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Tsien J, Hu C, Merchant RR, Qin T. Three-dimensional saturated C(sp 3)-rich bioisosteres for benzene. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:605-627. [PMID: 38982260 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Benzenes, the most ubiquitous structural moiety in marketed small-molecule drugs, are frequently associated with poor 'drug-like' properties, including metabolic instability, and poor aqueous solubility. In an effort to overcome these limitations, recent developments in medicinal chemistry have demonstrated the improved physicochemical profiles of C(sp3)-rich bioisosteric scaffolds relative to arenes. In the past two decades, we have witnessed an exponential increase in synthetic methods for accessing saturated bioisosteres of monosubstituted and para-substituted benzenes. However, until recent discoveries, analogous three-dimensional ortho-substituted and meta-substituted biososteres have remained underexplored, owing to their ring strain and increased s-character hybridization. This Review summarizes the emerging synthetic methodologies to access such saturated motifs and their impact on the application of bioisosteres for ortho-substituted, meta-substituted and multi-substituted benzene rings. It concludes with a perspective on the development of next-generation bioisosteres, including those within novel chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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2
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Lu L, Chen S, Kong W, Gao B, Li Y, Zhu L, Yin G. Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Aminoboronic Acids via Borylalkylation of Enamides. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38853359 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Aminoboronic acids represent a class of significant compounds that have attracted significant attention in the fields of drug discovery and organic synthesis. Despite notable progress in their synthesis, the efficient construction of chiral β-aminoboronic acids with alkyl side chains remains a challenging endeavor. Here, we introduce an unprecedented nickel-catalyzed asymmetric borylalkylation of enamides, employing a simple chiral diamine ligand, readily available B2pin2, and alkyl halides as coupling partners. This reaction serves as an efficient platform for assembling a diverse range of β-aminoboronic acid derivatives with flexible alkyl side chains, displaying exceptional regio-, stereo-, and enantioselectivities. Moreover, this transformation exhibits a broad substrate scope and remarkable tolerance toward various functional groups. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the benzyl group on the ligand is the key to the high enantiocontrol in this transformation. Additionally, we exemplify the practical application of this strategy through the concise synthesis of complex bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shuhan Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Weiyu Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ben Gao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Guoyin Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
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3
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Fu Q, Cao S, Wang J, Lv X, Wang H, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Enantioselective [2π + 2σ] Cycloadditions of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with Vinylazaarenes through Asymmetric Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8372-8380. [PMID: 38499472 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Here we present a highly enantioselective [2π + 2σ] photocycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs). The reaction uses a variety of vinylazaarenes as partners and is catalyzed by a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-containing chiral phosphoric acid as a bifunctional chiral photosensitizer. A wide array of pharmaceutically important bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane (BCH) derivatives have been synthesized with high yields, enantioselectivity, and diastereoselectivity. In addition to the diverse 1-ketocarbonyl-3-substituted BCBs, α/β-substituted vinylazaarenes are compatible with such an unprecedented photoredox catalytic pathway, resulting in the successful assembly of an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter or two adjacent tertiary stereocenters on the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan,P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan,P. R. China
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4
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Nagy B, Gonda Z, Földesi T, Fehér PP, Stirling A, Tolnai GL, Novák Z. Photoinduced Decarboxylative Borylation of N-Hydroxyphthalimide Esters with Hypoboric Acid. Org Lett 2024; 26:2292-2296. [PMID: 38477500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
We developed a visible-light-driven photochemical transformation in which activated primary, secondary, and tertiary alkylcarboxylic acids were converted into the corresponding boronic esters in the absence of catechol and any added photocatalyst. The procedure relies on the utilization of hypoboric acid and redox-active esters of alkylcarboxylic acids to ensure a simple and economic procedure. Quantum chemical calculations and mechanistic considerations provide deeper insights into the mechanism of photochemical borylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Nagy
- MTA-ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Gonda
- MTA-ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- ELTE Novel Scaffolds Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Földesi
- MTA-ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Pál Fehér
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HUN-REN, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Stirling
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HUN-REN, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Chemistry, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Leányka u. 6, H-3300 Eger, Hungary
| | - Gergely L Tolnai
- ELTE Novel Scaffolds Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Novák
- MTA-ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Zou XZ, Ge JF, Yang YX, Huang YF, Gao DW. Regioselective Alkynylation and Alkenylation at the More Hindered C-B Bond of 1,2-Bis(Boronic) Esters. Org Lett 2024; 26:1595-1600. [PMID: 38373166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Selective transformations at the more sterically hindered sites of organic molecules represent a frontier in the ability to precisely modify molecules. The lack of effective synthetic methods stands in stark contrast to the large number of encumbered sites encountered in molecules of interest. Here, we demonstrate that 1,2-bis(boronates) undergo selective alkynylation and alkenylation at the more sterically hindered C-B bond. Our preliminary mechanistic studies disclosed that this reaction can proceed through two convergent pathways involving direct coupling of sterically encumbered site versus 1,2-boron migratory coupling. Notably, this method facilitated convenient access to alkenyl and alkynyl boron products, which can be diversified by an array of transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Zhang Zou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jian-Fei Ge
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - De-Wei Gao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200120, China
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Prysiazhniuk K, Polishchuk O, Shulha S, Gudzikevych K, Datsenko OP, Kubyshkin V, Mykhailiuk PK. Borylated cyclobutanes via thermal [2 + 2]-cycloaddition. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3249-3254. [PMID: 38425521 PMCID: PMC10901489 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A one-step approach to borylated cyclobutanes from amides of carboxylic acids and vinyl boronates is elaborated. The reaction proceeds via the thermal [2 + 2]-cycloaddition of in situ-generated keteniminium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Prysiazhniuk
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill St. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine https://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Oleksandr Polishchuk
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill St. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine https://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Stanislav Shulha
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill St. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine https://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Kyrylo Gudzikevych
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill St. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine https://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Oleksandr P Datsenko
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill St. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine https://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Vladimir Kubyshkin
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill St. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine https://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd Winston Churchill St. 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine https://www.mykhailiukchem.org
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7
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Anderson JM, Poole DL, Cook GC, Murphy JA, Measom ND. Organometallic Bridge Diversification of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304070. [PMID: 38117748 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) derivatives have attracted significant recent interest in drug discovery as alkyne, tert-butyl and arene bioisosteres, where their incorporation is frequently associated with increased compound solubility and metabolic stability. While strategies for functionalisation of the bridgehead (1,3) positions are extensively developed, platforms allowing divergent substitution at the bridge (2,4,5) positions remain limited. Recent reports have introduced 1-electron strategies for arylation and incorporation of a small range of other substituents, but are limited in terms of scope, yields or practical complexity. Herein, we show the synthesis of diverse 1,2,3-trifunctionalised BCPs through lithium-halogen exchange of a readily accessible BCP bromide. When coupled with medicinally relevant product derivatisations, our developed 2-electron "late stage" approach provides rapid and straightforward access to unprecedented BCP structural diversity (>20 hitherto-unknown motifs reported). Additionally, we describe a method for the synthesis of enantioenriched "chiral-at-BCP" bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes through a novel stereoselective bridgehead desymmetrisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Anderson
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK, SG1 2NY
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, UK, G1 1XL
| | - Darren L Poole
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK, SG1 2NY
| | - Gemma C Cook
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK, SG1 2NY
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, UK, G1 1XL
| | - Nicholas D Measom
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK, SG1 2NY
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