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Lababidi G, Lababidi H, Bitar F, Arabi M. COVID-19 Vaccines in the Pediatric Population: A Focus on Cardiac Patients. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2024; 2024:2667033. [PMID: 38779616 PMCID: PMC11111306 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2667033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to the deleterious global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, tremendous effort has been invested in the development of vaccines against the virus. Vaccine candidates are first tested in adult populations, a number of which have been approved for EUL by the WHO, and are in use across the USA and MENA region. The question remains whether these (or other) vaccines should be recommended to a neonatal, pediatric, and/or adolescent cohort. Incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection are low in pediatric, neonatal, and adolescent patients. Since both overall incidence and severity are lower in children than in adults, safety is an important consideration in vaccine approval for these age groups, in addition to efficacy and a decreased risk of transmission. The following review discusses vaccine immunology in children aged 0-18 years, with emphasis on the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of children, considerations for pediatric vaccine approval, and available vaccines for pediatric cohorts along with a breakdown of the efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages for each. This review also contains current and future perspectives, as well as a section on the cardiovascular implications and related dynamics of pediatric COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghena Lababidi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hossam Lababidi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Children's Heart Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Arabi
- Children's Heart Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Haldane V, Ariyarajah A, Berry I, Loutet M, Salamanca-Buentello F, Upshur REG. Global inequity creates local insufficiency: A qualitative study of COVID-19 vaccine implementation challenges in low-and-middle-income countries. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281358. [PMID: 36780502 PMCID: PMC9925066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified pre-existing challenges to health promotion and care across the world, and particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This qualitative study draws on data from a panel of immunisation experts and uses a novel framework of vaccine delivery domains to explore perspectives from those who live and work in these settings on the challenges to implementing COVID-19 vaccine programs in LMICs. METHODS We conducted a thematic content analysis of 96 participant free text replies to questions from Round I of a three-round Delphi consensus study amongst global experts on COVID-19 vaccine implementation. RESULTS Participant responses highlighted challenges to vaccine program implementation including issues related to equity; governance, decision-making, and financing; regulatory structures, planning, and coordination; prioritisation, demand generation, and communication; vaccine, cold chain, logistics, and infrastructure; service delivery, human resources, and supplies; and surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation. CONCLUSION We reflect on our findings in light of global efforts to address vaccine inequity and emphasise three key areas salient to improving vaccination efforts during novel infectious disease outbreaks: 1) Ensuring safe and sustainable service delivery in communities and at points of care; 2) Strengthening systems for end-to-end delivery of vaccines, therapeutics, diagnostics, and essential supplies; 3) Transforming structural paradigms towards vaccine equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Haldane
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Archchun Ariyarajah
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isha Berry
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miranda Loutet
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fabio Salamanca-Buentello
- Bridgepoint Collaboratory for Research and Innovation, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ross E. G. Upshur
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Bridgepoint Collaboratory for Research and Innovation, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lopez-Cantu DO, Wang X, Carrasco-Magallanes H, Afewerki S, Zhang X, Bonventre JV, Ruiz-Esparza GU. From Bench to the Clinic: The Path to Translation of Nanotechnology-Enabled mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:41. [PMID: 34981278 PMCID: PMC8722410 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, the use of nanotechnology in medicine has effectively been translated to the design of drug delivery systems, nanostructured tissues, diagnostic platforms, and novel nanomaterials against several human diseases and infectious pathogens. Nanotechnology-enabled vaccines have been positioned as solutions to mitigate the pandemic outbreak caused by the novel pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. To fast-track the development of vaccines, unprecedented industrial and academic collaborations emerged around the world, resulting in the clinical translation of effective vaccines in less than one year. In this article, we provide an overview of the path to translation from the bench to the clinic of nanotechnology-enabled messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines and examine in detail the types of delivery systems used, their mechanisms of action, obtained results during each phase of their clinical development and their regulatory approval process. We also analyze how nanotechnology is impacting global health and economy during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana O Lopez-Cantu
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Xichi Wang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hector Carrasco-Magallanes
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Samson Afewerki
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Guillermo U Ruiz-Esparza
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Du L, Wang M, Raposo VL. International Efforts and Next Steps to Advance COVID-19 Vaccines Research and Production in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:vaccines10010042. [PMID: 35062703 PMCID: PMC8778286 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equitable and efficient distribution of COVID-19 vaccines continues to be a key issue in global health, and a targeted approach is needed to meet the World Health Organization's world vaccination targets. Although some low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are developing their own vaccines to address the distribution problem, legal and technical challenges have had a negative impact on productivity. This article explores relevant international legal instruments that can enable faster research and development of COVID-19 vaccines in LMICs, focusing on the role of biosafety standards, biological materials transfer, and key knowledge sharing. Our analysis has established that the potential of existing global health legal instruments has yet to be realized in order to close the productivity gap in LMICs and strengthen their vaccine manufacturing capacity. Additionally, mutual recognition of vaccine efficacy has become a new challenge for achieving global vaccination targets. We argue that the World Health Organization should continue its leading position by developing a more practical and targeted framework to help LMICs overcome challenges arising from technology transfer, knowledge sharing, and politics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- Faculty of Law, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, Macao;
- Correspondence:
| | - Meng Wang
- Faculty of Law, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, Macao;
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Haas Q, Borisov N, Alvarez DV, Ferdowsi S, von Mayenn L, Teodoro D, Amini P. Vaccine Development in the Time of COVID-19: The Relevance of the Risklick AI to Assist in Risk Assessment and Optimize Performance. Front Digit Health 2021; 3:745674. [PMID: 34796360 PMCID: PMC8593331 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.745674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic revealed the urgent need for the acceleration of vaccine development worldwide. Rapid vaccine development poses numerous risks for each category of vaccine technology. By using the Risklick artificial intelligence (AI), we estimated the risks associated with all types of COVID-19 vaccine during the early phase of vaccine development. We then performed a postmortem analysis of the probability and the impact matrix calculations by comparing the 2020 prognosis to the contemporary situation. We used the Risklick AI to evaluate the risks and their incidence associated with vaccine development in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis revealed the diversity of risks among vaccine technologies currently used by pharmaceutical companies providing vaccines. This analysis highlighted the current and future potential pitfalls connected to vaccine production during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the Risklick AI appears as an essential tool in vaccine development for the treatment of COVID-19 in order to formally anticipate the risks, and increases the overall performance from the production to the distribution of the vaccines. The Risklick AI could, therefore, be extended to other fields of research and development and represent a novel opportunity in the calculation of production-associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Haas
- Risklick AG, Spin-off University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Clinical Trial Unit Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikolay Borisov
- Risklick AG, Spin-off University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Clinical Trial Unit Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Vicente Alvarez
- HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sohrab Ferdowsi
- HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leonhard von Mayenn
- Risklick AG, Spin-off University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Clinical Trial Unit Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Douglas Teodoro
- HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Poorya Amini
- Risklick AG, Spin-off University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Clinical Trial Unit Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Nioi M, d’Aloja E, Fossarello M, Napoli PE. Dual Corneal-Graft Rejection after mRNA Vaccine (BNT162b2) for COVID-19 during the First Six Months of Follow-Up: Case Report, State of the Art and Ethical Concerns. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1274. [PMID: 34835205 PMCID: PMC8620000 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Present mass vaccination against Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is the most widely used health policy and the most promising approach to curb the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic globally. However, new side effects are emerging from the mass vaccination not described during the experimental stages. In the present study, we discuss a case of acute corneal graft rejection, which has occurred 25 years after transplantation and 13 days after the administration of the BNT162b2 vaccine (Comirnaty, BioNTech/Pfizer), which was followed-up for a period of six months. In this period, the corneal inflammation appeared twice but was successfully managed with topical therapy and supplementation of Vitamin D. A risk of corneal graft rejection must be included in the list of potential vaccine complications, in order to inform the transplanted patient to undergo a preliminary and a follow-up ocular examination, and eventually to include corneal graft in the list of contraindications to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nioi
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Ernesto d’Aloja
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Fossarello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Pietro Emanuele Napoli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
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