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Kang DD, Hou X, Wang L, Xue Y, Li H, Zhong Y, Wang S, Deng B, McComb DW, Dong Y. Engineering LNPs with polysarcosine lipids for mRNA delivery. Bioact Mater 2024; 37:86-93. [PMID: 38523704 PMCID: PMC10957522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of the lipid nanoparticles (LNP)-mRNA vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, there has been an increased interest in the delivery of mRNA through LNPs. However, current LNP formulations contain PEG lipids, which can stimulate the generation of anti-PEG antibodies. The presence of these antibodies can potentially cause adverse reactions and reduce therapeutic efficacy after administration. Given the widespread deployment of the COVID-19 vaccines, the increased exposure to PEG may necessitate the evaluation of alternative LNP formulations without PEG components. In this study, we investigated a series of polysarcosine (pSar) lipids as alternatives to the PEG lipids to determine whether pSar lipids could still provide the functionality of the PEG lipids in the ALC-0315 and SM-102 LNP systems. We found that complete replacement of the PEG lipid with a pSar lipid can increase or maintain mRNA delivery efficiency and exhibit similar safety profiles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana D. Kang
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xucheng Hou
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Leiming Wang
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yonger Xue
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Haoyuan Li
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yichen Zhong
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Siyu Wang
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Binbin Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - David W. McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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2
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Li N, Geng S, Dong ZZ, Jin Y, Ying H, Li HW, Shi L. A new era of cancer immunotherapy: combining revolutionary technologies for enhanced CAR-M therapy. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:117. [PMID: 38824567 PMCID: PMC11143597 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant advancements have been made in the application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T treatment for blood cancers during the previous ten years. However, its effectiveness in treating solid tumors is still lacking, necessitating the exploration of alternative immunotherapies that can overcome the significant challenges faced by current CAR-T cells. CAR-based immunotherapy against solid tumors shows promise with the emergence of macrophages, which possess robust phagocytic abilities, antigen-presenting functions, and the ability to modify the tumor microenvironment and stimulate adaptive responses. This paper presents a thorough examination of the latest progress in CAR-M therapy, covering both basic scientific studies and clinical trials. This study examines the primary obstacles hindering the realization of the complete potential of CAR-M therapy, as well as the potential strategies that can be employed to overcome these hurdles. With the emergence of revolutionary technologies like in situ genetic modification, synthetic biology techniques, and biomaterial-supported gene transfer, which provide a wider array of resources for manipulating tumor-associated macrophages, we suggest that combining these advanced methods will result in the creation of a new era of CAR-M therapy that demonstrates improved efficacy, safety, and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key lab of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shinan Geng
- Key lab of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Dong
- Key lab of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Zhejiang Caner Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Hangjie Ying
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Zhejiang Caner Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Hung-Wing Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Key lab of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China.
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3
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Elzoghby AO, Samir O, Emam HE, Soliman A, Abdelgalil RM, Elmorshedy YM, Elkhodairy KA, Nasr ML. Engineering nanomedicines for immunogenic eradication of cancer cells: Recent trends and synergistic approaches. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2475-2504. [PMID: 38828160 PMCID: PMC11143780 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cancer immunotherapy is mainly attributed to poor tumor immunogenicity as well as the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) leading to failure of immune response. Numerous therapeutic strategies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic, photothermal, magnetic, chemodynamic, sonodynamic and oncolytic therapy, have been developed to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells and thereby elicit immunogenicity and boost the antitumor immune response. However, many challenges hamper the clinical application of ICD inducers resulting in modest immunogenic response. Here, we outline the current state of using nanomedicines for boosting ICD of cancer cells. Moreover, synergistic approaches used in combination with ICD inducing nanomedicines for remodeling the TME via targeting immune checkpoints, phagocytosis, macrophage polarization, tumor hypoxia, autophagy and stromal modulation to enhance immunogenicity of dying cancer cells were analyzed. We further highlight the emerging trends of using nanomaterials for triggering amplified ICD-mediated antitumor immune responses. Endoplasmic reticulum localized ICD, focused ultrasound hyperthermia, cell membrane camouflaged nanomedicines, amplified reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, metallo-immunotherapy, ion modulators and engineered bacteria are among the most innovative approaches. Various challenges, merits and demerits of ICD inducer nanomedicines were also discussed with shedding light on the future role of this technology in improving the outcomes of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O. Elzoghby
- Division of Engineering in Medicine and Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Omar Samir
- Division of Engineering in Medicine and Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Hagar E. Emam
- Division of Engineering in Medicine and Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Division of Engineering in Medicine and Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Riham M. Abdelgalil
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Yomna M. Elmorshedy
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Kadria A. Elkhodairy
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud L. Nasr
- Division of Engineering in Medicine and Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
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4
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Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Xue Y, Liu Z, Wang C, Kang DD, Li H, Hou X, Tian M, Cao D, Wang L, Guo K, Deng B, McComb DW, Merad M, Brown BD, Dong Y. Accelerating diabetic wound healing by ROS-scavenging lipid nanoparticle-mRNA formulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322935121. [PMID: 38771877 PMCID: PMC11145207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322935121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Current treatment options for diabetic wounds face challenges due to low efficacy, as well as potential side effects and the necessity for repetitive treatments. To address these issues, we report a formulation utilizing trisulfide-derived lipid nanoparticle (TS LNP)-mRNA therapy to accelerate diabetic wound healing by repairing and reprogramming the microenvironment of the wounds. A library of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive TS LNPs was designed and developed to encapsulate interleukin-4 (IL4) mRNA. TS2-IL4 LNP-mRNA effectively scavenges excess ROS at the wound site and induces the expression of IL4 in macrophages, promoting the polarization from the proinflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype at the wound site. In a diabetic wound model of db/db mice, treatment with this formulation significantly accelerates wound healing by enhancing the formation of an intact epidermis, angiogenesis, and myofibroblasts. Overall, this TS LNP-mRNA platform not only provides a safe, effective, and convenient therapeutic strategy for diabetic wound healing but also holds great potential for clinical translation in both acute and chronic wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Yuebao Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Yichen Zhong
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Yonger Xue
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Zhengwei Liu
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Chang Wang
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Diana D. Kang
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Haoyuan Li
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Xucheng Hou
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Meng Tian
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Dinglingge Cao
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Leiming Wang
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Kaiyuan Guo
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Binbin Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - David W. McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Miriam Merad
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Brian D. Brown
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
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Liang G, Cao W, Tang D, Zhang H, Yu Y, Ding J, Karges J, Xiao H. Nanomedomics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10979-11024. [PMID: 38635910 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have attractive physicochemical properties. A variety of nanomaterials such as inorganic, lipid, polymers, and protein nanoparticles have been widely developed for nanomedicine via chemical conjugation or physical encapsulation of bioactive molecules. Superior to traditional drugs, nanomedicines offer high biocompatibility, good water solubility, long blood circulation times, and tumor-targeting properties. Capitalizing on this, several nanoformulations have already been clinically approved and many others are currently being studied in clinical trials. Despite their undoubtful success, the molecular mechanism of action of the vast majority of nanomedicines remains poorly understood. To tackle this limitation, herein, this review critically discusses the strategy of applying multiomics analysis to study the mechanism of action of nanomedicines, named nanomedomics, including advantages, applications, and future directions. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism could provide valuable insight and therefore foster the development and clinical translation of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganghao Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wanqing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Dongsheng Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hanchen Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Johannes Karges
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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6
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Wang S, Zhu Y, Du S, Zheng Y. Preclinical Advances in LNP-CRISPR Therapeutics for Solid Tumor Treatment. Cells 2024; 13:568. [PMID: 38607007 PMCID: PMC11011435 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors, with their intricate cellular architecture and genetic heterogeneity, have long posed therapeutic challenges. The advent of the CRISPR genome editing system offers a promising, precise genetic intervention. However, the journey from bench to bedside is fraught with hurdles, chief among them being the efficient delivery of CRISPR components to tumor cells. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a potential solution. This biocompatible nanomaterial can encapsulate the CRISPR/Cas9 system, ensuring targeted delivery while mitigating off-target effects. Pre-clinical investigations underscore the efficacy of LNP-mediated CRISPR delivery, with marked disruption of oncogenic pathways and subsequent tumor regression. Overall, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, when combined with LNPs, presents a groundbreaking approach to cancer therapy, offering precision, efficacy, and potential solutions to current limitations. While further research and clinical testing are required, the future of personalized cancer treatment based on CRISPR/Cas9 holds immense promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China;
| | - Yuxi Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Shi Du
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yunsi Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China;
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7
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Li X, Cheng Y, Yang Z, Ji Q, Huan M, Ye W, Liu M, Zhang B, Liu D, Zhou S. Glioma-targeted oxaliplatin/ferritin clathrate reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment through hijacking Fe 2+ and boosting Fenton reaction. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:93. [PMID: 38443927 PMCID: PMC10913265 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma is easy to develop resistance to temozolomide (TMZ). TMZ-resistant glioma secretes interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), recruiting regulatory T cell (Treg) and inhibiting the activity of T cells and natural killer cell (NK cell), subsequently forming an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Oxaliplatin (OXA) greatly inhibits the proliferation of TMZ-resistant glioma cells, but the ability of OXA to cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) is weak. Thus, the therapeutic effect of OXA on glioma is not satisfactory. Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is highly expressed in brain capillary endothelial cells and TMZ-resistant glioma cells. In this study, OXA was loaded into ferritin (Fn) to prepare glioma-targeted oxaliplatin/ferritin clathrate OXA@Fn. OXA@Fn efficiently crossed BBB and was actively taken up by TMZ-resistant glioma cells via TfR1. Then, OXA increased the intracellular H2O2 level and induced the apoptosis of TMZ-resistant glioma cells. Meanwhile, Fn increased Fe2+ level in TMZ-resistant glioma cells. In addition, the expression of ferroportin 1 was significantly reduced, resulting in Fe2+ to be locked up inside the TMZ-resistant glioma cells. This subsequently enhanced the Fenton reaction and boosted the ferroptosis of TMZ-resistant glioma cells. Consequently, T cell mediated anti-tumor immune response was strongly induced, and the immunosuppressive microenvironment was significantly reversed in TMZ-resistant glioma tissue. Ultimately, the growth and invasion of TMZ-resistant glioma was inhibited by OXA@Fn. OXA@Fn shows great potential in the treatment of TMZ-resistant glioma and prospect in clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhifu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qifeng Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Menglei Huan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiliang Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bangle Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daozhou Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Siyuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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8
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Wu L, Li X, Qian X, Wang S, Liu J, Yan J. Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) Delivery Carrier-Assisted Targeted Controlled Release mRNA Vaccines in Tumor Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:186. [PMID: 38400169 PMCID: PMC10891594 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have attracted extensive attention in tumor immunotherapy. Targeting immune cells in cancer therapy has become a strategy of great research interest. mRNA vaccines are a potential choice for tumor immunotherapy, due to their ability to directly encode antigen proteins and stimulate a strong immune response. However, the mode of delivery and lack of stability of mRNA are key issues limiting its application. LNPs are an excellent mRNA delivery carrier, and their structural stability and biocompatibility make them an effective means for delivering mRNA to specific targets. This study summarizes the research progress in LNP delivery carrier-assisted targeted controlled release mRNA vaccines in tumor immunity. The role of LNPs in improving mRNA stability, immunogenicity, and targeting is discussed. This review aims to systematically summarize the latest research progress in LNP delivery carrier-assisted targeted controlled release mRNA vaccines in tumor immunity to provide new ideas and strategies for tumor immunotherapy, as well as to provide more effective treatment plans for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liusheng Wu
- Center of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Disease, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.W.); (X.Q.); (S.W.)
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China;
| | - Xinye Qian
- Center of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Disease, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.W.); (X.Q.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuang Wang
- Center of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Disease, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.W.); (X.Q.); (S.W.)
| | - Jixian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China;
| | - Jun Yan
- Center of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Disease, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.W.); (X.Q.); (S.W.)
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9
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Xue Y, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Du S, Hou X, Li W, Li H, Wang S, Wang C, Yan J, Kang DD, Deng B, McComb DW, Irvine DJ, Weiss R, Dong Y. LNP-RNA-engineered adipose stem cells for accelerated diabetic wound healing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:739. [PMID: 38272900 PMCID: PMC10811230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) have attracted considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents due to their ability to promote tissue regeneration. However, their limited tissue repair capability has posed a challenge in achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes. Herein, we conceive a series of lipid nanoparticles to reprogram ASCs with durable protein secretion capacity for enhanced tissue engineering and regeneration. In vitro studies identify that the isomannide-derived lipid nanoparticles (DIM1T LNP) efficiently deliver RNAs to ASCs. Co-delivery of self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and E3 mRNA complex (the combination of saRNA and E3 mRNA is named SEC) using DIM1T LNP modulates host immune responses against saRNAs and facilitates the durable production of proteins of interest in ASCs. The DIM1T LNP-SEC engineered ASCs (DS-ASCs) prolong expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), which show superior wound healing efficacy over their wild-type and DIM1T LNP-mRNA counterparts in the diabetic cutaneous wound model. Overall, this work suggests LNPs as an effective platform to engineer ASCs with enhanced protein generation ability, expediting the development of ASCs-based cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonger Xue
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuebao Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yichen Zhong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shi Du
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xucheng Hou
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenqing Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haoyuan Li
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siyu Wang
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chang Wang
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jingyue Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Diana D Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Binbin Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David W McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Wang WD, Guo YY, Yang ZL, Su GL, Sun ZJ. Sniping Cancer Stem Cells with Nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23262-23298. [PMID: 38010076 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance due to their self-renewal and differentiation capabilities. Despite encouraging progress in cancer treatment, conventional approaches often fail to eliminate CSCs, necessitating the development of precise targeted strategies. Recent advances in materials science and nanotechnology have enabled promising CSC-targeted approaches, harnessing the power of tailoring nanomaterials in diverse therapeutic applications. This review provides an update on the current landscape of nanobased precision targeting approaches against CSCs. We elucidate the nuanced application of organic, inorganic, and bioinspired nanomaterials across a spectrum of therapeutic paradigms, encompassing targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and multimodal synergistic therapies. By examining the accomplishments and challenges in this potential field, we aim to inform future efforts to advance nanomaterial-based therapies toward more effective "sniping" of CSCs and tumor clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yan-Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhong-Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guang-Liang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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11
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Hofstraat SR, Anbergen T, der Meel RV. Nanomedicine approaches for in vivo cancer immunotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1607-1611. [PMID: 37724504 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tweetable abstract Commentary just out in @fsgnnm: unleashing the full potential of #cancer #nanomedicines by reprogramming the immunosuppressive #TME using #LNP #mRNA #vaccines and via promoting #trainedimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Rj Hofstraat
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Anbergen
- Department of Internal Medicine & Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Roy van der Meel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
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