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Prieto-Campo Á, Vázquez-Cancela O, Roque F, Herdeiro MT, Figueiras A, Zapata-Cachafeiro M. Unmasking vaccine hesitancy and refusal: a deep dive into Anti-vaxxer perspectives on COVID-19 in Spain. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1751. [PMID: 38951819 PMCID: PMC11218155 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the time of the emergence of COVID-19, denialist and anti-vaccine groups have also emerged and are shaking public confidence in vaccination. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted using online focus groups. Participants had not received any doses of vaccination against the disease. A total of five focus group sessions were conducted with 28 participants. They were recruited by snowball sampling and by convenience sampling. RESULTS The two major topics mentioned by the participants were adverse effects and information. The adverse effects described were severe and included sudden death. In the case of information, participants reported: (1) consultation of websites on which scientists posted anti-vaccination content; and (2) distrust. CONCLUSIONS At a time when anti-vaccine groups pose a major challenge to public health in general, and to COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in particular, this study is a first step towards gaining deeper insight into the factors that lead to COVID-19 vaccine refusal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Prieto-Campo
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Olalla Vázquez-Cancela
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University Teaching Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Fátima Roque
- Research Unit for Inland Development (Unidade para o Desenvolvimento do Interior/UDI-IPG), Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Centre (Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde/CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences (Escola Superior de Saúde/ESS), Guarda Polytechnic Institute, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Herdeiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública/CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela/IDIS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maruxa Zapata-Cachafeiro
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública/CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela/IDIS), A Coruña, Spain
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Alatrash R, Herrera BB. The Adaptive Immune Response against Bunyavirales. Viruses 2024; 16:483. [PMID: 38543848 PMCID: PMC10974645 DOI: 10.3390/v16030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order includes at least fourteen families with diverse but related viruses, which are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by arthropod or rodent vectors. These viruses are responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks worldwide and represent a threat to public health. Infection in humans can be asymptomatic, or it may present with a range of conditions from a mild, febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic syndromes and/or neurological complications. There is a need to develop safe and effective vaccines, a process requiring better understanding of the adaptive immune responses involved during infection. This review highlights the most recent findings regarding T cell and antibody responses to the five Bunyavirales families with known human pathogens (Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Arenaviridae). Future studies that define and characterize mechanistic correlates of protection against Bunyavirales infections or disease will help inform the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alatrash
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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3
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Doores KJ. Humoral immunity to phlebovirus infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1530:23-31. [PMID: 37936483 PMCID: PMC10952791 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Phleboviruses are zoonotic pathogens found in parts of Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America and cause disease symptoms ranging from self-limiting febrile illness to severe disease, including hemorrhagic diathesis, encephalitis, and ocular pathologies. There are currently no approved preventative vaccines against phlebovirus infection or antivirals for the treatment of the disease. Here, we discuss the roles of neutralizing antibodies in phlebovirus infection, the antigenic targets present on the mature polyproteins Gn and Gc, progress in vaccine development, and the prospects of identifying conserved neutralizing epitopes across multiple phleboviruses. Further research in this area will pave the way for the rational design of pan-phlebovirus vaccines that will protect against both known phleboviruses but also newly emerging phleboviruses that may have pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
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Alkan C, Jurado-Cobena E, Ikegami T. Advancements in Rift Valley fever vaccines: a historical overview and prospects for next generation candidates. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:171. [PMID: 37925544 PMCID: PMC10625542 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes and causes abortion storms, fetal malformations, and newborn animal deaths in livestock ruminants. In humans, RVF can manifest as hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or retinitis. Outbreaks of RVF have been occurring in Africa since the early 20th century and continue to pose a threat to both humans and animals in various regions such as Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. The development of RVF vaccines is crucial in preventing mortality and morbidity and reducing the spread of the virus. While several veterinary vaccines have been licensed in endemic countries, there are currently no licensed RVF vaccines for human use. This review provides an overview of the existing RVF vaccines, as well as potential candidates for future studies on RVF vaccine development, including next-generation vaccines that show promise in combating the disease in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Alkan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Eduardo Jurado-Cobena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- The Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Nair N, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF, Prajeeth CK. Rift Valley Fever Virus-Infection, Pathogenesis and Host Immune Responses. Pathogens 2023; 12:1174. [PMID: 37764982 PMCID: PMC10535968 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever Virus is a mosquito-borne phlebovirus causing febrile or haemorrhagic illness in ruminants and humans. The virus can prevent the induction of the antiviral interferon response through its NSs proteins. Mutations in the NSs gene may allow the induction of innate proinflammatory immune responses and lead to attenuation of the virus. Upon infection, virus-specific antibodies and T cells are induced that may afford protection against subsequent infections. Thus, all arms of the adaptive immune system contribute to prevention of disease progression. These findings will aid the design of vaccines using the currently available platforms. Vaccine candidates have shown promise in safety and efficacy trials in susceptible animal species and these may contribute to the control of RVFV infections and prevention of disease progression in humans and ruminants.
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Jenkin D, Wright D, Folegatti PM, Platt A, Poulton I, Lawrie A, Tran N, Boyd A, Turner C, Gitonga JN, Karanja HK, Mugo D, Ewer KJ, Bowden TA, Gilbert SC, Charleston B, Kaleebu P, Hill AVS, Warimwe GM. Safety and immunogenicity of a ChAdOx1 vaccine against Rift Valley fever in UK adults: an open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:956-964. [PMID: 37060917 PMCID: PMC7614834 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever is a viral epidemic illness prevalent in Africa that can be fatal or result in debilitating sequelae in humans. No vaccines are available for human use. We aimed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a non-replicating simian adenovirus-vectored Rift Valley fever (ChAdOx1 RVF) vaccine in humans. METHODS We conducted a phase 1, first-in-human, open-label, dose-escalation trial in healthy adults aged 18-50 years at the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford, UK. Participants were required to have no serious comorbidities or previous history of receiving an adenovirus-based vaccine before enrolment. Participants were non-randomly allocated to receive a single ChAdOx1 RVF dose of either 5 × 109 virus particles (vp), 2·5 × 1010 vp, or 5 × 1010 vp administered intramuscularly into the deltoid of their non-dominant arm; enrolment was sequential and administration was staggered to allow for safety to be assessed before progression to the next dose. Primary outcome measures were assessment of adverse events and secondary outcome measures were Rift Valley fever neutralising antibody titres, Rift Valley fever GnGc-binding antibody titres (ELISA), and cellular response (ELISpot), analysed in all participants who received a vaccine. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04754776). FINDINGS Between June 11, 2021, and Jan 13, 2022, 15 volunteers received a single dose of either 5 × 109 vp (n=3), 2·5 × 1010 vp (n=6), or 5 × 1010 vp (n=6) ChAdOx1 RVF. Nine participants were female and six were male. 14 (93%) of 15 participants reported solicited local adverse reactions; injection-site pain was the most frequent (13 [87%] of 15). Ten (67%) of 15 participants (from the 2·5 × 1010 vp and 5 × 1010 vp groups only) reported systemic symptoms, which were mostly mild in intensity, the most common being headache (nine [60%] of 15) and fatigue (seven [47%]). All unsolicited adverse events reported within 28 days were either mild or moderate in severity; gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common reaction (at least possibly related to vaccination), occurring in four (27%) of 15 participants. Transient decreases in total white cell, lymphocyte, or neutrophil counts occurred at day 2 in some participants in the intermediate-dose and high-dose groups. Lymphopenia graded as severe occurred in two participants in the 5 × 1010 vp group at a single timepoint, but resolved at the subsequent follow-up visit. No serious adverse events occurred. Rift Valley fever neutralising antibodies were detectable across all dose groups, with all participants in the 5 × 1010 vp dose group having high neutralising antibody titres that peaked at day 28 after vaccination and persisted through the 3-month follow-up. High titres of binding IgG targeting Gc glycoprotein were detected whereas those targeting Gn were comparatively low. IFNγ cellular responses against Rift Valley fever Gn and Gc glycoproteins were observed in all participants except one in the 5 × 1010 vp dose group. These IFNγ responses peaked at 2 weeks after vaccination, were highest in the 5 × 1010 vp dose group, and tended to be more frequent against the Gn glycoprotein. INTERPRETATION ChAdOx1 RVF was safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic when administered as a single dose in this study population. The data support further clinical development of ChAdOx1 RVF for human use. FUNDING UK Department of Health and Social Care through the UK Vaccines Network, Oak Foundation, and the Wellcome Trust. TRANSLATION For the Swahili translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jenkin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Abigail Platt
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nguyen Tran
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Boyd
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cheryl Turner
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John N Gitonga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Henry K Karanja
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Mugo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council-Uganda Virus Research Institute and The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - George M Warimwe
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
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7
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Bowmer A, Ssembatya J, Okot M, Bagyenyi R, Rubanga SV, Kalema-Zikusoka G. Determining the acceptability of a novel One Health vaccine for Rift Valley Fever prior to phase II/III clinical trials in Uganda. One Health 2023; 16:100470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Chen T, Ding Z, Lan J, Wong G. Advances and perspectives in the development of vaccines against highly pathogenic bunyaviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1174030. [PMID: 37274315 PMCID: PMC10234439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1174030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased human activities around the globe and the rapid development of once rural regions have increased the probability of contact between humans and wild animals. A majority of bunyaviruses are of zoonotic origin, and outbreaks may result in the substantial loss of lives, economy contraction, and social instability. Many bunyaviruses require manipulation in the highest levels of biocontainment, such as Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, and the scarcity of this resource has limited the development speed of vaccines for these pathogens. Meanwhile, new technologies have been created, and used to innovate vaccines, like the mRNA vaccine platform and bioinformatics-based antigen design. Here, we summarize current vaccine developments for three different bunyaviruses requiring work in the highest levels of biocontainment: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV), Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV), and Hantaan virus (HTNV), and provide perspectives and potential future directions that can be further explored to advance specific vaccines for humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Ding
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Lan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
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9
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Experimental Infection of Domestic Pigs ( Sus scrofa) with Rift Valley Fever Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020545. [PMID: 36851759 PMCID: PMC9964260 DOI: 10.3390/v15020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift valley fever (RVF), caused by the RVF virus (RVFV), is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that primarily affects domestic ruminants. Abortion storms and neonatal deaths characterise the disease in animals. Humans develop flu-like symptoms, which can progress to severe disease. The susceptibility of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) to RVFV remains unresolved due to conflicting experimental infection results. To address this, we infected two groups of pregnant sows, neonates and weaners, each with a different RVFV isolate, and a third group of weaners with a mixture of the two viruses. Serum, blood and oral, nasal and rectal swabs were collected periodically, and two neonates and a weaner from group 1 and 2 euthanised from 2 days post infection (DPI), with necropsy and histopathology specimens collected. Sera and organ pools, blood and oronasorectal swabs were tested for RVFV antibodies and RNA. Results confirmed that pigs can be experimentally infected with RVFV, although subclinically, and that pregnant sows can abort following infection. Presence of viral RNA in oronasorectal swab pools on 28 DPI suggest that pigs may shed RVFV for at least one month. It is concluded that precautions should be applied when handling pig body fluids and carcasses during RVF outbreaks.
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10
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Hao M, Bian T, Fu G, Chen Y, Fang T, Zhao C, Liu S, Yu C, Li J, Chen W. An adenovirus-vectored RVF vaccine confers complete protection against lethal RVFV challenge in A129 mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1114226. [PMID: 36925463 PMCID: PMC10011166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1114226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Instruction: Rift valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted bunyavirus that causes severe disease in animals and humans. Nevertheless, there are no vaccines applied to prevent RVFV infection for human at present. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a safe and effective RVFV vaccine. Methods: We generated Ad5-GnGcopt, a replication-deficient recombinant Ad5 vector (human adenovirus serotype 5) expressing codon-optimized RVFV glycoproteins Gn and Gc, and evaluated its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice. Results and Discussion: Intramuscular immunization of Ad5-GnGcopt in mice induces strong and durable antibody production and robust cellular immune responses. Additionally, a single vaccination with Ad5-GnGcopt vaccination can completely protect interferon-α/β receptor-deficient A129 mice from lethal RVFV infection. Our work indicates that Ad5-GnGcopt might represent a potential vaccine candidate against RVFV. However, further research is needed, first to confirm its efficacy in a natural animal host, and ultimately escalate as a potential vaccine candidate for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hao
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineer Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Bian
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineer Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Guangcheng Fu
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineer Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineer Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineer Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyi Zhao
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineer Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuling Liu
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineer Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Changming Yu
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineer Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineer Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,Frontier Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Vaccine and Antibody Engineer Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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11
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Bian T, Wang B, Fu G, Hao M, Chen Y, Fang T, Liu S, Yu C, Li J, Chen W. Single-dose of a replication-competent adenovirus-vectored vaccine provides sterilizing protection against Rift Valley fever virus challenge. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907675. [PMID: 36439179 PMCID: PMC9691644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is one of the most important virulent pathogens causing severe disease in animals and humans. However, there is currently no approved vaccine to prevent RVFV infection in humans. The use of human adenovirus serotype 4 (Ad4) as a vector for an RVFV vaccine has not been reported. Here, we report the generation of a replication-competent recombinant Ad4 vector expressing codon-optimized forms of the RVFV glycoproteins Gn and Gc (named Ad4-GnGc). Intramuscular immunization with Ad4-GnGc elicited robust neutralizing antibodies against RVFV and cellular immune responses in mice. A single low-dose vaccination with Ad4-GnGc completely protected interferon-α/β receptor-deficient A129 mice from lethal RVFV infection. More importantly, Ad4-GnGc efficacy was not affected by pre-existing immunity to adenovirus serotype 5, which currently exists widely in populations. These results suggest that Ad4-GnGc is a promising vaccine candidate against RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Bian
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Busen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangcheng Fu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Hao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuling Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changming Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Frontier Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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McMillen CM, Boyles DA, Kostadinov SG, Hoehl RM, Schwarz MM, Albe JR, Demers MJ, Hartman AL. Congenital Rift Valley fever in Sprague Dawley rats is associated with diffuse infection and pathology of the placenta. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010898. [PMID: 36315601 PMCID: PMC9648853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a disease of animals and humans associated with abortions in ruminants and late-gestation miscarriages in women. Here, we use a rat model of congenital RVF to identify tropisms, pathologies, and immune responses in the placenta during vertical transmission. Infection of late-gestation pregnant rats resulted in vertical transmission to the placenta and widespread infection throughout the decidua, basal zone, and labyrinth zone. Some pups from infected dams appeared normal while others had gross signs of teratogenicity including death. Histopathological lesions were detected in placenta from pups regardless of teratogenicity, while teratogenic pups had widespread hemorrhage throughout multiple placenta layers. Teratogenic events were associated with significant increases in placental pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons, and chemokines. RVFV displays a high degree of tropism for all placental tissue layers and the degree of hemorrhage and inflammatory mediator production is highest in placenta from pups with adverse outcomes. Given the potential for RVFV to emerge in new locations and the recent evidence of emerging viruses, like Zika and SARS-CoV-2, to undergo vertical transmission, this study provides essential understanding regarding the mechanisms by which RVFV crosses the placenta barrier. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infections cause human health and economical burdens given its ability to induce high rates of abortions in ruminants and possible contributions towards late-term miscarriages in women. In this study, we have identified important structures in the placenta targeted by this emerging bunyavirus. Inflammation was associated with more severe fetal outcomes such as death and fetal deformities. The striking similarities between the pathologies of the placenta in the rat model of congenital RVF and those observed in naturally infected ruminants highlight the utility of this rodent model. These findings may be further translated towards understanding the mechanisms involved in vertical transmission of RVFV in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Devin A. Boyles
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stefan G. Kostadinov
- Department of Pathology, Magee Women’s Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ryan M. Hoehl
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Madeline M. Schwarz
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Albe
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Demers
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Araújo NM, Rubio IGS, Toneto NPA, Morale MG, Tamura RE. The use of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy and vaccine approaches. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20220079. [PMID: 36206378 PMCID: PMC9543183 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus was first identified in the 1950s and since then this pathogenic group
of viruses has been explored and transformed into a genetic transfer vehicle.
Modification or deletion of few genes are necessary to transform it into a
conditionally or non-replicative vector, creating a versatile tool capable of
transducing different tissues and inducing high levels of transgene expression.
In the early years of vector development, the application in monogenic diseases
faced several hurdles, including short-term gene expression and even a fatality.
On the other hand, an adenoviral delivery strategy for treatment of cancer was
the first approved gene therapy product. There is an increasing interest in
expressing transgenes with therapeutic potential targeting the cancer hallmarks,
inhibiting metastasis, inducing cancer cell death or modulating the immune
system to attack the tumor cells. Replicative adenovirus as vaccines may be even
older and date to a few years of its discovery, application of non-replicative
adenovirus for vaccination against different microorganisms has been
investigated, but only recently, it demonstrated its full potential being one of
the leading vaccination tools for COVID-19. This is not a new vector nor a new
technology, but the result of decades of careful and intense work in this
field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Meneses Araújo
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular
do Câncer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ileana Gabriela Sanchez Rubio
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular
do Câncer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Diadema, SP, Brazil. ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Ciências
Moleculares da Tireóide, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Mirian Galliote Morale
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular
do Câncer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Diadema, SP, Brazil. ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Ciências
Moleculares da Tireóide, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Esaki Tamura
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular
do Câncer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Charlier J, Barkema HW, Becher P, De Benedictis P, Hansson I, Hennig-Pauka I, La Ragione R, Larsen LE, Madoroba E, Maes D, Marín CM, Mutinelli F, Nisbet AJ, Podgórska K, Vercruysse J, Vitale F, Williams DJL, Zadoks RN. Disease control tools to secure animal and public health in a densely populated world. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e812-e824. [PMID: 36208644 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Animal health is a prerequisite for global health, economic development, food security, food quality, and poverty reduction, while mitigating against climate change and biodiversity loss. We did a qualitative review of 53 infectious diseases in terrestrial animals with data from DISCONTOOLS, a specialist database and prioritisation model focusing on research gaps for improving infectious disease control in animals. Many diseases do not have any appropriate control tools, but the prioritisation model suggests that we should focus international efforts on Nipah virus infection, African swine fever, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, peste des petits ruminants, sheeppox and goatpox, avian influenza, Rift Valley fever, foot and mouth disease, and bovine tuberculosis, for the greatest impact on the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. Easy to use and accurate diagnostics are available for many animal diseases. However, there is an urgent need for the development of stable and durable diagnostics that can differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals, to exploit rapid technological advances, and to make diagnostics widely available and affordable. Veterinary vaccines are important for dealing with endemic, new, and emerging diseases. However, fundamental research is needed to improve the convenience of use and duration of immunity, and to establish performant marker vaccines. The largest gap in animal pharmaceuticals is the threat of pathogens developing resistance to available drugs, in particular for bacterial and parasitic (protozoal, helminth, and arthropod) pathogens. We propose and discuss five research priorities for animal health that will help to deliver a sustainable and healthy planet: vaccinology, antimicrobial resistance, climate mitigation and adaptation, digital health, and epidemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Charlier
- DISCONTOOLS, AnimalhealthEurope, Brussels, Belgium; Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium.
| | - Herman W Barkema
- One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology in Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Institute for Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Empangeni, South Africa
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clara M Marín
- Department of Animal Science, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragón (CITA) and AgriFood Institute of Aragón-IA2 (CITA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Mithlothian, Scotland
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diana J L Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Folegatti PM, Jenkin D, Morris S, Gilbert S, Kim D, Robertson JS, Smith ER, Martin E, Gurwith M, Chen RT. Vaccines based on the replication-deficient simian adenoviral vector ChAdOx1: Standardized template with key considerations for a risk/benefit assessment. Vaccine 2022; 40:5248-5262. [PMID: 35715352 PMCID: PMC9194875 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Replication-deficient adenoviral vectors have been under investigation as a platform technology for vaccine development for several years and have recently been successfully deployed as an effective COVID-19 counter measure. A replication-deficient adenoviral vector based on the simian adenovirus type Y25 and named ChAdOx1 has been evaluated in several clinical trials since 2012. The Brighton Collaboration Benefit-Risk Assessment of VAccines by TechnolOgy (BRAVATO) was formed to evaluate the safety and other key features of new platform technology vaccines. This manuscript reviews key features of the ChAdOx1-vectored vaccines. The simian adenovirus Y25 was chosen as a strategy to circumvent pre-existing immunity to common human adenovirus serotypes which could impair immune responses induced by adenoviral vectored vaccines. Deletion of the E1 gene renders the ChAdOx1 vector replication incompetent and further genetic engineering of the E3 and E4 genes allows for increased insertional capability and optimizes vaccine manufacturing processes. ChAdOx1 vectored vaccines can be manufactured in E1 complementing cell lines at scale and are thermostable. The first ChAdOx1 vectored vaccines approved for human use, against SARS-CoV-2, received emergency use authorization in the UK on 30th December 2020, and is now approved in more than 180 countries. Safety data were compiled from phase I-III clinical trials of ChAdOx1 vectored vaccines expressing different antigens (influenza, tuberculosis, malaria, meningococcal B, prostate cancer, MERS-CoV, Chikungunya, Zika and SARS-CoV-2), conducted by the University of Oxford, as well as post marketing surveillance data for the COVID-19 Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. Overall, ChAdOx1 vectored vaccines have been well tolerated. Very rarely, thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), capillary leak syndrome (CLS), immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) have been reported following mass administration of the COVID-19 Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. The benefits of this COVID-19 vaccination have outweighed the risks of serious adverse events in most settings, especially with mitigation of risks when possible. Extensive immunogenicity clinical evaluation of ChAdOx1 vectored vaccines reveal strong, durable humoral and cellular immune responses to date; studies to refine the COVID-19 protection (e.g., via homologous/heterologous booster, fractional dose) are also underway. New prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines based on the ChAdOx1 vector are currently undergoing pre-clinical and clinical assessment, including vaccines against viral hemorrhagic fevers, Nipah virus, HIV, Hepatitis B, amongst others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Denny Kim
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - James S. Robertson
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Emily R. Smith
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Emalee Martin
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Marc Gurwith
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Robert T. Chen
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
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16
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Entrican G, Francis MJ. Applications of platform technologies in veterinary vaccinology and the benefits for one health. Vaccine 2022; 40:2833-2840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Adenovirus-based vaccines - a platform for pandemic preparedness against emerging viral pathogens. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1822-1849. [PMID: 35092844 PMCID: PMC8801892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic viruses continually pose a pandemic threat. Infection of humans with viruses for which we typically have little or no prior immunity can result in epidemics with high morbidity and mortality. These epidemics can have public health and economic impact and can exacerbate civil unrest or political instability. Changes in human behavior in the past few decades—increased global travel, farming intensification, the exotic animal trade, and the impact of global warming on animal migratory patterns, habitats, and ecosystems—contribute to the increased frequency of cross-species transmission events. Investing in the pre-clinical advancement of vaccine candidates against diverse emerging viral threats is crucial for pandemic preparedness. Replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors have demonstrated their utility as an outbreak-responsive vaccine platform during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Ad vectors are easy to engineer; are amenable to rapid, inexpensive manufacturing; are relatively safe and immunogenic in humans; and, importantly, do not require specialized cold-chain storage, making them an ideal platform for equitable global distribution or stockpiling. In this review, we discuss the progress in applying Ad-based vaccines against emerging viruses and summarize their global safety profile, as reflected by their widespread geographic use during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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18
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Berg A, Wright D, Dulal P, Stedman A, Fedosyuk S, Francis MJ, Charleston B, Warimwe GM, Douglas AD. Stability of Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vectored Vaccines (ChAdOx1 and ChAdOx2) in Liquid and Lyophilised Formulations. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1249. [PMID: 34835180 PMCID: PMC8623940 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vectored vaccines have entered global use during the COVID-19 pandemic, and are in development for multiple other human and veterinary applications. An attraction of the technology is the suitability of the vaccines for storage at 2-8 °C for months. Widely used COVID-19 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (University of Oxford/AstraZeneca) is based on a species E simian adenovirus. Species E simian serotypes have been used in a wide range of other development programs, but the stability of such vectors has not been extensively described in the peer-reviewed literature. Here, we explore the stability of two candidate vaccines based on two species E serotypes: a Rift Valley fever vaccine based upon the ChAdOx1 vector (Y25 serotype) used in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and a rabies vaccine based upon a ChAdOx2 vector (AdC68 serotype). We describe each vector's stability in liquid and lyophilised formulations using in vitro and in vivo potency measurements. Our data support the suitability of liquid formulations of these vectors for storage at 2-8 °C for up to 1 year, and potentially for nonrefrigerated storage for a brief period during last-leg distribution (perhaps 1-3 days at 20 °C-the precise definition of acceptable last-leg storage conditions would require further product-specific data). Depending upon the level of inprocess potency loss that is economically acceptable, and the level of instorage loss that is compatible with maintenance of acceptable end-of-storage potency, a previously reported lyophilised formulation may enable longer term storage at 20 °C or storage for a number of days at 30 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Berg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.B.); (P.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Daniel Wright
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.B.); (P.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Pawan Dulal
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.B.); (P.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Anna Stedman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (A.S.); (B.C.); (G.M.W.)
| | - Sofiya Fedosyuk
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.B.); (P.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Michael J. Francis
- BioVacc Consulting Ltd., The Red House, 10 Market Square, Amersham HP7 0DQ, UK;
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (A.S.); (B.C.); (G.M.W.)
| | - George M. Warimwe
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (A.S.); (B.C.); (G.M.W.)
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi P.O. Box 230-80108, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Alexander D. Douglas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.B.); (P.D.); (S.F.)
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Ciapponi A, Bardach A, Mazzoni A, Alconada T, Anderson SA, Argento FJ, Ballivian J, Bok K, Comandé D, Erbelding E, Goucher E, Kampmann B, Karron R, Munoz FM, Palermo MC, Parker EPK, Rodriguez Cairoli F, Santa María V, Stergachis AS, Voss G, Xiong X, Zamora N, Zaraa S, Berrueta M, Buekens PM. Safety of components and platforms of COVID-19 vaccines considered for use in pregnancy: A rapid review. Vaccine 2021; 39:5891-5908. [PMID: 34489131 PMCID: PMC8360993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid assessment of COVID-19 vaccine safety during pregnancy is urgently needed. METHODS We conducted a rapid systematic review, to evaluate the safety of COVID-19 vaccines selected by the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access-Maternal Immunization Working Group in August 2020, including their components and their technological platforms used in other vaccines for pregnant persons. We searched literature databases, COVID-19 vaccine pregnancy registries, and explored reference lists from the inception date to February 2021 without language restriction. Pairs of reviewers independently selected studies through COVIDENCE, and performed the data extraction and the risk of bias assessment. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021234185). RESULTS We retrieved 6757 records and 12 COVID-19 pregnancy registries from the search strategy; 38 clinical and non-clinical studies (involving 2,398,855 pregnant persons and 56 pregnant animals) were included. Most studies (89%) were conducted in high-income countries and were cohort studies (57%). Most studies (76%) compared vaccine exposures with no exposure during the three trimesters of pregnancy. The most frequent exposure was to AS03 adjuvant, in the context of A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccines, (n = 24) and aluminum-based adjuvants (n = 11). Only one study reported exposure to messenger RNA in lipid nanoparticles COVID-19 vaccines. Except for one preliminary report about A/H1N1 influenza vaccination (adjuvant AS03), corrected by the authors in a more thorough analysis, all studies concluded that there were no safety concerns. CONCLUSION This rapid review found no evidence of pregnancy-associated safety concerns of COVID-19 vaccines or of their components or platforms when used in other vaccines. However, the need for further data on several vaccine platforms and components is warranted, given their novelty. Our findings support current WHO guidelines recommending that pregnant persons may consider receiving COVID-19 vaccines, particularly if they are at high risk of exposure or have comorbidities that enhance the risk of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ciapponi
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina.
| | - Ariel Bardach
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina.
| | - Agustina Mazzoni
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina.
| | - Tomás Alconada
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina
| | - Steven A Anderson
- US Food & Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Fernando J Argento
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina.
| | - Jamile Ballivian
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina
| | - Karin Bok
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Dr # 7A03, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Daniel Comandé
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina.
| | - Emily Erbelding
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 1 Center Dr # 7A03, Bethesda, USA.
| | - Erin Goucher
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Beate Kampmann
- The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Ruth Karron
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 7CX5+8W Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Flor M Munoz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - María Carolina Palermo
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina
| | - Edward P K Parker
- The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Federico Rodriguez Cairoli
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina.
| | - Victoria Santa María
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina
| | - Andy S Stergachis
- School of Pharmacy and School of Public Health, University of Washington, MM2R+78 Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Gerald Voss
- TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI), GHF4+6W Lelystad, the Netherlands.
| | - Xu Xiong
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Natalia Zamora
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina
| | - Sabra Zaraa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, MM2R+78 Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Mabel Berrueta
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Dr. Emilio Ravignani 2024 C1014CPV, Argentina.
| | - Pierre M Buekens
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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20
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Ciapponi A, Bardach A, Mazzoni A, Alconada T, Anderson S, Argento FJ, Ballivian J, Bok K, Comandé D, Erbelding E, Goucher E, Kampmann B, Karron R, Munoz FM, Palermo MC, Parker EPK, Cairoli FR, Santa MV, Stergachis A, Voss G, Xiong X, Zamora N, Zaraa S, Berrueta M, Buekens PM. Safety of COVID-19 vaccines, their components or their platforms for pregnant women: A rapid review. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.06.03.21258283. [PMID: 34127978 PMCID: PMC8202435 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.03.21258283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women with COVID-19 are at an increased risk of severe COVID-19 illness as well as adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Many countries are vaccinating or considering vaccinating pregnant women with limited available data about the safety of this strategy. Early identification of safety concerns of COVID-19 vaccines, including their components, or their technological platforms is therefore urgently needed. METHODS We conducted a rapid systematic review, as the first phase of an ongoing full systematic review, to evaluate the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant women, including their components, and their technological platforms (whole virus, protein, viral vector or nucleic acid) used in other vaccines, following the Cochrane methods and the PRISMA statement for reporting (PROSPERO-CRD42021234185).We searched literature databases, COVID-19 and pregnancy registries from inception February 2021 without time or language restriction and explored the reference lists of relevant systematic reviews retrieved. We selected studies of any methodological design that included at least 50 pregnant women or pregnant animals exposed to the vaccines that were selected for review by the COVAX MIWG in August 2020 or their components or platforms included in the COVID-19 vaccines, and evaluated adverse events during pregnancy and the neonatal period.Pairs of reviewers independently selected studies through the COVIDENCE web software and performed the data extraction through a previously piloted online extraction form. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. RESULTS We identified 6768 records, 256 potentially eligible studies were assessed by full-text, and 37 clinical and non-clinical studies (38 reports, involving 2,397,715 pregnant women and 56 pregnant animals) and 12 pregnancy registries were included.Most studies (89%) were conducted in high-income countries. The most frequent study design was cohort studies (n=21), followed by surveillance studies, randomized controlled trials, and registry analyses. Most studies (76%) allowed comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant women (n=25) or animals (n=3) and reported exposures during the three trimesters of pregnancy.The most frequent exposure was to AS03 adjuvant in the context of A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccines (n=24), followed by aluminum-based adjuvants (n=11). Aluminum phosphate was used in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion candidate vaccines (n=3) and Tdap vaccines (n=3). Different aluminum-based adjuvants were used in hepatitis vaccines. The replication-deficient simian adenovirus ChAdOx1 was used for a Rift Valley fever vaccine. Only one study reported exposure to messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines that also used lipid nanoparticles. Except for one preliminary report about A/H1N1 influenza vaccination (adjuvant AS03) - corrected by the authors in a more thorough analysis, all studies concluded that there were no safety concerns. CONCLUSION This rapid review found no evidence of pregnancy-associated safety concerns of COVID-19 vaccines that were selected for review by the COVAX MIWG or of their components or platforms when used in other vaccines. However, the need for further data on several vaccine platforms and components is warranted given their novelty. Our findings support current WHO guidelines recommending that pregnant women may consider receiving COVID-19 vaccines, particularly if they are at high risk of exposure or have comorbidities that enhance the risk of severe disease.
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21
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Ferri M, Lloyd-Evans M. The contribution of veterinary public health to the management of the COVID-19 pandemic from a One Health perspective. One Health 2021; 12:100230. [PMID: 33681446 PMCID: PMC7912361 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents one of the greatest public health crises in recent history, which has caused unprecedented and massive disruptions of social and economic life globally, and the biggest communication challenges for public information-sharing. While there is strong evidence that bats are the animal source of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, there are many uncertainties around the epidemiology, the intermediate animal species, and potential animal routes of SARS-Cov-2 transmission to humans. While it has also long been known that coronaviruses circulate among different animal species, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, responsible for the pandemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome endemic in Middle Eastern countries in 2002-2003 and 2012 respectively, the way this pandemic is being managed tends to downplay or neglect the veterinary contribution, which is not in line with the One Health approach, if we consider that the genesis of the COVID-19 pandemic, likewise SARS and MERS lies on a close and interdependent links of humans, animals and the environment. To overcome this flaw, and to better operationalize the One Health approach, there are several lines of contributions the veterinary profession might provide to manage the COVID-19 pandemic in the framework of interventions jointly concerted in the veterinary and medical domains, notably: the experience in dealing with past animal epidemics, the skills in conducting wildlife surveillance targeting emerging pathogens at risky hot spots, and with the aim to predict and prevent future pandemics, the laboratory support for the diagnosis and molecular characterization of SARS-CoV-2 and human samples testing, and animal import risk assessment to define COVID-19 risk strategy for international air travel. The veterinary profession presents itself ontologically with a strong One Health accent and all the related valuable knowledge can be properly integrated within centralised multidisciplinary task-forces set up at the national and international level, with a renewed role in the management and monitoring structures required for managing the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ferri
- Scientific Coordinator of the Italian Society of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (SIMeVeP), Italy
| | - Meredith Lloyd-Evans
- Representative for Association of Veterinary Consultants on the European Food Safety Agency's Stakeholder Advisory Group on Emerging Risks, Founder of BioBridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Considerations for bioanalytical characterization and batch release of COVID-19 vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:53. [PMID: 33850138 PMCID: PMC8044082 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted hundreds of laboratories around the world to employ traditional as well as novel technologies to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The hallmarks of a successful vaccine are safety and efficacy. Analytical evaluation methods, that can ensure the high quality of the products and that can be executed speedily, must be in place as an integral component of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC). These methods or assays are developed to quantitatively test for critical quality attributes (CQAs) of a vaccine product. While clinical (human) efficacy of a vaccine can never be predicted from pre-clinical evaluation of CQA, precise and accurate measurements of antigen content and a relevant biological activity (termed “potency”) elicited by the antigen allow selection of potentially safe and immunogenic doses for entry into clinical trials. All available vaccine technology platforms, novel and traditional, are being utilized by different developers to produce vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. It took less than a year from the publication of SARS-CoV-2 gene sequence to Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the first vaccine, setting a record for speed in the history of vaccine development. The largest ever global demand for vaccines has prompted some vaccine developers to enter multiple manufacturing partnerships in different countries in addition to implementing unprecedented scale-up plans. Quantitative, robust, and rapid analytical testing for CQA of a product is essential in ensuring smooth technology transfer between partners and allowing analytical bridging between vaccine batches used in different clinical phases leading up to regulatory approvals and commercialization. We discuss here opportunities to improve the speed and quality of the critical batch release and characterization assays.
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Almuqrin A, Davidson AD, Williamson MK, Lewis PA, Heesom KJ, Morris S, Gilbert SC, Matthews DA. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 infection of human cell lines reveals low levels of viral backbone gene transcription alongside very high levels of SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein gene transcription. Genome Med 2021; 13:43. [PMID: 33722288 PMCID: PMC7958140 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 is a recombinant adenovirus vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 that has passed phase III clinical trials and is now in use across the globe. Although replication-defective in normal cells, 28 kbp of adenovirus genes is delivered to the cell nucleus alongside the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein gene. METHODS We used direct RNA sequencing to analyse transcript expression from the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 genome in human MRC-5 and A549 cell lines that are non-permissive for vector replication alongside the replication permissive cell line, HEK293. In addition, we used quantitative proteomics to study over time the proteome and phosphoproteome of A549 and MRC5 cells infected with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. RESULTS The expected SARS-CoV-2 S coding transcript dominated in all cell lines. We also detected rare S transcripts with aberrant splice patterns or polyadenylation site usage. Adenovirus vector transcripts were almost absent in MRC-5 cells, but in A549 cells, there was a broader repertoire of adenoviral gene expression at very low levels. Proteomically, in addition to S glycoprotein, we detected multiple adenovirus proteins in A549 cells compared to just one in MRC5 cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine's transcriptomic and proteomic repertoire in cell culture is as expected. The combined transcriptomic and proteomics approaches provide a detailed insight into the behaviour of this important class of vaccine using state-of-the-art techniques and illustrate the potential of this technique to inform future viral vaccine vector design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Almuqrin
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Maia Kavanagh Williamson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Philip A Lewis
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Susan Morris
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David A Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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A single vaccination with four-segmented rift valley fever virus prevents vertical transmission of the wild-type virus in pregnant ewes. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:8. [PMID: 33420095 PMCID: PMC7794363 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted bunyavirus that causes severe outbreaks among wild and domesticated ruminants, of which sheep are the most susceptible. Outbreaks are characterised by high mortality rates among new-born lambs and abortion storms, in which all pregnant ewes in a flock may abort their foetuses. In endemic areas, Rift Valley fever (RVF) can be controlled by vaccination with either inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines are safe for animals during all physiological stages, including pregnancy. However, optimal efficacy of these vaccines depends on multiple vaccinations and yearly re-vaccination. Live-attenuated vaccines are generally highly efficacious after a single vaccination, but currently available live-attenuated vaccines may transmit to the ovine foetus, resulting in stillbirths, congenital malformations or abortion. We have previously reported the development of a novel live-attenuated RVFV vaccine, named RVFV-4s. This vaccine virus was created by splitting the M genome segment and deleting the major virulence determinant NSs, and was shown to be safe even for the most susceptible species, including pregnant ewes. The demonstrated efficacy and safety profile suggests that RVFV-4s holds promise for veterinary and human application. The RVFV-4s vaccine for veterinary application, here referred to as vRVFV-4s, was shown to provide complete protection after a single vaccination of lambs, goats and cattle. In this work, we evaluated the efficacy of the vRVFV-4s vaccine in pregnant ewes. Anticipating on the extremely high susceptibility of pregnant ewes for RVFV, both a single vaccination and double vaccination were evaluated in two independent experiments. The combined results suggest that a single vaccination with vRVFV-4s is sufficient to protect pregnant ewes and to prevent transmission to the ovine foetus.
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25
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Dashraath P, Nielsen-Saines K, Madhi SA, Baud D. COVID-19 vaccines and neglected pregnancy. Lancet 2020; 396:e22. [PMID: 32861313 PMCID: PMC7723327 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Dashraath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Karin Nielsen-Saines
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation and South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytical Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Baud
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Heterologous Combination of ChAdOx1 and MVA Vectors Expressing Protein NS1 as Vaccination Strategy to Induce Durable and Cross-Protective CD8+ T Cell Immunity to Bluetongue Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030346. [PMID: 32610561 PMCID: PMC7564706 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequence of non-structural protein NS1 of bluetongue virus (BTV), which contains immunodominant CD8+ T cell epitopes, is highly conserved among BTV serotypes, and has therefore become a major tool in the development of a universal BTV vaccine. In this work, we have engineered multiserotype BTV vaccine candidates based on recombinant chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAdOx1) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing the NS1 protein of BTV-4 or its truncated form NS1-Nt. A single dose of ChAdOx1-NS1 or ChAdOx1-NS1-Nt induced a moderate CD8+ T cell response and protected IFNAR(-/-) mice against a lethal dose of BTV-4/MOR09, a reassortant strain between BTV-1 and BTV-4, although the animals showed low viremia after infection. Furthermore, IFNAR(-/-) mice immunized with a single dose of ChAdOx1-NS1 were protected after challenge with a lethal dose of BTV-8 in absence of viremia nor clinical signs. Additionally, the heterologous prime-boost ChAdOx1/MVA expressing NS1 or NS1-Nt elicited a robust NS1 specific CD8+ T cell response and protected the animals against BTV-4/MOR09 even 16 weeks after immunization, with undetectable levels of viremia at any time after challenge. Subsequently, the best immunization strategy based on ChAdOx1/MVA-NS1 was assayed in sheep. Non-immunized animals presented fever and viremia levels up to 104 PFU/mL after infection. In contrast, although viremia was detected in immunized sheep, the level of virus in blood was 100 times lower than in non-immunized animals in absence of clinical signs.
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