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Li N, Wang Y, Zhao W, Chen Z, Liu P, Zhou W, Jiang F, Liu C, Xu J. Effect of Aggregation Structure on Capacitive Energy Storage in Conducting Polymer Films. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400103. [PMID: 38606697 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs), a significant class of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials, exhibit exceptional capacitive energy storage performance in aqueous electrolytes. Current research primarily concentrates on enhancing the electrical conductivity and capacitive performance of CPs via molecular design and structural control. However, the absence of a comprehensive understanding of the impact of molecular chain spatial order on ion/electron transport and capacitive performance impedes the development and optimization of advanced electrode materials. Here, a solvent treatment strategy is employed to modulate the molecular chain spatial order of PEDOT : PSS films. The results of electrochemical performance tests and Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (GIWAXS) show that Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) : poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT : PSS) films with both face-on and edge-on orientations exhibit exceptional electronic conductivity and ion diffusion efficiency, with capacitive performance 1.33 times higher than that of PEDOT : PSS films with only edge-on orientation. Consequently, molecular chain orientations conducive to charge transport not only enhance inter-chain coupling, but also effectively reduce ion transport resistance, enabling efficient capacitive energy storage. This research provides novel insights for the design and development of higher performance CPs-based electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute (FEII) to the Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (2024SSY03021), Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, department of chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Yeye Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wendi Zhao
- Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute (FEII) to the Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (2024SSY03021), Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, department of chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute (FEII) to the Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (2024SSY03021), Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, department of chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute (FEII) to the Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (2024SSY03021), Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute (FEII) to the Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (2024SSY03021), Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Fengxing Jiang
- Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute (FEII) to the Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (2024SSY03021), Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute (FEII) to the Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (2024SSY03021), Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute (FEII) to the Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (2024SSY03021), Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
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Wang X, Niu J, Hadi MK, Guo D, Zhang Y, Yu M, Zhou Q, Ran F. Dual-Site Biomacromolecule Doped Poly(3, 4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) for Bosting Both Anticoagulant and Electrochemical Performances. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401134. [PMID: 38772529 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a new generation of intelligent conductive polymers, is attracting much attention in the field of tissue engineering. However, its water dispersibility, conductivity, and biocompatibility are incompatible, which limit its further development. In this work, biocompatible electrode material of PEDOT doped with sodium sulfonated alginate (SS) which contains two functional groups of sulfonic acid and carboxylic acid per repeat unit of the macromolecule. The as dual-site doping strategy simultaneously boosts anticoagulant and electrochemical performances, for example, good hydrophilicity (water contact angle of 59.40°), well dispersibility (dispersion solution unstratified in 30 days), high conductivity (4.45 S m-1), and enhanced anticoagulant property (extended activated partial thrombin time value of 59.0 s), forming an adjustable PEDOT: biomacromolecule interface; this fills the technical gap of implantable bioelectronics in terms of coagulation and thrombosis risk. At the same time, the assembled all-in-one supercapacitor with anticoagulant properties is prepared by PEDOT: sodium sulfonated alginate as electrode material and sodium alginate hydrogel as electrolyte layer. The dual-site doping strategy provides a new opinion for the design and optimization of functional conductive polymers and its applications in implantable energy storage fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Jianzhou Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Mohammed Kamal Hadi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Dongli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Meimei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Fen Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Polymeric Materials Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
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Bonafè F, Decataldo F, Cramer T, Fraboni B. Ionic Solvent Shell Drives Electroactuation in Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308746. [PMID: 38429898 PMCID: PMC11095215 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of electrochemical processes into mechanical deformation in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) enables artificial muscle-like actuators but is also critical for degradation processes affecting OMIEC-based devices. To provide a microscopic understanding of electroactuation, the modulated electrochemical atomic force microscopy (mEC-AFM) is introduced here as a novel in-operando characterization method for electroactive materials. The technique enables multidimensional spectroscopic investigations of local electroactuation and charge uptake giving access to the electroactuation transfer function. For poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) based microelectrodes, the spectroscopic measurements are combined with multichannel mEC-AFM imaging, providing maps of local electroactuation amplitude and phase as well as surface morphology. The results demonstrate that the amplitude and timescales of electroactuation are governed by the drift motion of hydrated ions. Accordingly, slower water diffusion processes are not limiting, and the results illustrate how OMIEC microactuators can operate at sub-millisecond timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Bonafè
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaViale Berti Pichat 6/2Bologna40127Italy
| | - Francesco Decataldo
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaViale Berti Pichat 6/2Bologna40127Italy
| | - Tobias Cramer
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaViale Berti Pichat 6/2Bologna40127Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaViale Berti Pichat 6/2Bologna40127Italy
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Wu R, Ji X, Ma Q, Paulsen BD, Tropp J, Rivnay J. Direct quantification of ion composition and mobility in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn8628. [PMID: 38657078 PMCID: PMC11042751 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn8628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ion transport in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) is crucial due to its direct impact on device response time and operating mechanisms but is often assessed indirectly or necessitates extra assumptions. Operando x-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a powerful, direct probe for elemental characterization of bulk OMIECs and was used to directly quantify ion composition and mobility in a model OMIEC, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), during device operation. The first cycle revealed slow electrowetting and cation-proton exchange. Subsequent cycles showed rapid response with minor cation fluctuation (~5%). Comparison with optical-tracked electrochromic fronts revealed mesoscale structure-dependent proton transport. The calculated effective ion mobility demonstrated thickness-dependent behavior, emphasizing an interfacial ion transport pathway with a higher mobile ion density. The decoupling of interfacial effects on bulk ion mobility and the decoupling of cation and proton migration elucidate ion transport in conventional and emerging OMIEC-based devices and has broader implications for other ionic conductors writ large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- DND-CAT, Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joshua Tropp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60611, USA
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Luo R, Janssen HJWG, Kentgens APM, Zhao EW. A parallel line probe for spatially selective electrochemical NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2024; 361:107666. [PMID: 38537481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2024.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In situ NMR is a valuable tool for studying electrochemical devices, including redox flow batteries and electrocatalytic reactors, capable of detecting reaction intermediates, metastable states, time evolution of processes or monitoring stability as a function of electrochemical conditions. Here we report a parallel line detector for spatially selective in situ electrochemical NMR spectroscopy. The detector consists of 17 copper wires and is doubly tuned to 1H/19F and X nuclei ranging from 63Cu (106.1 MHz) to 7Li (155.5 MHz). The flat geometry of the parallel line detector allows its insertion into a high electrode surface-to-volume electrochemical flow reactor, enabling a detector-in-a-reactor design. This integrated device is named "eReactor NMR probe". Combined with B1-selective pulse sequences, selective detection of the nuclei at the electrode-electrolyte interface, that is within a distance of 800 μm from the electrode surface, has been achieved. The selective detection of 7Li and 19F nuclei is demonstrated using two electrolytes, LiCl and LiBF4 solutions, respectively. A good B1 homogeneity with an 810° to 90° pulse intensity ratio of 68-72 % was achieved. Using electrochemical plating of lithium metal as a model reaction, we further demonstrated the operando functionality of the probe. The new eReactor NMR probe offers a general method for studying flow electrochemistry, and we envision applications in a wide range of environmentally relevant energy systems, for example, Li metal batteries, electrochemical ammonia synthesis, carbon dioxide capture and reduction, redox flow batteries, fuel cells, water desalination, lignin oxidation etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Luo
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans J W G Janssen
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Evan Wenbo Zhao
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Liu T, Heimonen J, Zhang Q, Yang CY, Huang JD, Wu HY, Stoeckel MA, van der Pol TPA, Li Y, Jeong SY, Marks A, Wang XY, Puttisong Y, Shimolo AY, Liu X, Zhang S, Li Q, Massetti M, Chen WM, Woo HY, Pei J, McCulloch I, Gao F, Fahlman M, Kroon R, Fabiano S. Ground-state electron transfer in all-polymer donor:acceptor blends enables aqueous processing of water-insoluble conjugated polymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8454. [PMID: 38114560 PMCID: PMC10730874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-based conductive inks are vital for the sustainable manufacturing and widespread adoption of organic electronic devices. Traditional methods to produce waterborne conductive polymers involve modifying their backbone with hydrophilic side chains or using surfactants to form and stabilize aqueous nanoparticle dispersions. However, these chemical approaches are not always feasible and can lead to poor material/device performance. Here, we demonstrate that ground-state electron transfer (GSET) between donor and acceptor polymers allows the processing of water-insoluble polymers from water. This approach enables macromolecular charge-transfer salts with 10,000× higher electrical conductivities than pristine polymers, low work function, and excellent thermal/solvent stability. These waterborne conductive films have technological implications for realizing high-performance organic solar cells, with efficiency and stability superior to conventional metal oxide electron transport layers, and organic electrochemical neurons with biorealistic firing frequency. Our findings demonstrate that GSET offers a promising avenue to develop water-based conductive inks for various applications in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Heimonen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qilun Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tom P A van der Pol
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Asaminew Y Shimolo
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Silan Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Matteo Massetti
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Weimin M Chen
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Feng Gao
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
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Wu R, Meli D, Rivnay J. The hole truth. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:1055-1056. [PMID: 37644224 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Wu R, Paulsen BD, Ma Q, McCulloch I, Rivnay J. Quantitative Composition and Mesoscale Ion Distribution in p-Type Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37326843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the ionic composition and distribution in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) is crucial for understanding their structure-property relationships. Despite this, direct measurements of OMIEC ionic composition and distribution are not common. In this work, we investigated the ionic composition and mesoscopic structure of three typical p-type OMIEC materials: an ethylene glycol-treated crosslinked OMIEC with a large excess fixed anionic charge (EG/GOPS-PEDOT:PSS), an acid-treated OMIEC with a tunable fixed anionic charge (crys-PEDOT:PSS), and a single-component OMIEC without any fixed anionic charge (pg2T-TT). A combination of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, gravimetry, coulometry, and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) techniques was employed to characterize these OMIECs following electrolyte exposure and electrochemical cycling. In particular, XRF provided quantitative ion-to-monomer compositions for these OMIECs from passive ion uptake following aqueous electrolyte exposure and potential-driven ion uptake/expulsion following electrochemical doping and dedoping. Single-ion (cation) transport in EG/GOPS-PEDOT:PSS due to Donnan exclusion was directly confirmed, while significant fixed anion concentrations in crys-PEDOT:PSS doping and dedoping were shown to occur through mixed anion and cation transport. Controlling the fixed anionic (PSS-) charge density in crys-PEDOT:PSS mapped the strength of Donnan exclusion in OMIEC systems following a Donnan-Gibbs model. Anion transport dominated pg2T-TT doping and dedoping, but a surprising degree of anionic charge trapping (∼1020 cm-3) was observed. GISAXS revealed minimal ion segregation both between PEDOT- and PSS-rich domains in EG/GOPS-PEDOT:PSS and between amorphous and semicrystalline domains in pg2T-TT but showed significant ion segregation in crys-PEDOT:PSS at length scales of tens of nm, ascribed to inter-nanofibril void space. These results bring new clarity to the ionic composition and distribution of OMIECs which are crucial for accurately connecting the structure and properties of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qing Ma
- DND-CAT, Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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