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Sharifi M, Kamalabadi-Farahani M, Salehi M, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Alizadeh M. Recent advances in enhances peripheral nerve orientation: the synergy of micro or nano patterns with therapeutic tactics. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:194. [PMID: 38643117 PMCID: PMC11031871 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that topographical patterns influence nerve cell fate. Efforts have been made to improve nerve cell functionality through this approach, focusing on therapeutic strategies that enhance nerve cell function and support structures. However, inadequate nerve cell orientation can impede long-term efficiency, affecting nerve tissue repair. Therefore, enhancing neurites/axons directional growth and cell orientation is crucial for better therapeutic outcomes, reducing nerve coiling, and ensuring accurate nerve fiber connections. Conflicting results exist regarding the effects of micro- or nano-patterns on nerve cell migration, directional growth, immunogenic response, and angiogenesis, complicating their clinical use. Nevertheless, advances in lithography, electrospinning, casting, and molding techniques to intentionally control the fate and neuronal cells orientation are being explored to rapidly and sustainably improve nerve tissue efficiency. It appears that this can be accomplished by combining micro- and nano-patterns with nanomaterials, biological gradients, and electrical stimulation. Despite promising outcomes, the unclear mechanism of action, the presence of growth cones in various directions, and the restriction of outcomes to morphological and functional nerve cell markers have presented challenges in utilizing this method. This review seeks to clarify how micro- or nano-patterns affect nerve cell morphology and function, highlighting the potential benefits of cell orientation, especially in combined approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Sharifi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | | | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Ramesh PA, Sethuraman S, Subramanian A. Multichannel Conduits with Fascicular Complementation: Significance in Long Segmental Peripheral Nerve Injury. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2001-2021. [PMID: 38487853 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite the advances in tissue engineering approaches, reconstruction of long segmental peripheral nerve defects remains unsatisfactory. Although autologous grafts with proper fascicular complementation have shown meaningful functional recovery according to the Medical Research Council Classification (MRCC), the lack of donor nerve for such larger defect sizes (>30 mm) has been a serious clinical issue. Further clinical use of hollow nerve conduits is limited to bridging smaller segmental defects of denuded nerve ends (<30 mm). Recently, bioinspired multichannel nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) gained attention as autograft substitutes as they mimic the fascicular connective tissue microarchitecture in promoting aligned axonal outgrowth with desirable innervation for complete sensory and motor function restoration. This review outlines the hierarchical organization of nerve bundles and their significance in the sensory and motor functions of peripheral nerves. This review also emphasizes the major challenges in addressing the longer nerve defects with the role of fascicular arrangement in the multichannel nerve guidance conduits and the need for fascicular matching to accomplish complete functional restoration, especially in treating long segmental nerve defects. Further, currently available fabrication strategies in developing multichannel nerve conduits and their inconsistency in existing preclinical outcomes captured in this review would seed a new process in designing an ideal larger nerve conduit for peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethy Amruthavarshini Ramesh
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401, India
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Fellin CR, Steiner RC, Buchen JT, Anders JJ, Jariwala SH. Photobiomodulation and Vascularization in Conduit-Based Peripheral Nerve Repair: A Narrative Review. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2024; 42:1-10. [PMID: 38109199 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2023.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Peripheral nerve injuries pose a significant clinical issue for patients, especially in the most severe cases wherein complete transection (neurotmesis) results in total loss of sensory/motor function. Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) are a common treatment option that protects and guides regenerating axons during recovery. However, treatment outcomes remain limited and often fail to achieve full reinnervation, especially in critically sized defects (>3 cm) where a lack of vascularization leads to neural necrosis. Conclusions: A multitreatment approach is, therefore, necessary to improve the efficacy of NGCs. Stimulating angiogenesis within NGCs can help alleviate oxygen deficiency through rapid inosculation with the host vasculature, whereas photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has demonstrated beneficial therapeutic effects on regenerating nerve cells and neovascularization. In this review, we discuss the current trends of NGCs, vascularization, and PBMT as treatments for peripheral nerve neurotmesis and highlight the need for a combinatorial approach to improve functional and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Fellin
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- The Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard C Steiner
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- The Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack T Buchen
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- The Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juanita J Anders
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shailly H Jariwala
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- The Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Li Y, Jiang W, Zhou X, Long Y, Sun Y, Zeng Y, Yao X. Advances in Regulating Cellular Behavior Using Micropatterns. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2023; 96:527-547. [PMID: 38161579 PMCID: PMC10751872 DOI: 10.59249/uxoh1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Micropatterns, characterized as distinct physical microstructures or chemical adhesion matrices on substance surfaces, have emerged as a powerful tool for manipulating cellular activity. By creating specific extracellular matrix microenvironments, micropatterns can influence various cell behaviors, including orientation, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the use of micropatterns for cell behavior regulation. It discusses the influence of micropattern morphology and coating on cell behavior and the underlying mechanisms. It also highlights future research directions in this field, aiming to inspire new investigations in materials medicine, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The review underscores the potential of micropatterns as a novel approach for controlling cell behavior, which could pave the way for breakthroughs in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National
Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral
Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R.
China
| | - Wenli Jiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
| | - Xintong Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
| | - Yicen Long
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
| | - Yujia Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
| | - Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School
of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu,
P.R. China
| | - Xinghong Yao
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,
Department of Radiotherapy, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan
Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital
of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R.
China
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Mankavi F, Ibrahim R, Wang H. Advances in Biomimetic Nerve Guidance Conduits for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2528. [PMID: 37764557 PMCID: PMC10536071 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the peripheral nervous system are a common clinical issue, causing dysfunctions of the motor and sensory systems. Surgical interventions such as nerve autografting are necessary to repair damaged nerves. Even with autografting, i.e., the gold standard, malfunctioning and mismatches between the injured and donor nerves often lead to unwanted failure. Thus, there is an urgent need for a new intervention in clinical practice to achieve full functional recovery. Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs), providing physicochemical cues to guide neural regeneration, have great potential for the clinical regeneration of peripheral nerves. Typically, NGCs are tubular structures with various configurations to create a microenvironment that induces the oriented and accelerated growth of axons and promotes neuron cell migration and tissue maturation within the injured tissue. Once the native neural environment is better understood, ideal NGCs should maximally recapitulate those key physiological attributes for better neural regeneration. Indeed, NGC design has evolved from solely physical guidance to biochemical stimulation. NGC fabrication requires fundamental considerations of distinct nerve structures, the associated extracellular compositions (extracellular matrices, growth factors, and cytokines), cellular components, and advanced fabrication technologies that can mimic the structure and morphology of native extracellular matrices. Thus, this review mainly summarizes the recent advances in the state-of-the-art NGCs in terms of biomaterial innovations, structural design, and advanced fabrication technologies and provides an in-depth discussion of cellular responses (adhesion, spreading, and alignment) to such biomimetic cues for neural regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Semcer Center for Healthcare Innovation, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA; (F.M.); (R.I.)
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Kopeć K, Podgórski R, Ciach T, Wojasiński M. System for Patterning Polydopamine and VAPG Peptide on Polytetrafluoroethylene and Biodegradable Polyesters for Patterned Growth of Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:22055-22066. [PMID: 37360448 PMCID: PMC10285958 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial's surface functionalization for selective adhesion and patterned cell growth remains essential in developing novel implantable medical devices for regenerative medicine applications. We built and applied a 3D-printed microfluidic device to fabricate polydopamine (PDA) patterns on the surface of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(l-lactic acid-co-D,l-lactic acid) (PLA), and poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Then, we covalently attached the Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VAPG) peptide to the created PDA pattern to promote the adhesion of the smooth muscle cells (SMCs). We proved that the fabrication of PDA patterns allows for the selective adhesion of mouse fibroblast and human SMCs to PDA-patterned surfaces after only 30 min of in vitro cultivation. After 7 days of SMC culture, we observed the proliferation of cells only along the patterns on PTFE but over the entire surface of the PLA and PLGA, regardless of patterning. This means that the presented approach is beneficial for application to materials resistant to cell adhesion and proliferation. The additional attachment of the VAPG peptide to the PDA patterns did not bring measurable benefits due to the high increase in adhesion and patterned cell proliferation by PDA itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kopeć
- Warsaw
University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering,
Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Podgórski
- Warsaw
University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering,
Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Warsaw
University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering,
Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
- Warsaw
University of Technology, CEZAMAT, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wojasiński
- Warsaw
University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering,
Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
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Zennifer A, Thangadurai M, Sundaramurthi D, Sethuraman S. Additive manufacturing of peripheral nerve conduits - Fabrication methods, design considerations and clinical challenges. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:102-126. [PMID: 37028493 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) are a viable clinical alternative to autografts and allografts and have been widely used to treat peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs). Although these NGCs are successful to some extent, they cannot aid in native regeneration by improving native-equivalent neural innervation or regrowth. Further, NGCs exhibit longer recovery period and high cost limiting their clinical applications. Additive manufacturing (AM) could be an alternative to the existing drawbacks of the conventional NGCs fabrication methods. The emergence of the AM technique has offered ease for developing personalized three-dimensional (3D) neural constructs with intricate features and higher accuracy on a larger scale, replicating the native feature of nerve tissue. This review introduces the structural organization of peripheral nerves, the classification of PNI, and limitations in clinical and conventional nerve scaffold fabrication strategies. The principles and advantages of AM-based techniques, including the combinatorial approaches utilized for manufacturing 3D nerve conduits, are briefly summarized. This review also outlines the crucial parameters, such as the choice of printable biomaterials, 3D microstructural design/model, conductivity, permeability, degradation, mechanical property, and sterilization required to fabricate large-scale additive-manufactured NGCs successfully. Finally, the challenges and future directions toward fabricating the 3D-printed/bioprinted NGCs for clinical translation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Zennifer
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Madhumithra Thangadurai
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
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8
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Choe G, Han UG, Ye S, Kang S, Yoo J, Cho YS, Jung Y. Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Nerve-Guided Facial Nerve Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37126860 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation on poly(d,l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) in promoting the recovery of facial function and nerve regeneration after facial nerve (FN) injury in a rat model. In the experimental group, both the NGC and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ES) were used simultaneously; in the control group, only NGC was used. ES groups were divided into two groups, and direct current (DC) and charge-balanced pulse stimulation (Pulse) were applied. The ES groups showed significantly improved whisker movement than the NGC-only group. The number of myelinated neurons was higher in ES groups, and the myelin sheath was also thicker and more uniform. In addition, the expression of neurostructural proteins was also higher in ES groups than in the NGC-only group. This study revealed that FN regeneration and functional recovery occurred more efficiently when ES was applied in combination with NGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goeun Choe
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Ul Gyu Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Seongryeol Ye
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 08826, Korea
| | - Sujee Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Jin Yoo
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Young Sang Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, YU-KIST Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Tian F, Yin L, Lin P, Liu Y, Wang W, Chen Y, Tang Y. Aligned Nanofibrous Net Deposited Perpendicularly on Microridges Supports Endothelium Formation and Promotes the Structural Maturation of hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:17518-17531. [PMID: 36992621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell alignment widely exists in various in vivo tissues and also plays an essential role in the construction of in vitro models, such as vascular endothelial and myocardial models. Recently, microscale and nanoscale hierarchical topographical structures have been drawing increasing attention for engineering in vitro cell alignment. In the present study, we fabricated a micro-/nanohierarchical substrate based on soft lithography and electrospinning to assess the synergetic effect of both the aligned nanofibrous topographical guidance and the off-ground culture environment provided by the substrate on the endothelium formation and the maturation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). The morphology, proliferation, and barrier formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as well as the alignment, cardiac-specific proteins, and maturity-related gene expression of hiPSC-CMs on the aligned-nanofiber/microridge (AN-MR) substrate were studied. Compared with the glass slide and the single-aligned nanofiber substrate, the AN-MR substrate enhanced the proliferation, alignment, and cell-cell interaction of HUVECs and improved the length of the sarcomere and maturation-related gene expression of hiPSC-CMs. Finally, the response of hiPSC-CMs on different substrates to two typical cardiac drugs (isoproterenol and E-4031) was tested and analyzed, showing that the hiPSC-CMs on AN-MR substrates were more resistant to drugs than those in other groups, which was related to the higher maturity of the cells. Overall, the proposed micro-/nanohierarchical substrate supports the in vitro endothelium formation and enhances the maturation of hiPSC-CMs, which show great potential to be applied in the construction of in vitro models and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Linlin Yin
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peiran Lin
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yurong Liu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Chen
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24 Rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Yadong Tang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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