with this process, we examined if the effect of sucrose on shoot gravitropism could be partially mediated by mannans. We compared cell wall biomechanics and metabolomics of hypocotyls at the early steps of gravitropic bending in Col-0 plants grown with sucrose and mannan-deficient mutant seedlings. Sucrose and mannans affected gravitropic bending via different mechanisms. Sucrose exerted its effect through cell wall-loosening proteins, while mannans changed the walls' viscoelasticity. Our data highlight the complexity of shoot gravitropism control at the cell wall level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Pozhvanov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Herzen State Pedagogical University, 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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10
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Xu S, He X, Trinh DC, Zhang X, Wu X, Qiu D, Zhou M, Xiang D, Roeder AHK, Hamant O, Hong L. A 3-component module maintains sepal flatness in Arabidopsis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.06.570430. [PMID: 38106021 PMCID: PMC10723459 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
As in origami, morphogenesis in living systems heavily relies on tissue curving and folding, through the interplay between biochemical and biomechanical cues. In contrast, certain organs maintain their flat posture over several days. Here we identified a pathway, which is required for the maintenance of organ flatness, taking the sepal, the outermost floral organ, in Arabidopsis as a model system. Through genetic, cellular and mechanical approaches, our results demonstrate that global gene expression regulator VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 4 (VIP4) fine-tunes the mechanical properties of sepal cell walls and maintains balanced growth on both sides of the sepals, mainly by orchestrating the distribution pattern of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 3 (ARF3). vip4 mutation results in softer cell walls and faster cell growth on the adaxial sepal side, which eventually cause sepals to bend outward. Downstream of VIP4, ARF3 works through modulating auxin signaling to down-regulate pectin methylesterase VANGUARD1, resulting in decreased cell wall stiffness. Our work unravels a 3-component module, which relates hormonal patterns to organ curvature, and actively maintains sepal flatness during its growth.
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11
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Sarokin Y, Aabloo A, Must I. Plant-inspired rearrangement of liquid in a porous structure for controlled swelling. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:066005. [PMID: 37659404 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acf633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots can adapt to dynamic environments without prior knowledge of their properties. Plants inspire mechanisms for counterbalancing dynamic loads by locally modulating compliance through anisotropic humidity-responsive materials and structures. In addition to well-known passive bilayers, plants may also actively control swelling. The combination of robust hygroscopic material-level response and simple electrical control makes active swelling particularly attractive for technological implementation. However, dynamic swelling demands the development and optimisation of congruent pumping solutions. This work suggests electrohydrodynamic pumping, enabled by highly reversible ion immobilisation at capacitive electrodes, as a particularly suitable low-pressure, high-area liquid displacement solution for active swelling. Local pore fill ratio (PFR) modulation is used as a measure for dynamic liquid displacement and swelling. A method for highly localised (10μm membrane thickness) assessment of the dynamic variation of PFR in a 400μm laminate undergoing cross-plane electrokinetic liquid displacement is developed. Two modes for transient PFR modulation were identified: electrokinetic ion transfer and diffusive solvent redistribution, pronounced at high and low voltage scan rates, respectively. The strategic combination of these modes enables various compliance-modulation scenarios. The system contains (within a cycle) a constant amount of liquid in an open network of liquid-filled pores. 30%-75% PFR yielded the highest dynamic PFR modulation: a high amount of empty pores is beneficial, yet a too-low PFR compromises the continuous liquid pathway necessary for electrokinetic pumping. The dynamic nature of internal liquid rearrangement was characterised by relatively fast electrokinetics-driven fluxes (6.3% PFR change in 80 s), followed by a slow equilibration of concentration and PFR. At high scan rates, PFR decreased at positive polarisation, while both positive and negative polarity yielded a similar decrease at low scan rates (5 mV s-1). Localised control over the swelling gradient enables the design of systems that morphologically adapt to complex dynamic loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauheni Sarokin
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alvo Aabloo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Must
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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12
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Li J, Sheng Y, Xu H, Li Q, Lin X, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Song X, Wang J. Transcriptome and hormone metabolome reveal the mechanism of stem bending in water lily ( Nymphaea tetragona) cut-flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1195389. [PMID: 37746018 PMCID: PMC10515221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1195389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Water lilies are popular ornamental cut-flowers with significant economic and cultural value. However, stem bending affects the preservation of cut-flowers during their vase life. To gain further insights into the molecular mechanisms of stem bending, transcriptome profiling, hormone measurement, and morphological analysis were performed using the stems of the 'Blue Bird' water lily. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 607 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with the dorsal and ventral stems of the water lily, of which 247 were up-regulated and 360 were down-regulated. Significant differences in genes associated with plant hormones, calcium ions, glucose metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways genes involved in the dorsal and ventral areas of the curved stem. In particular, DEGs were associated with the hormone synthesis, gravity response, starch granules, Ca2+ ions, and photosynthesis. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with that of the transcriptome sequence analysis. A total of 12 hormones were detected, of which abscisic acid, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, indole-3-carboxaldehyde and jasmonic acid were significantly differentially expressed in the dorsal and ventral stems, and were significantly higher in the dorsal stem than in the ventral stem. The cell morphology in the dorsal and ventral areas of the curved stem clearly changed during vase life. The direction of starch granule settlement was consistent with the bending direction of the water lily stem, as well as the direction of gravity. In conclusion, stem bending in water lily cut-flowers is regulated by multiple factors and genes. This study provides an important theoretical basis for understanding the complex regulatory mechanism of water lily stem bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yuhui Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan, China
- College of Agricultural, Hengxing University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Huixian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qinxue Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiuya Lin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiqiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Sahin ES, Cheng T, Wood D, Tahouni Y, Poppinga S, Thielen M, Speck T, Menges A. Cross-Sectional 4D-Printing: Upscaling Self-Shaping Structures with Differentiated Material Properties Inspired by the Large-Flowered Butterwort ( Pinguicula grandiflora). Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:233. [PMID: 37366828 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrusion-based 4D-printing, which is an emerging field within additive manufacturing, has enabled the technical transfer of bioinspired self-shaping mechanisms by emulating the functional morphology of motile plant structures (e.g., leaves, petals, capsules). However, restricted by the layer-by-layer extrusion process, much of the resulting works are simplified abstractions of the pinecone scale's bilayer structure. This paper presents a new method of 4D-printing by rotating the printed axis of the bilayers, which enables the design and fabrication of self-shaping monomaterial systems in cross sections. This research introduces a computational workflow for programming, simulating, and 4D-printing differentiated cross sections with multilayered mechanical properties. Taking inspiration from the large-flowered butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora), which shows the formation of depressions on its trap leaves upon contact with prey, we investigate the depression formation of bioinspired 4D-printed test structures by varying each depth layer. Cross-sectional 4D-printing expands the design space of bioinspired bilayer mechanisms beyond the XY plane, allows more control in tuning their self-shaping properties, and paves the way toward large-scale 4D-printed structures with high-resolution programmability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Sila Sahin
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tiffany Cheng
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dylan Wood
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yasaman Tahouni
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Botanical Garden, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marc Thielen
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. Recent insights into metabolic and signalling events of directional root growth regulation and its implications for sustainable crop production systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1154088. [PMID: 37008498 PMCID: PMC10060999 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Roots are sensors evolved to simultaneously respond to manifold signals, which allow the plant to survive. Root growth responses, including the modulation of directional root growth, were shown to be differently regulated when the root is exposed to a combination of exogenous stimuli compared to an individual stress trigger. Several studies pointed especially to the impact of the negative phototropic response of roots, which interferes with the adaptation of directional root growth upon additional gravitropic, halotropic or mechanical triggers. This review will provide a general overview of known cellular, molecular and signalling mechanisms involved in directional root growth regulation upon exogenous stimuli. Furthermore, we summarise recent experimental approaches to dissect which root growth responses are regulated upon which individual trigger. Finally, we provide a general overview of how to implement the knowledge gained to improve plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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15
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The Course of Mechanical Stress: Types, Perception, and Plant Response. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020217. [PMID: 36829495 PMCID: PMC9953051 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli, together with the corresponding plant perception mechanisms and the finely tuned thigmomorphogenetic response, has been of scientific and practical interest since the mid-17th century. As an emerging field, there are many challenges in the research of mechanical stress. Indeed, studies on different plant species (annual/perennial) and plant organs (stem/root) using different approaches (field, wet lab, and in silico/computational) have delivered insufficient findings that frequently impede the practical application of the acquired knowledge. Accordingly, the current work distils existing mechanical stress knowledge by bringing in side-by-side the research conducted on both stem and roots. First, the various types of mechanical stress encountered by plants are defined. Second, plant perception mechanisms are outlined. Finally, the different strategies employed by the plant stem and roots to counteract the perceived mechanical stresses are summarized, depicting the corresponding morphological, phytohormonal, and molecular characteristics. The comprehensive literature on both perennial (woody) and annual plants was reviewed, considering the potential benefits and drawbacks of the two plant types, which allowed us to highlight current gaps in knowledge as areas of interest for future research.
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