Carbonyl cross-metathesis via deoxygenative gem-di-metal catalysis

Visible-light-mediated deoxygenative transformation of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds through energy transfer process

Through the energy transfer process, mild transformations can be achieved that are often difficult to realize under thermodynamic conditions. Herein, a visible-light-driven deoxygenative coupling of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds for C-O, C-S, and C-N bonds construction is developed via triplet state 1,2-dicarbonyls, affording a wide range of α-functionalized ketones/esters under transition-metal and external photocatalyst free conditions. The usefulness of this method is demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis, late-stage functionalization of various carboxylic acid drugs, and the synthesis of natural products and drug molecules.

Stereodivergent access to non-natural α-amino acids via enantio- and Z/E-selective catalysis

The precise control of Z and E configurations of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkene synthesis has long been a fundamental challenge in synthetic chemistry, even more pronounced when simultaneously striving to achieve enantioselectivity [(Z,R), (Z,S), (E,R), (E,S)]. Moreover, enantiopure non-natural α-amino acids are highly sought after in organic and medicinal chemistry. In this study, we report a ligand-controlled stereodivergent synthesis of non-natural α-quaternary amino acids bearing trisubstituted alkene moieties in high yields with excellent enantioselectivity and Z/E selectivities. This success is achieved through a palladium/copper-cocatalyzed three-component assembly of readily available aryl iodides, allenes, and aldimine esters by simply tuning the chiral ligands of the palladium and copper catalysts.

Unlocking carbene reactivity by metallaphotoredox α-elimination

The ability to tame high-energy intermediates is important for synthetic chemistry, enabling the construction of complex molecules and propelling advances in the field of synthesis. Along these lines, carbenes and carbenoid intermediates are particularly attractive, but often unknown, high-energy intermediates1,2. Classical methods to access metal carbene intermediates exploit two-electron chemistry to form the carbon-metal bond. However, these methods are usually prohibitive because of reagent safety concerns, limiting their broad implementation in synthesis3-6. Mechanistically, an alternative approach to carbene intermediates that could circumvent these pitfalls would involve two single-electron steps: radical addition to metal to forge the initial carbon-metal bond followed by redox-promoted α-elimination to yield the desired metal carbene intermediate. Here we realize this strategy through a metallaphotoredox platform that exploits iron carbene reactivity using readily available chemical feedstocks as radical sources and α-elimination from six classes of previously underexploited leaving groups. These discoveries permit cyclopropanation and σ-bond insertion into N-H, S-H and P-H bonds from abundant and bench-stable carboxylic acids, amino acids and alcohols, thereby providing a general solution to the challenge of carbene-mediated chemical diversification.

The impact of formaldehyde exposure on lung inflammatory disorders: Insights into asthma, bronchitis, and pulmonary fibrosis

Lung inflammatory disorders are a major global health burden, impacting millions of people and raising rates of morbidity and death across many demographic groups. An industrial chemical and common environmental contaminant, formaldehyde (FA) presents serious health concerns to the respiratory system, including the onset and aggravation of lung inflammatory disorders. Epidemiological studies have shown significant associations between FA exposure levels and the incidence and severity of several respiratory diseases. FA causes inflammation in the respiratory tract via immunological activation, oxidative stress, and airway remodelling, aggravating pre-existing pulmonary inflammation and compromising lung function. Additionally, FA functions as a respiratory sensitizer, causing allergic responses and hypersensitivity pneumonitis in sensitive people. Understanding the complicated processes behind formaldehyde-induced lung inflammation is critical for directing targeted strategies aimed at minimizing environmental exposures and alleviating the burden of formaldehyde-related lung illnesses on global respiratory health. This abstract explores the intricate relationship between FA exposure and lung inflammatory diseases, including asthma, bronchitis, allergic inflammation, lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis.

Light-Driven Three-Component Carbonylation of Aryl Halides Using Abundant Metal Carbonyl

Carbonyl compounds are widely found in various pharmaceutical intermediates and synthetic precursors. Herein we report a simple light-driven three-component aryl halide process for synthesizing a variety of carbonylation products, utilizing Co2(CO)8 as an abundant solid carbonyl source, in good to excellent yields. The products can easily be subjected to further functionalization in synthesis. Mechanism studies indicated that this reaction is enabled by aryl radical generation and the subsequent CO insertion, alkene insertion, and protonation process.

Catalytic Intermolecular Deoxygenative Coupling of Carbonyl Compounds with Alkynes by a Cp*Mo(II)-Catalyst

Carbonyl is highly accessible and acts as an essential functional group in chemical synthesis. However, the direct catalytic deoxygenative functionalization of carbonyl compounds via a putative metal carbene intermediate is a formidable challenge due to the requirement of a high activation energy for the cleavage of strong C═O double bonds. Here, we report a class of bench stable and readily available Cp*Mo(II)-complexes as efficient deoxygenation catalysts that could catalyze the direct intermolecular deoxygenative coupling of carbonyl compounds with alkynes. Enabled by this powerful Cp*Mo(II)-catalyst, various valuable heteroarenes (10 different classes) were obtained in generally good yields and remarkable chemo- and regioselectivities. Mechanistic studies suggested that this reaction might proceed via a sequence of C═O double bonds cleavage, carbene-alkyne metathesis, cyclization, and aromatization processes. This strategy not only provided a general catalytic platform for the rapid preparation of heteroarenes but also opened a new window for the applications of Cp*Mo(II)-catalysts in organic synthesis.

Stereoselective Copper-Catalyzed Olefination of Imines

Alkenes are an important class of organic molecules found among synthetic intermediates and bioactive compounds. They are commonly synthesized through stoichiometric Wittig-type olefination of carbonyls and imines, using ylides or their equivalents. Despite the importance of Wittig-type olefination reactions, their catalytic variants remain underdeveloped. We explored the use of transition metal catalysis to form ylide equivalents from readily available starting materials. Our investigation led to a new copper-catalyzed olefination of imines with alkenyl boronate esters as coupling partners. We identified a heterobimetallic complex, obtained by hydrocupration of the alkenyl boronate esters, as the key catalytic intermediate that serves as an ylide equivalent. The high E-selectivity observed in the reaction is due to the stereoselective addition of this intermediate to an imine, followed by stereospecific anti-elimination.