1
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Zafar M, Subramaniyan V, Tibika F, Tulchinsky Y. Cationic ligands - from monodentate to pincer systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9871-9906. [PMID: 38920056 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
For a long time, the small group of cationic ligands stood out as obscure systems within the general landscape of coordinative chemistry. However, this situation has started to change rapidly during the last decade, with more and more examples of metal-coordinated cationic species being reported. The growing interest in these systems is not only of purely academic nature, but also driven by accumulating evidence of their high catalytic utility. Overcoming the inherently poor coordinating ability of cationic species often required additional structural stabilization. In numerous cases this was realized by functionalizing them with a pair of chelating side-arms, effectively constructing a pincer-type scaffold. This comprehensive review aims to encompass all cationic ligands possessing such pincer architecture reported to date. Herein every cationic species that has ever been embedded in a pincer framework is described in terms of its electronic structure, followed by an in-depth discussion of its donor/acceptor properties, based on computational studies (DFT) and available experimental data (IR, NMR or CV). We then elaborate on how the positive charge of these ligands affects the spectroscopic and redox properties, as well as the reactivity, of their complexes, compared to those of the structurally related neutral ligands. Among other systems discussed, this review also surveys our own contribution to this field, namely, the introduction of sulfonium-based pincer ligands and their complexes, recently reported by our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zafar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | | | - Françoise Tibika
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Yuri Tulchinsky
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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2
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Jung H, Choi J, Kim D, Lee JH, Ihee H, Kim D, Chang S. Photoinduced Group Transposition via Iridium-Nitrenoid Leading to Amidative Inner-Sphere Aryl Migration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408123. [PMID: 38871650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
We herein report a fundamental mechanistic investigation into photochemical metal-nitrenoid generation and inner-sphere transposition reactivity using organometallic photoprecursors. By designing Cp*Ir(hydroxamate)(Ar) complexes, we induced photo-initiated ligand activation, allowing us to explore the amidative σ(Ir-aryl) migration reactivity. A combination of experimental mechanistic studies, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the metal-to-ligand charge transfer enables the σ(N-O) cleavage, followed by Ir-acylnitrenoid generation. The final inner-sphere σ(Ir-aryl) group migration results in a net amidative group transposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoimin Jung
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkweon Choi
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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3
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Lv ZJ, Eisenlohr KA, Naumann R, Reuter T, Verplancke H, Demeshko S, Herbst-Irmer R, Heinze K, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Triplet carbenes with transition-metal substituents. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01597-8. [PMID: 39103654 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The extraordinary advances in carbene (R1-C-R2) chemistry have been fuelled by strategies to stabilize the electronic singlet state via π interactions. In contrast, the lack of similarly efficient approaches to obtain authentic triplet carbenes with appreciable lifetimes beyond cryogenic temperatures hampers their exploitation in synthesis and catalysis. Transition-metal substitution represents a potential strategy, but metallocarbenes (M-C-R) usually represent high-lying excited electronic configurations of the well-established carbyne complexes (M≡C-R). Here we report the synthesis and characterization of triplet metallocarbenes (M-C-SiMe3, M = PdII, PtII) that are persistent beyond cryogenic conditions, and their selective reactivity towards carbene C-H insertion and carbonylation. Bond analysis reveals significant stabilization by spin-polarized push-pull interactions along both π-bonding planes, which fundamentally differs from bonding in push-pull singlet carbenes. This bonding model, thus, expands key strategies for stabilizing the open-shell carbene electromers and closes a conceptual gap towards carbyne complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jie Lv
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim A Eisenlohr
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Verplancke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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4
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Janssen M, Frederichs T, Olaru M, Lork E, Hupf E, Beckmann J. Synthesis of a stable crystalline nitrene. Science 2024; 385:318-321. [PMID: 38870274 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Nitrenes are a highly reactive, yet fundamental, compound class. They possess a monovalent nitrogen atom and usually a short life span, typically in the nanosecond range. Here, we report on the synthesis of a stable nitrene by photolysis of the arylazide MSFluindN3 (1), which gave rise to the quantitative formation of the arylnitrene MSFluindN (2) (MSFluind is dispiro[fluorene-9,3'-(1',1',7',7'-tetramethyl-s-hydrindacen-4'-yl)-5',9''-fluorene]) that remains unchanged for at least 3 days when stored under argon atmosphere at room temperature. The extraordinary life span permitted the full characterization of 2 by single-crystal x-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, which supported a triplet ground state. Theoretical simulations suggest that in addition to the kinetic stabilization conferred by the bulky MSFluind aryl substituent, electron delocalization across the central aromatic ring contributes to the electron stabilization of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Janssen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Frederichs
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurther Str. 2-4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marian Olaru
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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5
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Brown S, Warren MR, Kubicki DJ, Fitzpatrick A, Pike SD. Photoinitiated Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Redox Transformations of Titanium-Oxo Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17325-17333. [PMID: 38865257 PMCID: PMC11212046 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Titanium-oxo clusters can undergo photochemical reactions under UV light, resulting in the reduction of the titanium-oxo core and oxidation of surface ligands. This is an important step in photocatalytic processes in light-absorbing Ti/O-based clusters, metal-organic frameworks, and (nano)material surfaces; however, studying the direct outcome of this photochemical process is challenging due to the fragility of the immediate photoproducts. In this report, titanium-oxo clusters [TiO(OiPr)(L)]n (n = 4, L = O2PPh2, or n = 6, L = O2CCH2tBu) undergo a two-electron photoredox reaction in the single-crystal state via an irreversible single-crystal to single-crystal (SC-SC) transformation initiated by a UV laser. The process is monitored by single crystal X-ray diffraction revealing the photoreduction of the cluster with coproduction of an (oxidized) acetone ligand, which is retained in the structure as a ligand to Ti(3+). The results demonstrate that photochemistry of inorganic molecules can be studied in the single crystal phase, allowing characterization of photoproducts which are unstable in the solution phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen
E. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Mark R. Warren
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | | | - Ann Fitzpatrick
- RAL
Space, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Sebastian D. Pike
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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6
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Deng G, Riedel S. Generation and Identification of the Trifluorosilylarsinidene F 3SiAs and Isomeric Perfluorinated Arsasilene FAsSiF 2. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401348. [PMID: 38619099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The trifluorosilylarsinidene F3SiAs in the triplet ground state has been generated through the reaction of laser-ablated silicon atoms with AsF3 in cryogenic Ne- and Ar-matrices. The reactions proceed with the initial formation of perfluorinated arsasilene FAsSiF2 in the singlet ground state by two As-F bonds insertion reaction on annealing. The trifluorosilylarsinidene F3SiAs was formed via F-migration reactions of FAsSiF2 under irradiation at UV light (λ = 275 nm). The characterization of FAsSiF2 and F3SiAs by IR matrix-isolation spectroscopy is supported by computations at CCSD(T)-F12/aug-cc-pVTZ and B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Kang J, Lee Y, Lee S, Ki H, Kim J, Gu J, Cha Y, Heo J, Lee KW, Kim SO, Park J, Park SY, Kim S, Ma R, Eom I, Kim M, Kim J, Lee JH, Ihee H. Dynamic three-dimensional structures of a metal-organic framework captured with femtosecond serial crystallography. Nat Chem 2024; 16:693-699. [PMID: 38528103 PMCID: PMC11087265 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Crystalline systems consisting of small-molecule building blocks have emerged as promising materials with diverse applications. It is of great importance to characterize not only their static structures but also the conversion of their structures in response to external stimuli. Femtosecond time-resolved crystallography has the potential to probe the real-time dynamics of structural transitions, but, thus far, this has not been realized for chemical reactions in non-biological crystals. In this study, we applied time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX), a powerful technique for visualizing protein structural dynamics, to a metal-organic framework, consisting of Fe porphyrins and hexazirconium nodes, and elucidated its structural dynamics. The time-resolved electron density maps derived from the TR-SFX data unveil trifurcating structural pathways: coherent oscillatory movements of Zr and Fe atoms, a transient structure with the Fe porphyrins and Zr6 nodes undergoing doming and disordering movements, respectively, and a vibrationally hot structure with isotropic structural disorder. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using TR-SFX to study chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedong Kang
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunbeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Ki
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jain Gu
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Cha
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Heo
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youn Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Rory Ma
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Yao C, Gonçalves TP, Wang X, Luo L, Huang KW. Ligand-Dominated Activation of CO 2 and CS 2 by the Putative Nickel Phosphiniminato Intermediates. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7820-7827. [PMID: 38630579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Room-temperature photoactivation of the first- and second-generation PN3P-pincer nickel azido complexes 1a and 1b in the presence of CO2 or CS2 afforded N-bound carbamates, dithiocarbamates, and isothiocyanates, providing insights into CO2 and CS2 activation and demonstrating how a seemingly small difference in the ligand structure significantly influences the reactivity. Theoretical calculations disclosed that the charge of the phosphorus atom plays a critical role in determining the nitrogen atom transfer to form a plausible nickel phosphiniminato intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changguang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Théo P Gonçalves
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiufang Wang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lun Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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9
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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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10
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Mato M, Cornella J. Bismuth in Radical Chemistry and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315046. [PMID: 37988225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Whereas indications of radical reactivity in bismuth compounds can be traced back to the 19th century, the preparation and characterization of both transient and persistent bismuth-radical species has only been established in recent decades. These advancements led to the emergence of the field of bismuth radical chemistry, mirroring the progress seen for other main-group elements. The seminal and fundamental studies in this area have ultimately paved the way for the development of catalytic methodologies involving bismuth-radical intermediates, a promising approach that remains largely untapped in the broad landscape of synthetic organic chemistry. In this review, we delve into the milestones that eventually led to the present state-of-the-art in the field of radical bismuth chemistry. Our focus aims at outlining the intrinsic discoveries in fundamental inorganic/organometallic chemistry and contextualizing their practical applications in organic synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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11
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Stroek W, Keilwerth M, Malaspina LA, Grabowsky S, Meyer K, Albrecht M. Deciphering Iron-Catalyzed C-H Amination with Organic Azides: N 2 Cleavage from a Stable Organoazide Complex. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303410. [PMID: 37916523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic C-N bond formation by direct activation of C-H bonds offers wide synthetic potential. En route to C-H amination, complexes with organic azides are critical precursors towards the reactive nitrene intermediate. Despite their relevance, α-N coordinated organoazide complexes are scarce in general, and elusive with iron, although iron complexes are by far the most active catalysts for C-H amination with organoazides. Herein, we report the synthesis of a stable iron α-N coordinated organoazide complex from [Fe(N(SiMe3 )2 )2 ] and AdN3 (Ad=1-adamantyl) and its crystallographic, IR, NMR and zero-field 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic characterization. These analyses revealed that the organoazide is in fast equilibrium between the free and coordinated state (Keq =62). Photo-crystallography experiments showed gradual dissociation of N2 , which imparted an Fe-N bond shortening and correspond to structural snapshots of the formation of an iron imido/nitrene complex. Reactivity of the organoazide complex in solution showed complete loss of N2 , and subsequent formation of a C-H aminated product via nitrene insertion into a C-H bond of the N(SiMe3 )2 ligand. Monitoring this reaction by 1 H NMR spectroscopy indicates the transient formation of the imido/nitrene intermediate, which was supported by Mössbauer spectroscopy in frozen solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wowa Stroek
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Keilwerth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lorraine A Malaspina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Swatiputra AA, Mukherjee D, Dinda S, Roy S, Pramanik K, Ganguly S. Electron transfer catalysis mediated by 3d complexes of redox non-innocent ligands possessing an azo function: a perspective. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15627-15646. [PMID: 37792473 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02567e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
It was first reported almost two decades ago that ligands with azo functions are capable of accepting electron(s) upon coordination to produce azo-anion radical complexes, thereby exhibiting redox non-innocence. Over the past two decades, there have been numerous reports of such complexes along with their structures and diverse characteristics. The ability of a coordinated azo function to accept one or more electron(s), thereby acting as an electron reservoir, is currently employed to carry out electron transfer catalysis since they can undergo redox transformation at mild potentials due to the presence of energetically accessible energy levels. The cooperative involvement of redox non-innocent ligand(s) containing an azo group and the coordinated metal centre can adjust and modulate the Lewis acidity of the latter through selective ligand-centred redox events, thereby manipulating the capacity of the metal centre to bind to the substrate. We have summarized the list of first row transition metal complexes of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc with redox non-innocent ligands incorporating an azo function that have been exploited as electron transfer catalysts to effectuate sustainable synthesis of a wide variety of useful chemicals. These include ketazines, pyrimidines, benzothiazole, benzoxazoles, N-acyl hydrazones, quinazoline-4(3)H-ones, C-3 alkylated indoles, N-alkylated anilines and N-alkylated heteroamines. The reaction pathways, as demonstrated by catalytic loops, reveal that the azo function of a coordinated ligand can act as an electron sink in the initial steps to bring about alcohol oxidation and thereafter, they serve as an electron pool to produce the final products either via HAT or PCET processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Apan Swatiputra
- Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata - 700016, India.
| | - Debaarjun Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata - 700016, India.
| | - Soumitra Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata - 700016, India.
| | - Subhadip Roy
- Department of Chemistry, The ICFAI University Tripura, Tripura 799210, India
| | - Kausikisankar Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, India
| | - Sanjib Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata - 700016, India.
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13
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Domenianni LI, Bauer M, Schmidt-Räntsch T, Lindner J, Schneider S, Vöhringer P. Photoinduced Metallonitrene Formation by N 2 Elimination from Azide Diradical Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309618. [PMID: 37549374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal nitrides/nitrenes are highly promising reagents for catalytic nitrogen-atom-transfer reactivity. They are typically prepared in situ upon optically induced N2 elimination from azido precursors. A full exploitation of their catalytic potential, however, requires in-depth knowledge of the primary photo-induced processes and the structural/electronic factors mediating the N2 loss with birth of the terminal metal-nitrogen core. Using femtosecond infrared spectroscopy, we elucidate here the primary molecular-level mechanisms responsible for the formation of a unique platinum(II) nitrene with a triplet ground state from a closed-shell platinum(II) azide precursor. The spectroscopic data in combination with quantum-chemical calculations provide compelling evidence that product formation requires the initial occupation of a singlet excited state with an anionic azide diradical ligand that is bound to a low-spin d8 -configured PtII ion. Subsequent intersystem crossing generates the Pt-bound triplet azide diradical, which smoothly evolves into the triplet nitrene via N2 loss in a near barrierless adiabatic dissociation. Our data highlight the importance of the productive, N2 -releasing state possessing azide ππ* character as a design principle for accessing efficient N-atom-transfer catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis I Domenianni
- Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Bauer
- Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Till Schmidt-Räntsch
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Lindner
- Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Wu M, Chen W, Wang D, Chen Y, Ye S, Tan G. Triplet bismuthinidenes featuring unprecedented giant and positive zero field splittings. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad169. [PMID: 38034397 PMCID: PMC10684269 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of triplet pnictinidenes, which bear two unpaired electrons at the pnictogen centers, has long been a great challenge due to their intrinsic high reactivity. Herein, we report the syntheses and characterizations of two bismuthinidenes MsFluindtBu-Bi (3) and MsFluind*-Bi (4) stabilized by sterically encumbered hydrindacene ligands. They were facilely prepared through reductions of the corresponding dichloride precursors with 2 molar equivalents of potassium graphite. The structural analyses revealed that 3 and 4 contain a one-coordinate bismuth atom supported by a Bi-C single σ bond. As a consequence, the remaining two Bi 6p orbitals are nearly degenerate, and 3 and 4 possess triplet ground states. Experimental characterizations with multinuclear magnetic resonance, magnetometry and near infrared spectroscopy coupled to wavefunction based ab initio calculations concurred to evidence that there exist giant and positive zero field splittings (>4300 cm-1) in their S = 1 ground states. Hence even at room temperature the systems almost exclusively populate the lowest-energy nonmagnetic Ms = 0 level, which renders them seemingly diamagnetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Wu
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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15
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Esposito VJ, Palmer CZ, Fortenberry RC, Francisco JS. Spectroscopy and Photochemistry of OAlNO and Implications for New Metal Chemistry in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7618-7629. [PMID: 37647609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A new aluminum-bearing species, OAlNO, which has the potential to impact the chemistry of the Earth's upper atmosphere, is characterized via high-level, ab initio, spectroscopic methods. Meteor-ablated aluminum atoms are quickly oxidized to aluminum oxide (AlO) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), where a steady-state layer of AlO then builds up. Concurrent formation of nitric oxide (NO) in the same region of the atmosphere will lead to the bimolecular formation of the OAlNO molecule. Molecular orbital analysis provides fundamental insights into the chemical bonding and energetic arrangement of the triplet (1 3A″) ground state and singlet (1 1A') excited-state species of OAlNO. Additionally, unpaired electrons on the terminal oxygen atom of triplet (1 3A″) OAlNO cause it to be reactive to atmospheric species, potentially impacting climate science and high-altitude chemistry. The triplet (1 3A″) ground-state species exhibits a large permanent dipole moment useful for rotational spectroscopic detection; however, similar rotational constants to the singlet (1 1A') excited-state species will hamper differentiation in a spectrum. Strong infrared intensities will assist in detection and discrimination of the different spin states and isomers. Repulsive electronic excited states of OAlNO will lead to photolysis of the Al-N bond and formation of various electronic states of AlO + NO through nonadiabatic pathways. Reaction through the OAlNO intermediate represents a means for the production of electronically excited AlO, leading to new chemistry in the atmosphere. Excitation to higher-lying electronic states will lead to fluorescence with a minor Stokes shift, useful for laboratory investigation. Such physical properties of this molecule will allow for new, unexplored chemical pathways in the MLT to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Esposito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - C Zachary Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University Park, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University Park, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
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16
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Ding YQ, Chen ZY, Zhang FX, Ma JB. Coupling of N 2 and O 2 in the Gas Phase to Synthesize Nitric Oxide at Room Temperature: A Zeldovich-Like Strategy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7597-7602. [PMID: 37603698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2) activation and its chemical transformations are some of the most challenging topics in chemistry. Herein, we report that heteronuclear metal anions AuNbBO- can mediate the direct coupling of N2 and O2 to generate NO molecules. N2 first forms the nondissociative adsorption product AuNbBON2- on AuNbBO-. In the following reactions with two O2 molecules, two NO molecules are gradually released, with the formation of AuNbBO2N- and AuNbBO3-. In the reaction with the first O2, the generated nitrene radical (N••-) originating from the dissociated N2, induces the activation of O2. Subsequently, the second O2 is anchored and forms a superoxide radical (O2•-); this radical attacks the other N atom to form an N-O bond, releasing the second NO. The N••- and O2•- radicals play key roles in the reactions. The mechanism adopted in this direct oxidation of N2 by O2 to NO can be labeled as a Zeldovich-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qi Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Feng-Xiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
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17
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Lawzer AL, Ganesan E, Gronowski M, Custer T, Guillemin JC, Kołos R. Free Ethynylarsinidene and Ethynylstibinidene: Heavier Analogues of Nitrenes and Phosphinidenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300887. [PMID: 37278982 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Until now, there has been very little experimental evidence for the existence of free arsinidenes and stibinidenes, apart from the hydrides, AsH and SbH. Here, we report on photogeneration of triplet ethynylarsinidene, HCCAs, and triplet ethynylstibinidene, HCCSb, from ethynylarsine and ethynylstibine, respectively, in solid argon matrices. The products were identified using infrared spectroscopy and the associated UV absorption spectra are interpreted with the aid of theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun-Libertsen Lawzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elavenil Ganesan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Gronowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thomas Custer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jean-Claude Guillemin
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, IRCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Robert Kołos
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Jung H, Kweon J, Suh JM, Lim MH, Kim D, Chang S. Mechanistic snapshots of rhodium-catalyzed acylnitrene transfer reactions. Science 2023:eadh8753. [PMID: 37471480 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh8753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Rhodium acylnitrene complexes are widely implicated in catalytic C-H amidation reactions but have eluded isolation and structural characterization. To overcome this challenge, we designed a chromophoric octahedral rhodium complex with a bidentate dioxazolone ligand, in which photoinduced metal-to-ligand charge transfer initiates catalytic C-H amidation. X-ray photocrystallographic analysis of the Rh-dioxazolone complex allowed structural elucidation of the targeted Rh-acylnitrenoid and provided firm evidence that the singlet nitrenoid species is primarily responsible for acylamino transfer reactions. We also monitored in crystallo reaction of a nucleophile with the in situ generated Rh-acylnitrenoid, providing a crystallographically traceable reaction system to capture mechanistic snapshots of nitrenoid transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeonguk Kweon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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19
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Keener M, Maria L, Mazzanti M. Progress in the chemistry of molecular actinide-nitride compounds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6493-6521. [PMID: 37350843 PMCID: PMC10283502 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01435e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of actinide-nitrides has witnessed significant advances in the last ten years with a large focus on uranium and a few breakthroughs with thorium. Following the early discovery of the first terminal and bridging nitride complexes, various synthetic routes to uranium nitrides have since been identified, although the range of ligands capable of stabilizing uranium nitrides still remains scarce. In particular, both terminal- and bridging-nitrides possess attractive advantages for potential reactivity, especially in light of the recent development of uranium complexes for dinitrogen reduction and functionalization. The first molecular thorium bridged-nitride complexes have also been recently identified, anticipating the possibility of expanding nitride chemistry not only to low-valent thorium, but also to the transuranic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Keener
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering - ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Leonor Maria
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 2695-066 Bobadela Portugal
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering - ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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20
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Pang Y, Nöthling N, Leutzsch M, Kang L, Bill E, van Gastel M, Reijerse E, Goddard R, Wagner L, SantaLucia D, DeBeer S, Neese F, Cornella J. Synthesis and isolation of a triplet bismuthinidene with a quenched magnetic response. Science 2023:eadg2833. [PMID: 37200451 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Large Spin-Orbit Coupling (SOC) is an intrinsic property of the heavy-elements that directly affects the electronic structures of the compounds. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of a mono-coordinate bismuthinidene featuring a rigid and bulky ligand. All magnetic measurements (SQUID, NMR) point to a diamagnetic compound. However, multiconfigurational quantum chemical calculations predict the ground state of the compound to be dominated (76%) by a spin-triplet. The apparent diamagnetism is explained by an extremely large SOC induced positive zero-field-splitting of more than 4500 cm-1 that leaves the MS = 0 magnetic sublevel thermally isolated in the electronic ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Liqun Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lucas Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel SantaLucia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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21
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Schiller C, Sieh D, Lindenmaier N, Stephan M, Junker N, Reijerse E, Granovsky AA, Burger P. Cleavage of an Aromatic C-C Bond in Ferrocene by Insertion of an Iridium Nitrido Nitrogen Atom. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11392-11401. [PMID: 37172080 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The intermolecular cleavage of C-C bonds is a rare event. Herein, we report on a late transition-metal terminal nitrido complex, which upon oxidation undergoes insertion of the nitrido nitrogen atom into the aromatic C-C bond of ferrocene. This reaction path was confirmed through 15N and deuterium isotope labeling experiments of the nitrido complex and ferrocenium, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry and UV/vis spectroscopy monitoring of the reaction revealed that oxidation is the initial step, yielding the tentative radical cationic nitrido complex, which is experimentally supported by extended X and Q-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ENDOR, UV/vis, vT 1H NMR, and vibrational spectroscopic data. Density functional theory (DFT) and multireference calculations of this highly reactive intermediate revealed an S = 1/2 ground state. The high reactivity can be traced to the increased electrophilicity in the oxidized complex. Based on high-level PNO-UCCSD(T) calculations and UV/vis kinetic measurements, it is proposed that the reaction proceeds by initial electrophilic exo attack of the nitrido nitrogen atom at the cyclopentadienyl ring and consecutive ring expansion to a pyridine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Schiller
- Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Sieh
- Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Lindenmaier
- Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michel Stephan
- Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natascha Junker
- Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edward Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Energiekonversion, EPR Research Group, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexander A Granovsky
- Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Burger
- Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Cosio MN, Powers DC. Prospects and challenges for nitrogen-atom transfer catalysis. NATURE REVIEWS. CHEMISTRY 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00482-1. [PMID: 37117815 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of C-H bonds to C-N bonds via C-H amination promises to streamline the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds. Nitrogen-group transfer (NGT) from metal nitrenes ([M]-NR complexes) has been the focus of intense research and development. By contrast, potentially complementary nitrogen-atom transfer (NAT) chemistry, in which a terminal metal nitride (an [M]-N complex) engages with a C-H bond, is underdeveloped. Although the earliest examples of stoichiometric NAT chemistry were reported 25 years ago, catalytic protocols are only now beginning to emerge. Here, we summarize the current state of the art in NAT chemistry and discuss opportunities and challenges for its development. We highlight the synthetic complementarity of NGT and NAT and discuss critical aspects of nitride electronic structure that dictate the philicity of the metal-supported nitrogen atom. We also examine the characteristic reactivity of metal nitrides and present emerging strategies and remaining obstacles to harnessing NAT for selective, catalytic nitrogenation of unfunctionalized organic small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario N Cosio
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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23
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Pérez‐Bitrián A, Alvarez S, Baya M, Echeverría J, Martín A, Orduna J, Menjón B. Terminal Au-N and Au-O Units in Organometallic Frames. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203181. [PMID: 36263870 PMCID: PMC10107225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Since gold is located well beyond the oxo wall, chemical species with terminal Au-N and Au-O units are extremely rare and limited to low coordination numbers. We report here that these unusual units can be trapped within a suitable organometallic frame. Thus, the terminal auronitrene and auroxyl derivatives [(CF3 )3 AuN]- and [(CF3 )3 AuO]- were identified as local minima by calculation. These open-shell, high-energy ions were experimentally detected by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ): They respectively arise by N2 or NO2 dissociation from the corresponding precursor species [(CF3 )3 Au(N3 )]- and [(CF3 )3 Au(ONO2 )]- in the gas phase. Together with the known fluoride derivative [(CF3 )3 AuF]- , they form an interesting series of isoleptic and alloelectronic complexes of the highly acidic organogold(iii) moiety (CF3 )3 Au with singly charged anions X- of the most electronegative elements (X=F, O, N). Ligand-field inversion in all these [(CF3 )3 AuX]- species results in the localization of unpaired electrons at the N and O atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pérez‐Bitrián
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Facultat de QuímicaUniversitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Miguel Baya
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Jorge Echeverría
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Antonio Martín
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Jesús Orduna
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Babil Menjón
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
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24
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Naskar S, Halder S, Kanrar G, Jana D, Dinda S, Pramanik K, Ganguly S. Role of ligand disposition and oxime…oximato hydrogen bonding upon redox non-innocent character of rhodium(III) phenylazooximates. Polyhedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2023.116342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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25
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Kooij B, Varava P, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Pantazis DA, Van Trieste GP, Powers DC, Severin K. Copper Complexes with Diazoolefin Ligands and their Photochemical Conversion into Alkenylidene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214899. [PMID: 36445783 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homometallic copper complexes with alkenylidene ligands are discussed as intermediates in catalysis but the isolation of such complexes has remained elusive. Herein, we report the structural characterization of copper complexes with bridging and terminal alkenylidene ligands. The compounds were obtained by irradiation of CuI complexes with N-heterocyclic diazoolefin ligands. The complex with a terminal alkenylidene ligand required isolation in a crystalline matrix, and its structural characterization was enabled by in crystallo photolysis at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Kooij
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Varava
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Li N, Hong B, Zhao J, Gu Z. Nitrenoid from Oxime: A Practical Synthesis of Planar Chiral Ferrocenyl Phenanthridines via Nitrene-Involved Ring-Expansion Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215530. [PMID: 36344436 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nitrenes and nitrenoids are highly reactive species and the proposed key intermediates in nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound synthesis. In this work, we developed a practical method for the synthesis of phenanthridines by the reaction of oximes and Grignard reagents (with or without diethylzinc) via ring-expansion of magnesium coordinated nitrenoid complex as the key step. The method has been used to synthesize optically active planar chiral ferrocenyl phenanthridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Biqiong Hong
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yan'An Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.,College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
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27
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Lv ZJ, Engel PD, Alig L, Maji S, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Stabilizing Doubly Deprotonated Diazomethane: Isolable Complexes with CN 22– and CN 2– Radical Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21872-21877. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jie Lv
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp D. Engel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lukas Alig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandipan Maji
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Schild DJ, Nurdin L, Moret ME, Oyala PH, Peters JC. Characterization of a Proposed Terminal Iron(III) Nitride Intermediate of Nitrogen Fixation Stabilized by a Trisphosphine-Borane Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209655. [PMID: 35973965 PMCID: PMC9588675 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Terminal iron nitrides (Fe≡N) have been proposed as intermediates of Fe-mediated nitrogen fixation, and well-defined synthetic iron nitrides have been characterized in high oxidation states, including FeIV , FeV , and FeVI . This study reports the generation and low temperature characterization of a terminally bound iron(III) nitride, P3 B Fe(N) (P3 B =tris(o-diisopropylphosphinophenyl)borane), which is a proposed intermediate of iron-mediated nitrogen fixation by the P3 B Fe-catalyst system. CW- and pulse EPR spectroscopy (HYSCORE and ENDOR), supported by DFT calculations, help to define a 2 A ground state electronic structure of this C3 -symmetric nitride species, placing the unpaired spin in a sigma orbital along the B-Fe-N vector; this electronic structure is distinct for an iron nitride. The unusual d5 -configuration is stabilized by significant delocalization (≈50 %) of the unpaired electron onto the axial boron and nitrogen ligands, with a majority of the spin residing on boron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J Schild
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lucie Nurdin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marc-Etienne Moret
- Current address: Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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29
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Regenauer NI, Wadepohl H, Roşca D. Terminal N 2 Dissociation in [(PNN)Fe(N 2 )] 2 (μ-N 2 ) Leads to Local Spin-State Changes and Augmented Bridging N 2 Activation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202172. [PMID: 35916757 PMCID: PMC9804668 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation at iron centres is a fundamental catalytic step for N2 utilisation, relevant to biological (nitrogenase) and industrial (Haber-Bosch) processes. This step is coupled with important electronic structure changes which are currently poorly understood. We show here for the first time that terminal dinitrogen dissociation from iron complexes that coordinate N2 in a terminal and bridging fashion leaves the Fe-N2 -Fe unit intact but significantly enhances the degree of N2 activation (Δν≈180 cm-1 , Raman spectroscopy) through charge redistribution. The transformation proceeds with local spin state change at the iron centre (S= 1 / 2 ${{ 1/2 }}$ →S=3 /2 ). Further dissociation of the bridging N2 can be induced under thermolytic conditions, triggering a disproportionation reaction, from which the tetrahedral (PNN)2 Fe could be isolated. This work shows that dinitrogen activation can be induced in the absence of external chemical stimuli such as reducing agents or Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas I. Regenauer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 276Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 276Germany
| | - Dragoş‐Adrian Roşca
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 276Germany
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30
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Schild DJ, Nurdin L, Moret ME, Oyala PH, Peters J. Characterization of a Proposed Terminal Iron(III) Nitride Intermediate of Nitrogen Fixation Stabilized by a Trisphosphine‐Borane Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J Schild
- California Institute of Technology Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Lucie Nurdin
- California Institute of Technology Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Paul H Oyala
- California Institute of Technology Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Jonas Peters
- California Institute of Technology Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 1200 East California Blvd 91103 Pasadena UNITED STATES
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31
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Lv ZJ, Schneider S. Carbynes reloaded: Isolation of singlet metallocarbenes. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Photochemical Synthesis of Transition Metal-Stabilized Uranium(VI) Nitride Complexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3809. [PMID: 35778419 PMCID: PMC9249861 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Uranium nitrides play important roles in dinitrogen activation and functionalization and in chemistry for nuclear fuels, but the synthesis and isolation of the highly reactive uranium(VI) nitrides remains challenging. Here, we report an example of transition metal (TM) stabilized U(VI) nitride complexes, which are generated by the photolysis of azide-bridged U(IV)-TM (TM = Rh, Ir) precursors. The U(V) nitride intermediates with bridged azide ligands are isolated successfully by careful control of the irradiation time, suggesting that the photolysis of azide-bridged U(IV)-TM precursors is a stepwise process. The presence of two U(VI) nitrides stabilized by three TMs is clearly demonstrated by an X-ray crystallographic study. These TM stabilized U(V) nitride intermediates and U(VI) nitride products exhibit excellent stability both in the solid-state and in THF solution under ambient light. Density functional theory calculations show that the photolysis necessary to break the N-N bond of the azide ligands implies excitation from uranium f-orbital to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), as suggested by the strong antibonding N-(N2) character present in the latter.
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33
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Dinda S, Pramanik S, Basu J, Patra SC, Pramanik K, Ganguly S. Azo-oximate metal-carbonyl to metallocarboxylic acid via the intermediate Ir(III) radical congener: quest for co-ligand driven stability of open- and closed-shell complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10121-10135. [PMID: 35731229 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00345g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The redox non-innocent behavior of the diaryl-azo-oxime ligand LNOH1 has been accentuated via the synthesis of metastable anion radical complexes of type trans-[Ir(LNO˙-)Cl(CO)(PPh3)2] 2 (CO is trans to azo group of the ligand) by the oxidative coordination reaction of 1 with Vaska's complex. The stereochemical role of co-ligands vis-à-vis the interplay of π-bonding has been found to be decisive in controlling the aptitude of the coordinated redox non-innocent ligand to accept or reject an electron. This has been clarified via the isolation of quite a few complexes as well as the failure to synthesize some others. The oxidized analogues of type trans-[Ir(LNO-)Cl(CO)(PPh3)2]+2+ (CO and azo group of the ligand are trans) as well as its cis isomer cis-[Ir(LNO-)Cl(CO)(PPh3)2]+3+ (CO and azo group of the ligand are cis) have been structurally characterized but the radical anion congener of the latter could not be synthesized. Furthermore, the closed shell complexes [Ir(LNO-)Cl2(PPh3)2] 4 and [Ir(LNO-)2Cl(PPh3)] 5 have been well characterized by diffraction as well as spectral techniques but their corresponding azo anion radical complexes could not be isolated and this is attributed to the trans influence of ancillary ligands. The anion radical complexes trans-[Ir(LNO˙-)Cl(CO)(PPh3)2] 2 may be rapidly transformed to the metallocarboxylic acids trans-[Ir(LNO-)Cl(CO2H)(PPh3)2] 6via a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process, thereby demonstrating the role of odd electron over the coordinated ligand framework to trigger metal-mediated carbonyl to carboxylic acid functionalization. Complexes 6 are further stabilized via intramolecular -CO2H⋯ON- (carboxylic acid⋯oximato) H-bonding. The optoelectronic properties as well as the origin of transitions in the complexes were analyzed by TD-DFT and theoretical analysis, which further disclose that the odd electron in trans-[Ir(LNO˙-)Cl(CO)(PPh3)2] 2 is primarily azo-oxime centric with very low contribution from the iridium center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata - 700016, India.
| | - Shuvam Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Jaydeep Basu
- Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata - 700016, India.
| | | | | | - Sanjib Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata - 700016, India.
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34
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Hu C, Wang XF, Wei R, Hu C, Ruiz DA, Chang XY, Liu LL. Crystalline monometal-substituted free carbenes. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Wittwer B, Dickmann N, Berg S, Leitner D, Tesi L, Hunger D, Gratzl R, van Slageren J, Neuman NI, Munz D, Hohloch S. A mesoionic carbene complex of manganese in five oxidation states. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6096-6099. [PMID: 35503035 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00097k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction between a carbazole-based mesoionic carbene ligand and manganese(II) iodide results in the formation of a rare air-stable manganese(IV) complex after aerobic workup. Cyclic voltammetry reveals the complex to be stable in five oxidation states. The electronic structure of all five oxidation states is elucidated chemically, spectroscopically (NMR, high-frequency EPR, UV-Vis, MCD), magnetically, and computationally (DFT, CASSCF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wittwer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Nicole Dickmann
- University of Paderborn, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Stephan Berg
- University of Paderborn, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Daniel Leitner
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Lorenzo Tesi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Hunger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Raphael Gratzl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicolas I Neuman
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC, UNL-CONICET, Predio CONICET Santa Fe Dr Alberto Cassano, Ruta Nacional No 168, Km 0 Paraje El Pozo, (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Dominik Munz
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University Campus C4 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,Inorganic and General Chemistry, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egelandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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36
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Grünwald A, Goswami B, Breitwieser K, Morgenstern B, Gimferrer M, Heinemann FW, Momper DM, Kay CWM, Munz D. Palladium Terminal Imido Complexes with Nitrene Character. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8897-8901. [PMID: 35575699 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whereas triplet-nitrene complexes of the late transition metals are isolable and key intermediates in catalysis, singlet-nitrene ligands remain elusive. Herein we communicate three such palladium terminal imido complexes with singlet ground states. UV-vis-NIR electronic spectroscopy with broad bands up to 1400 nm as well as high-level computations (DFT, STEOM-CCSD, CASSCF/NEVPT2, EOS analysis) and reactivity studies suggest significant palladium(0) singlet-nitrene character. Although the aliphatic nitrene complexes proved to be too reactive for isolation in analytically pure form as a result of elimination of isobutylene, the aryl congener could be characterized by SC-XRD, elemental analysis, IR-, NMR spectroscopy, and HRMS. The complexes' distinguished ambiphilicity allows them to activate hexafluorobenzene, triphenylphosphine, and pinacol borane, catalytically dehydrogenate cyclohexene, and aminate ethylene via nitrene transfer at or below room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Grünwald
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bhupendra Goswami
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kevin Breitwieser
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dajana M Momper
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, U.K
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Cole JM, Gosztola DJ, Velazquez-Garcia JDJ. Structural Capture of η 1-OSO to η 2-(OS)O Coordination Isomerism in a New Ruthenium-Based SO 2-Linkage Photoisomer That Exhibits Single-Crystal Optical Actuation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:6047-6059. [PMID: 35573119 PMCID: PMC9098168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of a range of single-crystal optical actuators are feeding a new form of materials chemistry, given their broad range of potential applications, from light-induced molecular motors to light sensors and optical-memory media. A series of ruthenium-based coordination complexes that exhibit sulfur dioxide linkage photoisomerization is of particular interest because they exhibit single-crystal optical actuation via either optical switching or nano-optomechanical transduction processes. We report the discovery of a new complex in this series of chemicals, [Ru(SO2)(NH3)4(3-fluoropyridine)]tosylate2 (1), which forms an η1-OSO photoisomer with 70% photoconversion upon the application of 505 nm light. The uncoordinated oxygen atom in this η1-OSO photoisomer impinges on one of the arene rings in a neighboring tosylate counter ion of 1 just enough that incipient nano-optomechanical transduction is observed. The structure and optical properties of this actuator are characterized via in situ light-induced single-crystal X-ray diffraction (photocrystallography), single-crystal optical absorption spectroscopy and microscopy, as well as single-crystal Raman spectroscopy. These materials-characterization methods were also used to track thermally induced reverse isomerization processes in 1. One of these processes involves an η1-OSO to η2-(OS)O transition, which was found to proceed sufficiently slowly at 110 K that its structural mechanism could be determined via a time sequence of photocrystallography experiments. The resulting data allowed us to structurally capture the transition, which was shown to occur via a form of coordination isomerism. Our newfound knowledge about this structural mechanism will aid the molecular design of new [RuSO2] complexes with functional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Cole
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - David J. Gosztola
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Jose de J. Velazquez-Garcia
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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38
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Doyle LR, Thompson EA, Burnage AL, Whitwood AC, Jenkins HT, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. MicroED characterization of a robust cationic σ-alkane complex stabilized by the [B(3,5-(SF 5) 2C 6H 3) 4] - anion, via on-grid solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3661-3665. [PMID: 35156982 PMCID: PMC8902584 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00335j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline (∼1 μm) [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norbornadiene)][S-BArF4], [S-BArF4] = [B(3,5-(SF5)2C6H3)4]−, reacts with H2 in a single-crystal to single-crystal transformation to form the σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norbornane)][S-BArF4], for which the structure was determined by microcrystal Electron Diffraction (microED), to 0.95 Å resolution, via an on-grid hydrogenation, and a complementary single-crystal X-ray diffraction study on larger, but challenging to isolate, crystals. Comparison with the [BArF4]− analogue [ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2(C6H3)] shows that the [S-BArF4]− anion makes the σ-alkane complex robust towards decomposition both thermally and when suspended in pentane. Subsequent reactivity with dissolved ethene in a pentane slurry, forms [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(ethene)2][S-BArF4], and the catalytic dimerisation/isomerisation of ethene to 2-butenes. The increased stability of [S-BArF4]− salts is identified as being due to increased non-covalent interactions in the lattice, resulting in a solid-state molecular organometallic material with desirable stability characteristics. The thermally and chemically robust σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norborane)][B(3,5-(SF5)2C6H3)4] is characterized by micro-electron diffraction using on-grid single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence R Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Emily A Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Arron L Burnage
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Huw T Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Schmidt‐Räntsch T, Verplancke H, Lienert JN, Demeshko S, Otte M, Van Trieste GP, Reid KA, Reibenspies JH, Powers DC, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Nitrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis by Metallonitrene C-H Insertion: Photocatalytic Amidation of Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115626. [PMID: 34905281 PMCID: PMC9305406 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
C-H amination and amidation by catalytic nitrene transfer are well-established and typically proceed via electrophilic attack of nitrenoid intermediates. In contrast, the insertion of (formal) terminal nitride ligands into C-H bonds is much less developed and catalytic nitrogen atom transfer remains unknown. We here report the synthesis of a formal terminal nitride complex of palladium. Photocrystallographic, magnetic, and computational characterization support the assignment as an authentic metallonitrene (Pd-N) with a diradical nitrogen ligand that is singly bonded to PdII . Despite the subvalent nitrene character, selective C-H insertion with aldehydes follows nucleophilic selectivity. Transamidation of the benzamide product is enabled by reaction with N3 SiMe3 . Based on these results, a photocatalytic protocol for aldehyde C-H trimethylsilylamidation was developed that exhibits inverted, nucleophilic selectivity as compared to typical nitrene transfer catalysis. This first example of catalytic C-H nitrogen atom transfer offers facile access to primary amides after deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Schmidt‐Räntsch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Hendrik Verplancke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jonas N. Lienert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Matthias Otte
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | | | - Kaleb A. Reid
- Department of ChemistryTexas A&M University3255 TAMUCollege StationTX 77843USA
| | | | - David C. Powers
- Department of ChemistryTexas A&M University3255 TAMUCollege StationTX 77843USA
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
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40
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Hsueh FC, Barluzzi L, Keener M, Rajeshkumar T, Maron L, Scopelliti R, Mazzanti M. Reactivity of Multimetallic Thorium Nitrides Generated by Reduction of Thorium Azides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3222-3232. [PMID: 35138846 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thorium nitrides are likely intermediates in the reported cleavage and functionalization of dinitrogen by molecular thorium complexes and are attractive compounds for the study of multiple bond formation in f-element chemistry, but only one example of thorium nitride isolable from solution was reported. Here, we show that stable multimetallic azide/nitride thorium complexes can be generated by reduction of thorium azide precursors─a route that has failed so far to produce Th nitrides. Once isolated, the thorium azide/nitride clusters, M3Th═N═Th (M = K or Cs), are stable in solutions probably due to the presence of alkali ions capping the nitride, but their synthesis requires a careful control of the reaction conditions (solvent, temperature, nature of precursor, and alkali ion). The nature of the cation plays an important role in generating a nitride product and results in large structural differences with a bent Th═N═Th moiety found in the K-bound nitride as a result of a strong K-nitride interaction and a linear arrangement in the Cs-bound nitride. Reactivity studies demonstrated the ability of Th nitrides to cleave CO in ambient conditions yielding CN-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Che Hsueh
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Barluzzi
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Megan Keener
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077 Cedex 4 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077 Cedex 4 Toulouse, France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Beagan DM, Cabelof AC. Recent advances in metal-mediated nitrogen oxyanion reduction using reductively borylated and silylated N-heterocycles. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2203-2213. [PMID: 35044399 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03740d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of nitrogen oxyanions is critical for the remediation of eutrophication caused by anthropogenic perturbations to the natural nitrogen cycle. There are many approaches to nitrogen oxyanion reduction, and here we report our advances in reductive deoxygenation using pre-reduced N-heterocycles. We show examples of nitrogen oxyanion reduction using Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn, and we evaluate the role of metal choice, number of coordinated oxyanions, and ancillary ligands on the reductive transformations. We report the experimental challenges faced and provide an outlook on new directions to repurpose nitrogen oxyanions into value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Beagan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Alyssa C Cabelof
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Schmidt‐Räntsch T, Verplancke H, Lienert JN, Demeshko S, Otte M, Van Trieste GP, Reid KA, Reibenspies JH, Powers DC, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Nitrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis by Metallonitrene C−H Insertion: Photocatalytic Amidation of Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Till Schmidt‐Räntsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Hendrik Verplancke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jonas N. Lienert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Matthias Otte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Kaleb A. Reid
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | | | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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Abstract
Carbide complexes remain a rare class of molecules. Their paucity does not reflect exceptional instability but is rather due to the generally narrow scope of synthetic procedures for constructing carbide complexes. The preparation of carbide complexes typically revolves around generating LnM-CEx fragments, followed by cleavage of the C-E bonds of the coordinated carbon-based ligands (the alternative being direct C atom transfer). Prime examples involve deoxygenation of carbonyl ligands and deprotonation of methyl ligands, but several other p-block fragments can be cleaved off to afford carbide ligands. This Review outlines synthetic strategies toward terminal carbide complexes, bridging carbide complexes, as well as carbide-carbonyl cluster complexes. It then surveys the reactivity of carbide complexes, covering stoichiometric reactions where the carbide ligands act as C1 reagents, engage in cross-coupling reactions, and enact Fischer-Tropsch-like chemistry; in addition, we discuss carbide complexes in the context of catalysis. Finally, we examine spectroscopic features of carbide complexes, which helps to establish the presence of the carbide functionality and address its electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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44
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Han X, Shan LX, Zhu JX, Zhang CS, Zhang XM, Zhang FM, Wang H, Tu YQ, Yang M, Zhang WS. Copper-Nitrene-Catalyzed Desymmetric Oxaziridination/1,2-Alkyl Rearrangement of 1,3-Diketones toward Bicyclic Lactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22688-22692. [PMID: 34414645 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although copper-nitrene has been extensively studied as a versatile active species in various transformations, asymmetric reactions involving copper-nitrene have been limited to the aziridination of olefins. Herein, we report the novel copper-nitrene-catalyzed desymmetric oxaziridination reaction of cyclic diketones with alkyl azides and the subsequent rearrangement of the resulting highly active intermediate, which produces a synthetically challenging chiral bicyclic lactam containing a quaternary carbon center. This procedure not only enriches the copper-nitrene-catalyzed asymmetric reactions, but also provides an alternative strategy to address the inherent challenges of catalytic asymmetric Schmidt reactions. This unique reaction could inspire the investigation of novel copper-nitrene-catalyzed asymmetric transformations and their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li-Xin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jin-Xin Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Medicine Chemistry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wen-Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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45
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Han X, Shan L, Zhu J, Zhang C, Zhang X, Zhang F, Wang H, Tu Y, Yang M, Zhang W. Copper‐Nitrene‐Catalyzed Desymmetric Oxaziridination/1,2‐Alkyl Rearrangement of 1,3‐Diketones toward Bicyclic Lactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Li‐Xin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Jin‐Xin Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Chang‐Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiao‐Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Fu‐Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Yong‐Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Medicine Chemistry Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Wen‐Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
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46
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Grünwald A, Anjana SS, Munz D. Terminal Imido Complexes of the Groups 9–11: Electronic Structure and Developments in the Last Decade. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Grünwald
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Saarland University Campus Geb. C4.1 66123 Saarbücken Germany
- Inorganic and General Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - S. S. Anjana
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Saarland University Campus Geb. C4.1 66123 Saarbücken Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Saarland University Campus Geb. C4.1 66123 Saarbücken Germany
- Inorganic and General Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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47
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Sun J, Verplancke H, Schweizer JI, Diefenbach M, Würtele C, Otte M, Tkach I, Herwig C, Limberg C, Demeshko S, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Stabilizing P≡P: P22–, P2⋅–, and P20 as bridging ligands. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Abbenseth J, Goicoechea JM. A phosphorus analog of a bimetallic dinitrogen complex. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Munz D, Meyer K. Charge frustration in ligand design and functional group transfer. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:422-439. [PMID: 37118028 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with different resonance structures of similar importance, such as heterocumulenes and mesoionics, are prominent in many applications of chemistry, including 'click chemistry', photochemistry, switching and sensing. In coordination chemistry, similar chameleonic/schizophrenic entities are referred to as ambidentate/ambiphilic or cooperative ligands. Examples of these had remained, for a long time, limited to a handful of archetypal compounds that were mere curiosities. In this Review, we describe ambiphilicity - or, rather, 'charge frustration' - as a general guiding principle for ligand design and functional group transfer. We first give a historical account of organic zwitterions and discuss their electronic structures and applications. Our discussion then focuses on zwitterionic ligands and their metal complexes, such as those of ylidic and redox-active ligands. Finally, we present new approaches to single-atom transfer using cumulated small molecules and outline emerging areas, such as bond activation and stable donor-acceptor ligand systems for reversible 1e- chemistry or switching.
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50
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Abstract
X-ray crystallography is an invaluable tool in design and development of organometallic catalysis, but application typically requires species to display sufficiently high solution concentrations and lifetimes for single crystalline samples to be obtained. In crystallo organometallic chemistry relies on chemical reactions that proceed within the single-crystal environment to access crystalline samples of reactive organometallic fragments that are unavailable by alternate means. This highlight describes approaches to in crystallo organometallic chemistry including (a) solid-gas reactions between transition metal complexes in molecular crystals and diffusing small molecules, (b) reactions of organometallic complexes within the extended lattices of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and (c) intracrystalline photochemical transformations to generate reactive organometallic fragments. Application of these methods has enabled characterization of catalytically important transient species, including σ-alkane adducts of transition metals, metal alkyl intermediates implicated in metal-catalyzed carbonylations, and reactive M-L multiply bonded species involved in C-H functionalization chemistry. Opportunities and challenges for in crystallo organometallic chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb A Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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