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Namiot ED, Smirnovová D, Sokolov AV, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Depression clinical trials worldwide: a systematic analysis of the ICTRP and comparison with ClinicalTrials.gov. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:315. [PMID: 39085220 PMCID: PMC11291508 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), commonly known as depression, affects over 300 million people worldwide as of 2018 and presents a wide range of clinical symptoms. The international clinical trials registry platform (ICTRP) introduced by WHO includes aggregated data from ClinicalTrials.gov and 17 other national registers, making it the largest clinical trial platform. Here we analysed data in ICTRP with the aim of providing comprehensive insights into clinical trials on depression. Applying a novel hidden duplicate identification method, 10,606 depression trials were identified in ICTRP, with ANZCTR being the largest non- ClinicalTrials.gov database at 1031 trials, followed by IRCT with 576 trials, ISRCTN with 501 trials, CHiCTR with 489 trials, and EUCTR with 351 trials. The top four most studied drugs, ketamine, sertraline, duloxetine, and fluoxetine, were consistent in both groups, but ClinicalTrials.gov had more trials for each drug compared to the non-ClinicalTrials.gov group. Out of 9229 interventional trials, 663 unique agents were identified, including approved drugs (74.5%), investigational drugs (23.2%), withdrawn drugs (1.8%), nutraceuticals (0.3%), and illicit substances (0.2%). Both ClinicalTrials.gov and non-ClinicalTrials.gov databases revealed that the largest categories were antidepressive agents (1172 in ClinicalTrials.gov and 659 in non-ClinicalTrials.gov) and nutrients, amino acids, and chemical elements (250 in ClinicalTrials.gov and 659 in non-ClinicalTrials.gov), indicating a focus on alternative treatments involving dietary supplements and nutrients. Additionally, 26 investigational antidepressive agents targeting 16 different drug targets were identified, with buprenorphine (opioid agonist), saredutant (NK2 antagonist), and seltorexant (OX2 antagonist) being the most frequently studied. This analysis addresses 40 approved drugs for depression treatment including new drug classes like GABA modulators and NMDA antagonists that are offering new prospects for treating MDD, including drug-resistant depression and postpartum depression subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia D Namiot
- Department of Surgical Science, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Smirnovová
- Department of Surgical Science, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandr V Sokolov
- Department of Surgical Science, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Advanced Molecular Technologies, Limited Liability Company (LLC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Advanced Molecular Technologies, Limited Liability Company (LLC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Science, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Karimova D, Rostami E, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB, Rask-Andersen M. Advances in development of biomarkers for brain damage and ischemia. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:803. [PMID: 39001884 PMCID: PMC11246271 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Acquired brain injury is an urgent situation that requires rapid diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are required for accurate diagnosis. However, these methods are costly and require substantial infrastructure and specialized staff. Circulatory biomarkers of acute brain injury may help in the management of patients with acute cerebrovascular events and prevent poor outcome and mortality. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the development of potential biomarkers of brain damage to increase diagnostic possibilities. For this purpose, we searched the PubMed database of studies on the diagnostic potential of brain injury biomarkers. We also accessed information from Clinicaltrials.gov to identify any clinical trials of biomarker measurements for the diagnosis of brain damage. In total, we present 41 proteins, enzymes and hormones that have been considered as biomarkers for brain injury, of which 20 have been studied in clinical trials. Several microRNAs have also emerged as potential clinical biomarkers for early diagnosis. Combining multiple biomarkers in a panel, along with other parameters, is yielding promising outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karimova
- Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala, University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elham Rostami
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Advanced Molecular Technology, Limited Liable Company (LLC), Moscow, 354340, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Advanced Molecular Technology, Limited Liable Company (LLC), Moscow, 354340, Russia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala, University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Rask-Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Kim JM, Kim HK, Cho HJ, Moon SA, Kim Y, Hong JY, Lee SH, Kim K, Koh JM. Extracellular C1qbp inhibits myogenesis by suppressing NFATc1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15678. [PMID: 38977785 PMCID: PMC11231330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging and lack of exercise are the most important etiological factors for muscle loss. We hypothesized that new factors that contribute to muscle loss could be identified from ones commonly altered in expression in aged and exercise-limited skeletal muscles. Mouse gastrocnemius muscles were subjected to mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. The muscle proteomes of hindlimb-unloaded and aged mice were compared to those of exercised and young mice, respectively. C1qbp expression was significantly upregulated in the muscles of both hindlimb-unloaded and aged mice. In vitro myogenic differentiation was not affected by altering intracellular C1qbp expression but was significantly suppressed upon recombinant C1qbp treatment. Additionally, recombinant C1qbp repressed the protein level but not the mRNA level of NFATc1. NFATc1 recruited the transcriptional coactivator p300, leading to the upregulation of acetylated histone H3 levels. Furthermore, NFATc1 silencing inhibited p300 recruitment, downregulated acetylated histone H3 levels, and consequently suppressed myogenic differentiation. The expression of C1qbp was inversely correlated with that of NFATc1 in the gastrocnemius muscles of exercised or hindlimb-unloaded, and young or aged mice. These findings demonstrate a novel role of extracellular C1qbp in suppressing myogenesis by inhibiting the NFATc1/p300 complex. Thus, C1qbp can serve as a novel therapeutic target for muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Man Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jin Cho
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ah Moon
- AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Kim
- AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Hong
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Minvielle Moncla LH, Briend M, Sokhna Sylla M, Mathieu S, Rufiange A, Bossé Y, Mathieu P. Mendelian randomization reveals interactions of the blood proteome and immunome in mitral valve prolapse. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:108. [PMID: 38844506 PMCID: PMC11156961 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common heart disorder characterized by an excessive production of proteoglycans and extracellular matrix in mitral valve leaflets. Large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) underlined that MVP is heritable. The molecular underpinnings of the disease remain largely unknown. METHODS We interrogated cross-modality data totaling more than 500,000 subjects including GWAS, 4809 molecules of the blood proteome, and genome-wide expression of mitral valves to identify candidate drivers of MVP. Data were investigated through Mendelian randomization, network analysis, ligand-receptor inference and digital cell quantification. RESULTS In this study, Mendelian randomization identify that 33 blood proteins, enriched in networks for immunity, are associated with the risk of MVP. MVP- associated blood proteins are enriched in ligands for which their cognate receptors are differentially expressed in mitral valve leaflets during MVP and enriched in cardiac endothelial cells and macrophages. MVP-associated blood proteins are involved in the renewal-polarization of macrophages and regulation of adaptive immune response. Cytokine activity profiling and digital cell quantification show in MVP a shift toward cytokine signature promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Assessment of druggability identify CSF1R, CX3CR1, CCR6, IL33, MMP8, ENPEP and angiotensin receptors as actionable targets in MVP. CONCLUSIONS Hence, integrative analysis identifies networks of candidate molecules and cells involved in immune control and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which drive the risk of MVP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mewen Briend
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mame Sokhna Sylla
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel Mathieu
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Rufiange
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Cervantes-Villagrana RD, Mendoza V, Hinck CS, de la Fuente-León RL, Hinck AP, Reyes-Cruz G, Vázquez-Prado J, López-Casillas F. Betaglycan sustains HGF/Met signaling in lung cancer and endothelial cells promoting cell migration and tumor growth. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30520. [PMID: 38756586 PMCID: PMC11096750 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Persistent HGF/Met signaling drives tumor growth and dissemination. Proteoglycans within the tumor microenvironment might control HGF availability and signaling by affecting its accessibility to Met (HGF receptor), likely defining whether acute or sustained HGF/Met signaling cues take place. Given that betaglycan (BG, also known as type III TGFβ receptor or TGFBR3), a multi-faceted proteoglycan TGFβ co-receptor, can be found within the tumor microenvironment, we addressed its hypothetical role in oncogenic HGF signaling. We found that HGF/Met promotes lung cancer and endothelial cells migration via PI3K and mTOR. This effect was enhanced by recombinant soluble betaglycan (solBG) via a mechanism attributable to its glycosaminoglycan chains, as a mutant without them did not modulate HGF effects. Moreover, soluble betaglycan extended the effect of HGF-induced phosphorylation of Met, Akt, and Erk, and membrane recruitment of the RhoGEF P-Rex1. Data-mining analysis of lung cancer patient datasets revealed a significant correlation between high MET receptor, HGF, and PREX1 expression and reduced patient survival. Soluble betaglycan showed biochemical interaction with HGF and, together, they increased tumor growth in immunocompetent mice. In conclusion, the oncogenic properties of the HGF/Met pathway are enhanced and sustained by GAG-containing soluble betaglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentín Mendoza
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cynthia S. Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Andrew P. Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Fernando López-Casillas
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Toshchakov VY. Peptide-Based Inhibitors of the Induced Signaling Protein Interactions: Current State and Prospects. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:784-798. [PMID: 38880642 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792405002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Formation of the transient protein complexes in response to activation of cellular receptors is a common mechanism by which cells respond to external stimuli. This article presents the concept of blocking interactions of signaling proteins by the peptide inhibitors, and describes the progress achieved to date in the development of signaling inhibitors that act by blocking the signal-dependent protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Krasnodar Region, 354340, Russia.
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7
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Smith-Byrne K, Hedman Å, Dimitriou M, Desai T, Sokolov AV, Schioth HB, Koprulu M, Pietzner M, Langenberg C, Atkins J, Penha RC, McKay J, Brennan P, Zhou S, Richards BJ, Yarmolinsky J, Martin RM, Borlido J, Mu XJ, Butterworth A, Shen X, Wilson J, Assimes TL, Hung RJ, Amos C, Purdue M, Rothman N, Chanock S, Travis RC, Johansson M, Mälarstig A. Identifying therapeutic targets for cancer among 2074 circulating proteins and risk of nine cancers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3621. [PMID: 38684708 PMCID: PMC11059161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating proteins can reveal key pathways to cancer and identify therapeutic targets for cancer prevention. We investigate 2,074 circulating proteins and risk of nine common cancers (bladder, breast, endometrium, head and neck, lung, ovary, pancreas, kidney, and malignant non-melanoma) using cis protein Mendelian randomisation and colocalization. We conduct additional analyses to identify adverse side-effects of altering risk proteins and map cancer risk proteins to drug targets. Here we find 40 proteins associated with common cancers, such as PLAUR and risk of breast cancer [odds ratio per standard deviation increment: 2.27, 1.88-2.74], and with high-mortality cancers, such as CTRB1 and pancreatic cancer [0.79, 0.73-0.85]. We also identify potential adverse effects of protein-altering interventions to reduce cancer risk, such as hypertension. Additionally, we report 18 proteins associated with cancer risk that map to existing drugs and 15 that are not currently under clinical investigation. In sum, we identify protein-cancer links that improve our understanding of cancer aetiology. We also demonstrate that the wider consequence of any protein-altering intervention on well-being and morbidity is required to interpret any utility of proteins as potential future targets for therapeutic prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Smith-Byrne
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Åsa Hedman
- External Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marios Dimitriou
- External Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trishna Desai
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandr V Sokolov
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schioth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mine Koprulu
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maik Pietzner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Precision Healthcare Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Precision Healthcare Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Atkins
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo Cortez Penha
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - James McKay
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Sirui Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brent J Richards
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology), Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - James Yarmolinsky
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joana Borlido
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Medicine, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, USA
| | - Xinmeng J Mu
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Medicine, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, USA
| | - Adam Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xia Shen
- Usher Institute, MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jim Wilson
- Usher Institute, MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christopher Amos
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology Section, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor Medical College, Houston, USA
| | - Mark Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mattias Johansson
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Anders Mälarstig
- External Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Zhu C, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Li J. Targeted Extracellular Protein Degradation by Dendronized DNA Chimeras. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:654-659. [PMID: 38331720 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular soluble proteins are key agents in the development of various diseases. However, strategies to remove therapeutically relevant extracellular targets are still scarce. Here, we establish dendronized DNA chimera (DENTAC) as an efficient approach for targeted degradation of the extracellular protein of interest (ePOI). DENTAC consists of a DNA dendron against cell-surface scavenger receptors (SRs), a protein ligand, and a connecting linker, which harnesses SRs as a lysosome-trafficking receptor to mediate the lysosomal degradation of the ePOI. We interrogate and optimize structure-activity relationships of DENTAC. Using neutravidin as a model ePOI, we show that both branch number and DNA length in the DNA dendron are important determinants for efficient lysosomal delivery and degradation of the protein. We demonstrate three branches and 10 nucleotide-length polythymidine as the optimal DNA dendron components to construct DENTAC. We further exemplify the anticancer application of DENTAC by targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), where we find linker property as another factor important for DENTAC performance. We reveal that MMP-9-targeting DENTAC effectively restrain cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. This study thus provides a potent strategy to delete extracellular proteins that are commonly difficult to target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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9
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Daurat M, Gauthier C, El Cheikh K, Ali LMA, Morère E, Bettache N, Gary-Bobo M, Morère A, Garcia M, Maynadier M, Basile I. Engineered therapeutic antibodies with mannose 6-phosphate analogues as a tool to degrade extracellular proteins. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1273280. [PMID: 38533506 PMCID: PMC10964947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1273280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inducing the degradation of pathological soluble antigens could be the key to greatly enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), extensively used in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders or cancer. Lysosomal targeting has gained increasing interest in recent years due to its pharmaceutical applications far beyond the treatment of lysosomal diseases, as a way to address proteins to the lysosome for eventual degradation. Mannose 6-phosphonate derivatives (M6Pn), called AMFA, are unique glycovectors that can significantly enhance the cellular internalization of the proteins conjugated to AMFA via the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) pathway. AMFA engineering of mAbs results in the generation of a bifunctional antibody that is designed to bind both the antigen and the M6PR. The improvement of the therapeutic potential by AMFA engineering was investigated using two antibodies directed against soluble antigens: infliximab (IFX), directed against tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and bevacizumab (BVZ), directed against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). AMFA conjugations to the antibodies were performed either on the oligosaccharidic chains of the antibodies or on the lysine residues. Both conjugations were controlled and reproducible and provided a novel affinity for the M6PR without altering the affinity for the antigen. The grafting of AMFA to mAb increased their cellular uptake through an M6PR-dependent mechanism. The antigens were also 2.6 to 5.7 times more internalized by mAb-AMFA and rapidly degraded in the cells. Additional cell culture studies also proved the significantly higher efficacy of IFX-AMFA and BVZ-AMFA compared to their unconjugated counterparts in inhibiting TNF-α and VEGF activities. Finally, studies in a zebrafish embryo model of angiogenesis and in xenografted chick embryos showed that BVZ-AMFA was more effective than BVZ in reducing angiogenesis. These results demonstrate that AMFA grafting induces the degradation of soluble antigens and a significant increase in the therapeutic efficacy. Engineering with mannose 6-phosphate analogues has the potential to develop a new class of antibodies for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corentin Gauthier
- NanoMedSyn, Montpellier, France
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lamiaa M. A. Ali
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biochemistry Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elodie Morère
- NanoMedSyn, Montpellier, France
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadir Bettache
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Magali Gary-Bobo
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Morère
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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10
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Aragón-Serrano L, Carrillo-Serradell L, Planells-Romeo V, Isamat M, Velasco-de Andrés M, Lozano F. CD6 and Its Interacting Partners: Newcomers to the Block of Cancer Immunotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17510. [PMID: 38139340 PMCID: PMC10743954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer management still requires more potent and safer treatments, of which immunomodulatory receptors on the lymphocyte surface have started to show promise in new cancer immunotherapies (e.g., CTLA-4 and PD-1). CD6 is a signal-transducing transmembrane receptor, mainly expressed by all T cells and some B and NK cell subsets, whose endogenous ligands (CD166/ALCAM, CD318/CDCP-1, Galectins 1 and 3) are overexpressed by malignant cells of different lineages. This places CD6 as a potential target for novel therapies against haematological and non-haematological malignancies. Recent experimental evidence for the role of CD6 in cancer immunotherapies is summarised in this review, dealing with diverse and innovative strategies from the classical use of monoclonal antibodies to soluble recombinant decoys or the adoptive transfer of immune cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Aragón-Serrano
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.-S.); (L.C.-S.); (V.P.-R.); (M.V.-d.A.)
| | - Laura Carrillo-Serradell
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.-S.); (L.C.-S.); (V.P.-R.); (M.V.-d.A.)
| | - Violeta Planells-Romeo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.-S.); (L.C.-S.); (V.P.-R.); (M.V.-d.A.)
| | - Marcos Isamat
- Sepsia Therapeutics S.L., 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
| | - María Velasco-de Andrés
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.-S.); (L.C.-S.); (V.P.-R.); (M.V.-d.A.)
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.-S.); (L.C.-S.); (V.P.-R.); (M.V.-d.A.)
- Servei d’Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Jiang W, Xu T, Song Z, Wang X, Yuan S, Li Q, Wei Y, Wang C, Yang G, Cao J, Mo Y, Liu Z, Li N, Li S, Lv P, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Hu W. CCL2 is a key regulator and therapeutic target for periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:1644-1657. [PMID: 37697486 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM Our previous study revealed that the C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is a promising target for periodontitis prevention and treatment. However, CCR2 is a receptor with multiple C-C motif chemokine ligands (CCLs), including CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13 and CCL16, and which of these ligands plays a key role in periodontitis remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore the key functional ligand of CCR2 in periodontitis and to evaluate the potential of the functional ligand as a therapeutic target for periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression levels and clinical relevance of CCR2, CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13 and CCL16 were studied using human samples. The role of CCL2 in periodontitis was evaluated by using CCL2 knockout mice and overexpressing CCL2 in the periodontium. The effect of local administration of bindarit in periodontitis was evaluated by preventive and therapeutic medication in a mouse periodontitis model. Microcomputed tomography, haematoxylin and eosin staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, bead-based immunoassays and flow cytometry were used for histomorphology, molecular biology and cytology analysis. RESULTS Among different ligands of CCR2, only CCL2 was significantly up-regulated in periodontitis gingival tissues and was positively correlated with the severity of periodontitis. Mice lacking CCL2 showed milder inflammation and less bone resorption than wild-type mice, which was accompanied by a reduction in monocyte/macrophage recruitment. Adeno-associated virus-2 vectors overexpressing CCL2 in Ccl2-/- mice gingiva reversed the attenuation of periodontitis in a CCR2-dependent manner. In ligation-induced experimental periodontitis, preventive or therapeutic administration of bindarit, a CCL2 synthesis inhibitor, significantly inhibited the production of CCL2, decreased the osteoclast number and bone loss and reduced the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS CCL2 is a pivotal chemokine that binds to CCR2 during the progression of periodontitis, and targeting CCL2 may be a feasible option for controlling periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Jiang
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Emergency, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanming Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuekang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shasha Yuan
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqian Mo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongtian Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Hu
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
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12
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Wang T, Sun L, Ren T, Hou M, Long Y, Jiang JH, He J. Targeted Protein Degradation Mediated by Genetically Engineered Lysosome-Targeting Exosomes. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9571-9578. [PMID: 37823825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein-degrading chimeras are superior drug modalities compared to traditional protein inhibitors because of their effective therapeutic performance. So far, various targeted protein degradation strategies, including proteolysis-targeting chimeras and lysosome-targeting chimeras, have emerged as essential technologies for tackling diseases caused by abnormal protein expression. Here, we report the development and application of lysosome-targeting exosomes (LYTEXs) for the selective degradation of membrane protein targets. LYTEXs are genetically engineered exosomes expressing multivalent single-chain fragment variables, simultaneously recognizing cell-surface lysosome-targeting and to-be-degraded protein. We show that by targeting the lysosome-directing asialoglycoprotein receptor, bispecific LYTEXs can induce lysosomal degradation of membrane-associated therapeutic targets. This strategy provides a generalizable, easy-to-prepare platform for modulating surface protein expression, with the advantage of therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Tianyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Min Hou
- School of Physics and Chemistry, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Ying Long
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jianjun He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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13
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He C, Qu Y, Yin J, Zhao Z, Ma R, Duan L. Cross-view contrastive representation learning approach to predicting DTIs via integrating multi-source information. Methods 2023; 218:176-188. [PMID: 37586602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-target interaction (DTI) prediction serves as the foundation of new drug findings and drug repositioning. For drugs/targets, the sequence data contains the biological structural information, while the heterogeneous network contains the biochemical functional information. These two types of information describe different aspects of drugs and targets. Due to the complexity of DTI machinery, it is necessary to learn the representation from multiple perspectives. We hereby try to design a way to leverage information from multi-source data to the maximum extent and find a strategy to fuse them. To address the above challenges, we propose a model, named MOVE (short for integrating multi-source information for predicting DTI via cross-view contrastive learning), for learning comprehensive representations of each drug and target from multi-source data. MOVE extracts information from the sequence view and the network view, then utilizes a fusion module with auxiliary contrastive learning to facilitate the fusion of representations. Experimental results on the benchmark dataset demonstrate that MOVE is effective in DTI prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin He
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuening Qu
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jin Yin
- The West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Runze Ma
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lei Duan
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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14
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An K, Deng X, Chi H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Cheng M, Ni Z, Yang Z, Wang C, Chen J, Bai J, Ran C, Wei Y, Li J, Zhang P, Xu F, Tan W. Stimuli-Responsive PROTACs for Controlled Protein Degradation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306824. [PMID: 37470380 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) represent a promising therapeutic modality to address undruggable and resistant issues in drug discovery. However, potential on-target toxicity remains clinically challenging. We developed a generalized caging strategy to synthesize a series of stimuli-responsive PROTACs (sr-PROTACs) with diverse molecular blocks bearing robust and cleavable linkers, presenting "turn on" features in manipulating protein degradation. By leveraging pathological cues, such as elevated ROS, phosphatase, H2 S, or hypoxia, and external triggers, such as ultraviolet light, X-Ray, or bioorthogonal reagents, we achieved site-specific activation and traceless release of original PROTACs through de-caging and subsequent self-immolative cleavage, realizing selective uptake and controlled protein degradation in vitro. An in vivo study revealed that two sr-PROTACs with phosphate- and fluorine-containing cages exhibited high solubility and long plasma exposure, which were specifically activated by tumor overexpressing phosphatase or low dosage of X-Ray irradiation in situ, leading to efficient protein degradation and potent tumor remission. With more reactive biomarkers to be screened from clinical practice, our caging library could provide a general tool to design activatable PROTACs, prodrugs, antibody-drug conjugates, and smart biomaterials for personalized treatment, tissue engineering or regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli An
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xuqian Deng
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Hongli Chi
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Yan Li
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Zhigang Ni
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jinling Chen
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Jianbo Bai
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chunyan Ran
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Juan Li
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Penghui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
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15
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Namiot ED, Smirnovová D, Sokolov AV, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. The international clinical trials registry platform (ICTRP): data integrity and the trends in clinical trials, diseases, and drugs. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1228148. [PMID: 37790806 PMCID: PMC10544909 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1228148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Clinical trials are the gold standard for testing new therapies. Databases like ClinicalTrials.gov provide access to trial information, mainly covering the US and Europe. In 2006, WHO introduced the global ICTRP, aggregating data from ClinicalTrials.gov and 17 other national registers, making it the largest clinical trial platform by June 2019. This study conducts a comprehensive global analysis of the ICTRP database and provides framework for large-scale data analysis, data preparation, curation, and filtering. Materials and methods: The trends in 689,793 records from the ICTRP database (covering trials registered from 1990 to 2020) were analyzed. Records were adjusted for duplicates and mapping of agents to drug classes was performed. Several databases, including DrugBank, MESH, and the NIH Drug Information Portal were used to investigate trends in agent classes. Results: Our novel approach unveiled that 0.5% of the trials we identified were hidden duplicates, primarily originating from the EUCTR database, which accounted for 82.9% of these duplicates. However, the overall number of hidden duplicates within the ICTRP seems to be decreasing. In total, 689 793 trials (478 345 interventional) were registered in the ICTRP between 1990 and 2020, surpassing the count of trials in ClinicalTrials.gov (362 500 trials by the end of 2020). We identified 4 865 unique agents in trials with DrugBank, whereas 2 633 agents were identified with NIH Drug Information Portal data. After the ClinicalTrials.gov, EUCTR had the most trials in the ICTRP, followed by CTRI, IRCT, CHiCTR, and ISRCTN. CHiCTR displayed a significant surge in trial registration around 2015, while CTRI experienced rapid growth starting in 2016. Conclusion: This study highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of using the ICTRP as a data source for analyzing trends in clinical trials, and emphasizes the value of utilizing multiple registries for a comprehensive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia D. Namiot
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Smirnovová
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandr V. Sokolov
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Vadim V. Tarasov
- Advanced Molecular Technology, Limited Liable Company (LLC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Chodkowski M, Zielezinski A, Anbalagan S. A ligand-receptor interactome atlas of the zebrafish. iScience 2023; 26:107309. [PMID: 37539027 PMCID: PMC10393773 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in zebrafish can unravel the functions of cellular communication and thus identify novel bench-to-bedside drugs targeting cellular communication signaling molecules. Due to the incomplete annotation of zebrafish proteome, the knowledge of zebrafish receptors, ligands, and tools to explore their interactome is limited. To address this gap, we de novo predicted the cellular localization of zebrafish reference proteome using deep learning algorithm. We combined the predicted and existing annotations on cellular localization of zebrafish proteins and created repositories of zebrafish ligands, membrane receptome, and interactome as well as associated diseases and targeting drugs. Unlike other tools, our interactome atlas is based on both the physical interaction data of zebrafish proteome and existing human ligand-receptor pair databases. The resources are available as R and Python scripts. DanioTalk provides a novel resource for researchers interested in targeting cellular communication in zebrafish, as we demonstrate in applications studying synapse and axo-glial interactome. DanioTalk methodology can be applied to build and explore the ligand-receptor atlas of other non-mammalian model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milosz Chodkowski
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zielezinski
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Savani Anbalagan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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17
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Sabiu G, Kasinath V, Jung S, Li X, Tsokos GC, Abdi R. Targeted nanotherapy for kidney diseases: a comprehensive review. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:1385-1396. [PMID: 35945647 PMCID: PMC10229287 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases represent a major public health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. Moreover, the treatment of kidney diseases is burdened by the problematic effects of conventional drug delivery, such as systemic drug toxicity, rapid drug clearance, and the absence of precise targeting of the kidney. Although the use of nanotechnology in medicine is in its early stage and lacks robust translational studies, nanomedicines have already shown great promise as novel drug-delivery systems for the treatment of kidney disease. On the basis of our current knowledge of renal anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology of kidney diseases, and physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles, an expansive repertoire and wide use of nanomedicines could be developed for kidney diseases in the near future. Some limitations have slowed the transition of these agents from preclinical studies to clinical trials, however. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on renal drug-delivery systems and recent advances in renal cell targeting; we also demonstrate their important potential as future paradigm-shifting therapies for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Sabiu
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Nephrology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sungwook Jung
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Jeon J, Lee H, Jeon MS, Kim SJ, Choi C, Kim KW, Yang DJ, Lee S, Bae YS, Choi WI, Jung J, Eyun SI, Yang S. Blockade of Activin Receptor IIB Protects Arthritis Pathogenesis by Non-Amplification of Activin A-ACVR2B-NOX4 Axis Pathway. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205161. [PMID: 36950748 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although activin receptor IIB (ACVR2B) is emerging as a novel pathogenic receptor, its ligand and assembled components (or assembly) are totally unknown in the context of osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. The present results suggest that upregulation of ACVR2B and its assembly could affect osteoarthritic cartilage destruction. It is shown that the ACVR2B ligand, activin A, regulates catabolic factor expression through ACVR2B in OA development. Activin A Tg mice (Col2a1-Inhba) exhibit enhanced cartilage destruction, whereas heterozygous activin A KO mice (Inhba+/- ) show protection from cartilage destruction. In silico analysis suggests that the Activin A-ACVR2B axis is involved in Nox4-dependent ROS production. Activin A Tg:Nox4 KO (Col2a1-Inhba:Nox4-/- ) mice show inhibition of experimental OA pathogenesis. NOX4 directly binds to the C-terminal binding site on ACVR2B-ACVR1B and amplifies the pathogenic signal for cartilage destruction through SMAD2/3 signaling. Together, the findings reveal that the ACVR2B assembly, which comprises Activin A, ACVR2B, ACVR1B, Nox4, and AP-1-induced HIF-2α, accelerates OA development. Furthermore, it is shown that shRNA-mediated ACVR2B knockdown or trapping ligands of ACVR2B abrogate OA development by competitively disrupting the ACVR2B-Activin A interaction. These results suggest that the ACVR2B assembly is required to amplify osteoarthritic cartilage destruction and could be a potential therapeutic target in efforts to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seung Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jung Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Uijeongbu, 11765, Republic of Korea
| | - Cham Choi
- MicroCT Applications, 3rd floor, 11, Sumyeong-ro 1-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Biological Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Biological Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Choi
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Il Eyun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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19
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Rosenkranz AA, Slastnikova TA. Prospects of Using Protein Engineering for Selective Drug Delivery into a Specific Compartment of Target Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030987. [PMID: 36986848 PMCID: PMC10055131 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of proteins are successfully used to treat various diseases. These include natural polypeptide hormones, their synthetic analogues, antibodies, antibody mimetics, enzymes, and other drugs based on them. Many of them are demanded in clinical settings and commercially successful, mainly for cancer treatment. The targets for most of the aforementioned drugs are located at the cell surface. Meanwhile, the vast majority of therapeutic targets, which are usually regulatory macromolecules, are located inside the cell. Traditional low molecular weight drugs freely penetrate all cells, causing side effects in non-target cells. In addition, it is often difficult to elaborate a small molecule that can specifically affect protein interactions. Modern technologies make it possible to obtain proteins capable of interacting with almost any target. However, proteins, like other macromolecules, cannot, as a rule, freely penetrate into the desired cellular compartment. Recent studies allow us to design multifunctional proteins that solve these problems. This review considers the scope of application of such artificial constructs for the targeted delivery of both protein-based and traditional low molecular weight drugs, the obstacles met on the way of their transport to the specified intracellular compartment of the target cells after their systemic bloodstream administration, and the means to overcome those difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Rosenkranz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory St., 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Slastnikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., 119334 Moscow, Russia
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20
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Lee K, Willi JA, Cho N, Kim I, Jewett MC, Lee J. Cell-free Biosynthesis of Peptidomimetics. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2023; 28:1-17. [PMID: 36778039 PMCID: PMC9896473 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of peptidomimetics (peptide analogs) possessing innovative biological functions have been brought forth as therapeutic candidates through cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems. A key feature of these peptidomimetic drugs is the use of non-canonical amino acid building blocks with diverse biochemical properties that expand functional diversity. Here, we summarize recent technologies leveraging CFPS platforms to expand the reach of peptidomimetics drugs. We also offer perspectives on engineering the translational machinery that may open new opportunities for expanding genetically encoded chemistry to transform drug discovery practice beyond traditional boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghun Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Jessica A. Willi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Namjin Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Inseon Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Joongoo Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea
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21
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Borkakoti N, Thornton JM. AlphaFold2 protein structure prediction: Implications for drug discovery. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 78:102526. [PMID: 36621153 PMCID: PMC7614146 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The drug discovery process involves designing compounds to selectively interact with their targets. The majority of therapeutic targets for low molecular weight (small molecule) drugs are proteins. The outstanding accuracy with which recent artificial intelligence methods compile the three-dimensional structure of proteins has made protein targets more accessible to the drug design process. Here, we present our perspective of the significance of accurate protein structure prediction on various stages of the small molecule drug discovery life cycle focusing on current capabilities and assessing how further evolution of such predictive procedures can have a more decisive impact in the discovery of new medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Borkakoti
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Janet M Thornton
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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22
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Pance K, Gramespacher JA, Byrnes JR, Salangsang F, Serrano JAC, Cotton AD, Steri V, Wells JA. Modular cytokine receptor-targeting chimeras for targeted degradation of cell surface and extracellular proteins. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:273-281. [PMID: 36138170 PMCID: PMC9931583 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted degradation of cell surface and extracellular proteins via lysosomal delivery is an important means to modulate extracellular biology. However, these approaches have limitations due to lack of modularity, ease of development, restricted tissue targeting and applicability to both cell surface and extracellular proteins. We describe a lysosomal degradation strategy, termed cytokine receptor-targeting chimeras (KineTACs), that addresses these limitations. KineTACs are fully genetically encoded bispecific antibodies consisting of a cytokine arm, which binds its cognate cytokine receptor, and a target-binding arm for the protein of interest. We show that KineTACs containing the cytokine CXCL12 can use the decoy recycling receptor, CXCR7, to target a variety of target proteins to the lysosome for degradation. Additional KineTACs were designed to harness other CXCR7-targeting cytokines, CXCL11 and vMIPII, and the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor-targeting cytokine IL-2. Thus, KineTACs represent a general, modular, selective and simple genetically encoded strategy for inducing lysosomal delivery of extracellular and cell surface targets with broad or tissue-specific distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Pance
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,EpiBiologics, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Josef A Gramespacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,EpiBiologics, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - James R Byrnes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Salangsang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juan-Antonio C Serrano
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam D Cotton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Veronica Steri
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Nanoparticles in Clinical Trials: Analysis of Clinical Trials, FDA Approvals and Use for COVID-19 Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010787. [PMID: 36614230 PMCID: PMC9821409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are heterologous small composites that are usually between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. They are applied in many areas of medicine with one of them being drug delivery. Nanoparticles have a number of advantages as drug carriers which include reduced toxic effects, increased bioavailability, and their ability to be modified for specific tissues or cells. Due to the exciting development of nanotechnology concomitant with advances in biotechnology and medicine, the number of clinical trials devoted to nanoparticles for drug delivery is growing rapidly. Some nanoparticles, lipid-based types, in particular, played a crucial role in the developing and manufacturing of the two COVID-19 vaccines-Pfizer and Moderna-that are now being widely used. In this analysis, we provide a quantitative survey of clinical trials using nanoparticles during the period from 2002 to 2021 as well as the recent FDA-approved drugs (since 2016). A total of 486 clinical trials were identified using the clinicaltrials.gov database. The prevailing types of nanoparticles were liposomes (44%) and protein-based formulations (26%) during this period. The most commonly investigated content of the nanoparticles were paclitaxel (23%), metals (11%), doxorubicin (9%), bupivacaine and various vaccines (both were 8%). Among the FDA-approved nanoparticle drugs, polymeric (29%), liposomal (22%) and lipid-based (21%) drugs were the most common. In this analysis, we also discuss the differential development of the diverse groups of nanoparticles and their content, as well as the underlying factors behind the trends.
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24
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Utility of in silico prediction of target suppression for antibodies against soluble targets: static versus dynamic models. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:137-147. [PMID: 36416938 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antibodies that bind soluble targets such as cytokines belong to an important class of immunotherapies. Target levels can significantly accumulate after antibody administration due to formation of antibody-target complex, accompanied with suppression in free target which is often difficult to measure. Being a surrogate for pharmacodynamic activity, free target suppression is often predicted using in silico tools. The objective of this work is to illustrate the utility of modelling and to compare static versus dynamic models in the prediction of free target suppression. METHODS Using binding principles, we have derived a static equation to predict free target suppression at steady state (FTSS). This equation operates with five input parameters and accounts for target accumulation over time. Its predictivity was compared to a dynamic model and to other existing metrics in literature via simulations and assumptions were illustrated. RESULTS We demonstrated the utility of in silico tools in prediction of free target suppression using static and dynamic models and clarified the assumptions in key input parameters and their limitations. Predicted values using the FTSS equation correlate very well with those from the dynamic model at level > 20% target suppression, relevant for antagonistic antibodies. CONCLUSION In silico tools are needed to predict target suppression by antibody drugs. Static or dynamic models can be used dependant on the scope, available data and undertaken assumptions. These tools can be used to guide discovery and development of antibodies and has the potential to reduce clinical failure.
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25
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Kumar S, Sarmah DT, Asthana S, Chatterjee S. konnect2prot: a web application to explore the protein properties in a functional protein-protein interaction network. Bioinformatics 2022; 39:6955601. [PMID: 36545703 PMCID: PMC9848060 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The regulation of proteins governs the biological processes and functions and, therefore, the organisms' phenotype. So there is an unmet need for a systematic tool for identifying the proteins that play a crucial role in information processing in a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. However, the current protein databases and web servers still lag behind to provide an end-to-end pipeline that can leverage the topological understanding of a context-specific PPI network to identify the influential spreaders. Addressing this, we developed a web application, 'konnect2prot' (k2p), which can generate context-specific directional PPI network from the input proteins and detect their biological and topological importance in the network. RESULTS We pooled together a large amount of ontological knowledge, parsed it down into a functional network, and gained insight into the molecular underpinnings of the disease development by creating a one-stop junction for PPI data. k2p contains both local and global information about a protein, such as protein class, disease mutations, ligands and PDB structure, enriched processes and pathways, multi-disease interactome and hubs and bottlenecks in the directional network. It also identifies spreaders in the network and maps them to disease hallmarks to determine whether they can affect the disease state or not. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION konnect2prot is freely accessible using the link https://konnect2prot.thsti.in. The code repository is https://github.com/samrat-lab/k2p_bioinfo-2022.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shailendra Asthana
- Non-communicable Disease Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
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26
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Fu HW, Lai YC. The Role of Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-Activating Protein in the Pathogenesis of H. pylori and Beyond: From a Virulence Factor to Therapeutic Targets and Therapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010091. [PMID: 36613542 PMCID: PMC9820732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP), a major virulence factor of H. pylori, plays a role in bacterial protection and host inflammation. HP-NAP activates a variety of innate immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells, to induce their pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory activities. This protein also induces T-helper type 1 (Th1) immune response and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, supporting that HP-NAP is able to promote gastric inflammation by activation of adaptive immune responses. Thus, HP-NAP is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation. The inflammatory responses triggered by HP-NAP are mediated by a PTX-sensitive G protein-coupled receptor and Toll-like receptor 2. Drugs designed to block the interactions between HP-NAP and its receptors could alleviate the inflammation in gastric mucosa caused by H. pylori infection. In addition, HP-NAP acts as a promising therapeutic agent for vaccine development, allergy treatment, and cancer immunotherapy. The high antigenicity of HP-NAP makes this protein a component of vaccines against H. pylori infection. Due to its immunomodulatory activity to stimulate the Th1-inducing ability of dendritic cells, enhance Th1 immune response and CTL activity, and suppress Th2-mediated allergic responses, HP-NAP could also act as an adjuvant in vaccines, a drug candidate against allergic diseases, and an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer. This review highlights the role of HP-NAP in the pathogenesis of H. pylori and the potential for this protein to be a therapeutic target in the treatment of H. pylori infection and therapeutic agents against H. pylori-associated diseases, allergies, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wen Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-574-2485
| | - Yu-Chang Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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27
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Nazarova VA, Sokolov AV, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1066988. [PMID: 36467081 PMCID: PMC9713849 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders having a high influence on social interactions. The number of approved treatments and clinical trials for ADHD have increased markedly during the recent decade. This analytical review provides a quantitative overview of the existing pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of ADHD treatments investigated in clinical trials during 1999-2021. A total of 695 interventional trials were manually assessed from clinicaltrial.gov with the search term « ADHD», and trial data has been used for analysis. A clear majority of the studies investigated non-pharmacological therapies (∼80%), including many behavioral options, such as social skills training, sleep and physical activity interventions, meditation and hypnotherapy. Devices, complementary and other alternative methods of ADHD treatment are also gaining attention. The pharmacological group accounts for ∼20% of all the studies. The most common drug classes include central nervous system stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate hydrochloride, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, amphetamine sulfate, mixed amphetamine salts, a combination of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride and serdexmethylphenidate chloride), selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine, viloxazine), and alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists (guanfacine hydrochloride, clonidine hydrochloride). Several studies investigated antidepressants (e.g., bupropion hydrochloride, vortioxetine), and atypical antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine, aripiprazole) but these are yet not approved by the FDA for ADHD treatment. We discuss the quantitative trends in clinical trials and provide an overview of the new drug agents and non-pharmacological therapies, drug targets, and novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Nazarova
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandr V. Sokolov
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Zaman R, Islam RA, Chowdhury EH. Evolving therapeutic proteins to precisely kill cancer cells. J Control Release 2022; 351:779-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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29
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Zan C, Yang B, Brandhofer M, El Bounkari O, Bernhagen J. D-dopachrome tautomerase in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases-A new kid on the block or just another MIF? FASEB J 2022; 36:e22601. [PMID: 36269019 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201213r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as well as its more recently described structural homolog D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), now also termed MIF-2, are atypical cytokines and chemokines with key roles in host immunity. They also have an important pathogenic role in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, adipose tissue inflammation, and cancer. Although our mechanistic understanding of MIF-2 is relatively limited compared to the extensive body of evidence available for MIF, emerging data suggests that MIF-2 is not only a functional phenocopy of MIF, but may have differential or even oppositional activities, depending on the disease and context. In this review, we summarize and discuss the similarities and differences between MIF and MIF-2, with a focus on their structures, receptors, signaling pathways, and their roles in diseases. While mainly covering the roles of the MIF homologs in cardiovascular, inflammatory, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases, we also discuss their involvement in cancer, sepsis, and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). A particular emphasis is laid upon potential mechanistic explanations for synergistic or cooperative activities of the MIF homologs in cancer, myocardial diseases, and COPD as opposed to emerging disparate or antagonistic activities in adipose tissue inflammation, metabolic diseases, and atherosclerosis. Lastly, we discuss potential future opportunities of jointly targeting MIF and MIF-2 in certain diseases, whereas precision targeting of only one homolog might be preferable in other conditions. Together, this article provides an update of the mechanisms and future therapeutic avenues of human MIF proteins with a focus on their emerging, surprisingly disparate activities, suggesting that MIF-2 displays a variety of activities that are distinct from those of MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Zan
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Bishan Yang
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Brandhofer
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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30
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First direct evidence for direct cell-membrane penetrations of polycationic homopoly(amino acid)s produced by bacteria. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1132. [PMID: 36289442 PMCID: PMC9606270 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria produce polycationic homopoly(amino acid)s, which are characterized by isopeptide backbones. Although the biological significance of polycationic homopoly(amino acid)s remains unclear, increasing attention has recently been focused on their potential use to achieve cellular internalization. Here, for the first time, we provide direct evidence that two representative bacterial polycationic isopeptides, ε-poly-L-α-lysine (ε-PαL) and ε-oligo-L-β-lysine (ε-OβL), were internalized into mammalian cells by direct cell-membrane penetration and then diffused throughout the cytosol. In this study, we used clickable ε-PαL and ε-OβL derivatives carrying a C-terminal azide group, which were enzymatically produced and then conjugated with a fluorescent dye to analyze subcellular localization. Interestingly, fluorescent proteins conjugated with the clickable ε-PαL or ε-OβL were also internalized into cells and diffused throughout the cytosol. Notably, a Cre recombinase conjugate with ε-PαL entered cells and mediated the Cre/loxP recombination, and ε-PαL was found to deliver a full-length IgG antibody to the cytosol and nucleus.
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31
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Niu J, Cederstrand AJ, Eddinger GA, Yin B, Checco JW, Bingman CA, Outlaw VK, Gellman SH. Trimer-to-Monomer Disruption Mechanism for a Potent, Protease-Resistant Antagonist of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Signaling. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9610-9617. [PMID: 35613436 PMCID: PMC9749406 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) signaling is associated with many inflammatory diseases. The homotrimeric quaternary structure of TNFα is essential for receptor recognition and signal transduction. Previously, we described an engineered α/β-peptide inhibitor that potently suppresses TNFα activity and resists proteolysis. Here, we present structural evidence that both the α/β-peptide inhibitor and an all-α analogue bind to a monomeric form of TNFα. Calorimetry data support a 1:1 inhibitor/TNFα stoichiometry in solution. In contrast, previous cocrystal structures involving peptide or small-molecule inhibitors have shown the antagonists engaging a TNFα dimer. The structural data reveal why our inhibitors favor monomeric TNFα. Previous efforts to block TNFα-induced cell death with peptide inhibitors revealed that surfactant additives to the assay conditions cause a more rapid manifestation of inhibitory activity than is observed in the absence of additives. We attributed this effect to a loose surfactant TNFα association that lowers the barrier to trimer dissociation. Here, we used the new structural data to design peptide inhibitors bearing a surfactant-inspired appendage intended to facilitate TNFα trimer dissociation. The appendage modified the time course of protection from cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Niu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Annika J. Cederstrand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Eddinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Boyu Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - James W. Checco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Craig A. Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Victor K. Outlaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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32
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Cortesi M, Giordano E. Non-destructive monitoring of 3D cell cultures: new technologies and applications. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13338. [PMID: 35582620 PMCID: PMC9107788 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
3D cell cultures are becoming the new standard for cell-based in vitro research, due to their higher transferrability toward in vivo biology. The lack of established techniques for the non-destructive quantification of relevant variables, however, constitutes a major barrier to the adoption of these technologies, as it increases the resources needed for the experimentation and reduces its accuracy. In this review, we aim at addressing this limitation by providing an overview of different non-destructive approaches for the evaluation of biological features commonly quantified in a number of studies and applications. In this regard, we will cover cell viability, gene expression, population distribution, cell morphology and interactions between the cells and the environment. This analysis is expected to promote the use of the showcased technologies, together with the further development of these and other monitoring methods for 3D cell cultures. Overall, an extensive technology shift is required, in order for monolayer cultures to be superseded, but the potential benefit derived from an increased accuracy of in vitro studies, justifies the effort and the investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Cortesi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering ”G.Marconi”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering ”G.Marconi”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Yan D, Xu J, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhao G, Lin Y, Tan X. Spiro-Oxindole Skeleton Compounds Are Efficient Inhibitors for Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1: An Attractive Target for Tumor Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4668. [PMID: 35563059 PMCID: PMC9104902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an attractive heme enzyme for its significant function in cancer immunotherapy. Potent IDO1 inhibitors have been discovered for decades, whereas no clinical drugs are used for cancer treatment up to now. With the goal of developing medically valuable IDO inhibitors, we performed a systematic study of SAR405838 analogs with a spiro-oxindole skeleton in this study. Based on the expression and purification of human IDO1, the inhibitory activity of spiro-oxindole skeleton compounds to IDO1 was evaluated by IC50 and Ki values. The results demonstrated that inhibitor 3 exhibited the highest IDO1 inhibitory activity with IC50 at 7.9 μM among all inhibitors, which is ~six-fold of the positive control (4-PI). Moreover, inhibitor 3 was found to have the most effective inhibition of IDO1 in MCF-7 cancer cells without toxic effects. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the hydrophobic interaction stabilized the binding of inhibitor 3 to the IDO1 active site and made an explanation for the uncompetitive mode of inhibitors. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights into the screen of more potent IDO1 inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (D.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiakun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (D.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Yingwu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (D.Y.); (X.W.)
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Barnkob MB, Vitting-Seerup K, Olsen LR. Target isoforms are an overlooked challenge and opportunity in chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2022; 2:ltac009. [PMID: 35919495 PMCID: PMC9327123 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapies is rapidly growing, with 299 new agents being reported and 109 new clinical trials initiated so far this year. One critical lesson from approved CD19-specific CAR therapies is that target isoform switching has been shown to cause tumour relapse, but little is known about the isoforms of CAR targets in solid cancers. Here we assess the protein isoform landscape and identify both the challenges and opportunities protein isoform switching present as CAR therapy is applied to solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Bogetofte Barnkob
- Centre for Cellular Immunotherapy of Haematological Cancer Odense (CITCO), Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Vitting-Seerup
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Rønn Olsen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Lagunas‐Rangel FA, Linnea‐Niemi JV, Kudłak B, Williams MJ, Jönsson J, Schiöth HB. Role of the Synergistic Interactions of Environmental Pollutants in the Development of Cancer. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2021GH000552. [PMID: 35493962 PMCID: PMC9036628 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that the large number of environmental pollutants we are exposed to on a daily basis are causing major health problems. Compared to traditional studies that focus on individual pollutants, there are relatively few studies on how pollutants mixtures interact. Several studies have reported a relationship between environmental pollutants and the development of cancer, even when pollutant levels are below toxicity reference values. The possibility of synergistic interactions between different pollutants could explain how even low concentrations can cause major health problems. These intricate that molecular interactions can occur through a wide variety of mechanisms, and our understanding of the physiological effects of mixtures is still limited. The purpose of this paper is to discuss recent reports that address possible synergistic interactions between different types of environmental pollutants that could promote cancer development. Our literature studies suggest that key biological pathways are frequently implicated in such processes. These include increased production of reactive oxygen species, activation by cytochrome P450, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, among others. We discuss the need to understand individual pathological vulnerability not only in relation to basic genetics and gene expression, but also in terms of measurable exposure to contaminants. We also mention the need for significant improvements in future studies using a multitude of disciplines, such as the development of high-throughput study models, better tools for quantifying pollutants in cancer patients, innovative pharmacological and toxicological studies, and high-efficiency computer analysis, which allow us to analyze the molecular mechanisms of mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenni Viivi Linnea‐Niemi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Błażej Kudłak
- Faculty of ChemistryDepartment of Analytical ChemistryGdańsk University of TechnologyGdańskPoland
| | - Michael J. Williams
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Jörgen Jönsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Institute of Translational Medicine and BiotechnologyI. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussia
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Drug-Targeted Genomes: Mutability of Ion Channels and GPCRs. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030594. [PMID: 35327396 PMCID: PMC8945769 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of ion channels and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are not uncommon and can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Given previously reported multiple factors associated with high mutation rates, we sorted the relative mutability of multiple human genes by (i) proximity to telomeres and/or (ii) high adenine and thymine (A+T) content. We extracted genomic information using the genome data viewer and examined the mutability of 118 ion channel and 143 GPCR genes based on their association with factors (i) and (ii). We then assessed these two factors with 31 genes encoding ion channels or GPCRs that are targeted by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Out of the 118 ion channel genes studied, 80 met either factor (i) or (ii), resulting in a 68% match. In contrast, a 78% match was found for the 143 GPCR genes. We also found that the GPCR genes (n = 20) targeted by FDA-approved drugs have a relatively lower mutability than those genes encoding ion channels (n = 11), where targeted genes encoding GPCRs were shorter in length. The result of this study suggests that the use of matching rate analysis on factor-druggable genome is feasible to systematically compare the relative mutability of GPCRs and ion channels. The analysis on chromosomes by two factors identified a unique characteristic of GPCRs, which have a significant relationship between their nucleotide sizes and proximity to telomeres, unlike most genetic loci susceptible to human diseases.
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Abstract
Insights into the genetic basis of human disease are helping to address some of the key challenges in new drug development including the very high rates of failure. Here we review the recent history of an emerging, genomics-assisted approach to pharmaceutical research and development, and its relationship to Mendelian randomization (MR), a well-established analytical approach to causal inference. We demonstrate how human genomic data linked to pharmaceutically relevant phenotypes can be used for (1) drug target identification (mapping relevant drug targets to diseases), (2) drug target validation (inferring the likely effects of drug target perturbation), (3) evaluation of the effectiveness and specificity of compound-target engagement (inferring the extent to which the effects of a compound are exclusive to the target and distinguishing between on-target and off-target compound effects), and (4) the selection of end points in clinical trials (the diseases or conditions to be evaluated as trial outcomes). We show how genomics can help identify indication expansion opportunities for licensed drugs and repurposing of compounds developed to clinical phase that proved safe but ineffective for the original intended indication. We outline statistical and biological considerations in using MR for drug target validation (drug target MR) and discuss the obstacles and challenges for scaled applications of these genomics-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amand F Schmidt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Finan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Health Data Research UK, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom
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Liu X, Li L, Wang Q, Jiang F, Zhang P, Guo F, Liu H, Huang J. A Novel Humanized Anti-Interleukin-6 Antibody HZ0408b With Anti-Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapeutic Potential. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816646. [PMID: 35126375 PMCID: PMC8808405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates immune responses and inflammatory reactions, plays a pivotal role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Blockade of IL-6 signaling with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) represents an important advancement in RA treatment. Although two IL-6 receptor antibodies are already available in the clinic, there is no mAb specifically targeting the human IL-6 to block IL-6 signaling for RA treatment. In this study, we have developed a novel humanized anti-IL-6 mAb HZ-0408b with potent binding and neutralizing activity to human IL-6. We demonstrated that HZ-0408b has a high species specificity and low cross-reactivity. Moreover, HZ-0408b showed a more potent inhibitory effect on IL-6 signaling than Siltuximab, an FDA-approved anti-IL-6 chimeric mAb. HZ-0408b is comparable to Olokizumab, a humanized mAb against IL-6 that is already in phase III studies. We observed that HZ-0408b is well tolerated at doses that can achieve therapeutic serum levels in cynomolgus monkey. Most importantly, we proved that HZ-0408b treatment significantly ameliorated joint swelling after the onset of arthritis and dramatically reduced plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in a monkey collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Collectively, our findings using non-human primates indicate that humanized anti-IL-6 mAb HZ-0408b has excellent safety and efficacy profiles for RA therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Autoimmunity
- Biomarkers
- Disease Management
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Serum Amyloid A Protein/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Li Li
- IPHASE Therapeutic Ltd., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- IPHASE Therapeutic Ltd., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fengchao Jiang
- IPHASE Therapeutic Ltd., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pei Zhang
- IPHASE Therapeutic Ltd., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fei Guo
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Huang, ; Hongjun Liu, ; Fei Guo,
| | - Hongjun Liu
- IPHASE Therapeutic Ltd., Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jian Huang, ; Hongjun Liu, ; Fei Guo,
| | - Jian Huang
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Jian Huang, ; Hongjun Liu, ; Fei Guo,
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39
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Dahlén AD, Dashi G, Maslov I, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Trukhan V, Schiöth HB. Trends in Antidiabetic Drug Discovery: FDA Approved Drugs, New Drugs in Clinical Trials and Global Sales. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:807548. [PMID: 35126141 PMCID: PMC8807560 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.807548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to be a substantial medical problem due to its increasing global prevalence and because chronic hyperglycemic states are closely linked with obesity, liver disease and several cardiovascular diseases. Since the early discovery of insulin, numerous antihyperglycemic drug therapies to treat diabetes have been approved, and also discontinued, by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To provide an up-to-date account of the current trends of antidiabetic pharmaceuticals, this review offers a comprehensive analysis of the main classes of antihyperglycemic compounds and their mechanisms: insulin types, biguanides, sulfonylureas, meglitinides (glinides), alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs), thiazolidinediones (TZD), incretin-dependent therapies, sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and combinations thereof. The number of therapeutic alternatives to treat T2DM are increasing and now there are nearly 60 drugs approved by the FDA. Beyond this there are nearly 100 additional antidiabetic agents being evaluated in clinical trials. In addition to the standard treatments of insulin therapy and metformin, there are new drug combinations, e.g., containing metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, that have gained substantial use during the last decade. Furthermore, there are several interesting alternatives, such as lobeglitazone, efpeglenatide and tirzepatide, in ongoing clinical trials. Modern drugs, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, DPP4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors have gained popularity on the pharmaceutical market, while less expensive over the counter alternatives are increasing in developing economies. The large heterogeneity of T2DM is also creating a push towards more personalized and accessible treatments. We describe several interesting alternatives in ongoing clinical trials, which may help to achieve this in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia D. Dahlén
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Dashi
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivan Maslov
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Misty M. Attwood
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jonsson
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Trukhan
- Russia Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Russia Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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40
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Fu J, Nguyen K. Reduction of Promiscuous Peptides-Enzyme Inhibition and Aggregation by Negatively Charged Biopolymers. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1839-1845. [PMID: 34995072 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, peptides selected from a microarray were found to inhibit β-gal with promiscuous mechanisms. Peptides inhibited the enzyme in a noncompetitive kinetics, and the inhibition of enzyme activities was reduced under high enzyme concentrations and the addition of detergent. Dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscope revealed that peptide/enzyme aggregation was related to inhibited enzyme activities. Positively charged residues of arginine and lysine were critical for the enzyme inhibition. The preincubation of peptide inhibitors with negatively charged biopolymers of polyphosphates, ssDNA, and low pI peptides could increase the residual activity of peptide-inhibited enzyme, possibly due to the disruption of the electrostatic interaction between positively charged peptide residues and the β-gal surface. Further, negative biopolymers were able to recover the activity of the aggregated peptide/β-gal complex. Negatively charged biopolymers could be used in high-throughput screening assays to reduce peptides/protein aggregation and thereby minimize promiscuous inhibitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, New Jersey 08103, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
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41
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Chen L, Zhang J, Lin Z, Zhang Z, Mao M, Wu J, Li Q, Zhang Y, Fan C. Pharmaceutical applications of framework nucleic acids. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:76-91. [PMID: 35127373 PMCID: PMC8799870 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA is a biological polymer that encodes and stores genetic information in all living organism. Particularly, the precise nucleobase pairing inside DNA is exploited for the self-assembling of nanostructures with defined size, shape and functionality. These DNA nanostructures are known as framework nucleic acids (FNAs) for their skeleton-like features. Recently, FNAs have been explored in various fields ranging from physics, chemistry to biology. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress of FNAs in a pharmaceutical perspective. We summarize the advantages and applications of FNAs for drug discovery, drug delivery and drug analysis. We further discuss the drawbacks of FNAs and provide an outlook on the pharmaceutical research direction of FNAs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhun Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Miao Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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42
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Ek WE, Karlsson T, Höglund J, Rask-Andersen M, Johansson Å. Causal effects of inflammatory protein biomarkers on inflammatory diseases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl4359. [PMID: 34878845 PMCID: PMC8654293 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many circulating proteins are associated with the presence or severity of disease. However, whether these protein biomarkers are causal for disease development is usually unknown. We investigated the causal effect of 21 well-known or exploratory protein biomarkers of inflammation on 18 inflammatory diseases using two-sample Mendelian randomization. We identified six proteins to have causal effects on any of 11 inflammatory diseases (FDR < 0.05, corresponding to P < 1.4 × 10–3). IL-12B protects against psoriasis and psoriatic arthropathy, LAP-TGF-β-1 protects against osteoarthritis, TWEAK protects against asthma, VEGF-A protects against ulcerative colitis, and LT-α protects against both type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. In contrast, IL-18R1 increases the risk of developing allergy, hay fever, and eczema. Most proteins showed protective effects against development of disease rather than increasing disease risk, which indicates that many disease-related biomarkers are expressed to protect from tissue damage. These proteins represent potential intervention points for disease prevention and treatment.
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43
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Schall N, Daubeuf F, Marsol C, Gizzi P, Frossard N, Bonnet D, Galzi JL, Muller S. A Selective Neutraligand for CXCL12/SDF-1α With Beneficial Regulatory Functions in MRL/Lpr Lupus Prone Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:752194. [PMID: 34744730 PMCID: PMC8566942 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.752194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of CXCL12/SDF-1-CXCR4/CD184 signaling is associated with inflammatory diseases and notably with systemic lupus erythematosus. Issued from the lead molecule chalcone-4, the first neutraligand of the CXCL12 chemokine, LIT-927 was recently described as a potent analogue with improved solubility and stability. We aimed to investigate the capacity of LIT-927 to correct immune alterations in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice and to explore the mechanism of action implemented by this small molecule in this model. We found that in contrast to AMD3100, an antagonist of CXCR4 and agonist of CXCR7, LIT-927 reduces the excessive number of several B/T lymphocyte subsets occurring in the blood of sick MRL/lpr mice (including CD3+/CD4-/CD8-/B220+ double negative T cells). In vitro, LIT-927 downregulated the overexpression of several activation markers on splenic MRL/lpr lymphocytes. It exerted effects on the CXCR4 pathway in MRL/lpr CD4+ T spleen cells. The results underline the importance of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in lupus pathophysiology. They indicate that neutralizing CXCL12 by the neutraligand LIT-927 can attenuate hyperactive lymphocytes in lupus. This mode of intervention might represent a novel strategy to control a common pathophysiological mechanism occurring in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schall
- CNRS UMR7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, France
| | - François Daubeuf
- CNRS UMR7200, Laboratoire d'innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Strasbourg University/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, France.,CNRS UMS3286, Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University/ Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Marsol
- CNRS UMR7200, Laboratoire d'innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Strasbourg University/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Gizzi
- CNRS UMS3286, Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University/ Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nelly Frossard
- CNRS UMR7200, Laboratoire d'innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Strasbourg University/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- CNRS UMR7200, Laboratoire d'innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Strasbourg University/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Galzi
- CNRS UMR7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS UMR7242, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
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44
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Sokolov AV, Dostdar SA, Attwood MM, Krasilnikova AA, Ilina AA, Nabieva AS, Lisitsyna AA, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Brain Cancer Drug Discovery: Clinical Trials, Drug Classes, Targets, and Combinatorial Therapies. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1-32. [PMID: 34663683 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cancer is a formidable challenge for drug development, and drugs derived from many cutting-edge technologies are being tested in clinical trials. We manually characterized 981 clinical trials on brain tumors that were registered in ClinicalTrials.gov from 2010 to 2020. We identified 582 unique therapeutic entities targeting 581 unique drug targets and 557 unique treatment combinations involving drugs. We performed the classification of both the drugs and drug targets based on pharmacological and structural classifications. Our analysis demonstrates a large diversity of agents and targets. Currently, we identified 32 different pharmacological directions for therapies that are based on 42 structural classes of agents. Our analysis shows that kinase inhibitors, chemotherapeutic agents, and cancer vaccines are the three most common classes of agents identified in trials. Agents in clinical trials demonstrated uneven distribution in combination approaches; chemotherapy agents, proteasome inhibitors, and immune modulators frequently appeared in combinations, whereas kinase inhibitors, modified immune effector cells did not as was shown by combination networks and descriptive statistics. This analysis provides an extensive overview of the drug discovery field in brain cancer, shifts that have been happening in recent years, and challenges that are likely to come. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides comprehensive quantitative analysis and discussion of the brain cancer drug discovery field, including classification of drug, targets, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V Sokolov
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Samira A Dostdar
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Krasilnikova
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Ilina
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amina Sh Nabieva
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Lisitsyna
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V.S., S.A.D., M.M.A., H.B.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy (A.V.S., S.A.D., A.A.K., A.A.I., A.S.N., A.A.L., V.N.C., V.V.T.) and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology (V.V.T., H.B.S.), I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Bujotzek A, Tiefenthaler G, Lariviere L, D'Andrea L, Marquez EA, Rudloff I, Cho SX, Deen NS, Richter W, Regenass-Lechner F, Poehler A, Whisstock JC, Sydow-Andersen J, Reiser X, Schuster S, Neubauer J, Hoepfl S, Richter K, Nold MF, Nold-Petry CA, Schumacher F, Ellisdon AM. Protein engineering of a stable and potent anti-inflammatory IL-37-Fc fusion with enhanced therapeutic potential. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:586-596.e4. [PMID: 34699747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the immunomodulatory activity of cytokines is a focus of therapies targeting inflammatory disease. The interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily contains pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory members that help orchestrate the immune response in adaptive and innate immunity. Of these molecules, IL-37 has robust anti-inflammatory activity across a range of disease models through inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling cascades downstream of tumor necrosis factor, IL-1, and toll-like receptor pathways. We find that IL-37 is unstable with a poor pharmacokinetic and manufacturing profile. Here, we present the engineering of IL-37 from an unstable cytokine into an anti-inflammatory molecule with an excellent therapeutic likeness. We overcame these shortcomings through site-directed mutagenesis, the addition of a non-native disulfide bond, and the engineering of IL-37 as an Fc-fusion protein. Our results provide a platform for preclinical testing of IL-37 Fc-fusion proteins. The engineering approaches undertaken herein will apply to the conversion of similar potent yet short-acting cytokines into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Georg Tiefenthaler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Lariviere
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Laura D'Andrea
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Elsa A Marquez
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ina Rudloff
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Steven X Cho
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Nadia S Deen
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Richter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Poehler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - James C Whisstock
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jasmin Sydow-Andersen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Xaver Reiser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schuster
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jeannette Neubauer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoepfl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Richter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel F Nold
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Claudia A Nold-Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Felix Schumacher
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew M Ellisdon
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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46
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Zhang H, Gao Z, Li X, Li L, Ye S, Tang B. Multiple-mRNA-controlled and heat-driven drug release from gold nanocages in targeted chemo-photothermal therapy for tumors. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12429-12436. [PMID: 34603673 PMCID: PMC8480318 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional drug delivery systems enabling effective drug delivery and comprehensive treatment are critical to successful cancer treatment. Overcoming nonspecific release and off-target effects remains challenging in precise drug delivery. Here, we design triple-interlocked drug delivery systems to perform specific cancer cell recognition, controlled drug release and effective comprehensive therapy. Gold nanocages (AuNCs) comprise a novel class of nanostructures possessing hollow interiors and porous walls. AuNCs are employed as a drug carrier and photothermal transducer due to their unique structure and photothermal properties. A smart triple-interlocked I-type DNA nanostructure is modified on the surface of the AuNCs, and molecules of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) are loaded as molecular cargo and blocked. The triple-interlocked nanostructure can be unlocked by binding with three types of tumor-related mRNAs, which act as "keys" to the triple locks, sequentially, which leads to precise drug release. Additionally, fluorescence-imaging-oriented chemical-photothermal synergistic treatment is achieved under illumination with infrared light. This drug delivery system, which combines the advantages of AuNCs and interlocked I-type DNA, successfully demonstrates effective and precise imaging, drug release and photothermal therapy. This multifunctional triple-interlocked drug delivery system could be used as a potential carrier for effective cancer-targeting comprehensive chemotherapy and photothermal therapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Ze Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Sujuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R.China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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47
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48
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Zobdeh F, Ben Kraiem A, Attwood MM, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB, Mwinyi J. Pharmacological treatment of migraine: Drug classes, mechanisms of action, clinical trials and new treatments. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4588-4607. [PMID: 34379793 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is the sixth most prevalent disease globally, a major cause of disability, and it imposes an enormous personal and socioeconomic burden. Migraine treatment is often limited by insufficient therapy response, leading to the need for individually adjusted treatment approaches. In this review, we analyse historical and current pharmaceutical development approaches in acute and chronic migraine based on a comprehensive and systematic analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and those under investigation. The development of migraine therapeutics has significantly intensified during the last 3 years, as shown by our analysis of the trends of drug development between 1970 and 2020. The spectrum of drug targets has expanded considerably, which has been accompanied by an increase in the number of specialised clinical trials. This review highlights the mechanistic implications of FDA-approved and currently investigated drugs and discusses current and future therapeutic options based on identified drug classes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Zobdeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aziza Ben Kraiem
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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49
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Neutrophil in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081170. [PMID: 34439836 PMCID: PMC8394314 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignancy with a poor prognosis and low survival rates. PDAC is characterized by a fibroinflammatory tumor microenvironment enriched by abundant fibroblasts and a variety of immune cells, contributing to its aggressiveness. Neutrophils are essential infiltrating immune cells in the PDAC microenvironment. Recent studies have identified several cellular mechanisms by which neutrophils are recruited to tumor lesion and promote tumorigenesis. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interplay between neutrophils, tumor cells, and other components in the PDAC tumor microenvironment. The prognosis and therapeutic implications of neutrophils in PDAC are also discussed.
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50
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Zheng J, Chen D, Xu J, Ding X, Wu Y, Shen HC, Tan X. Small molecule approaches to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (Part III): Targeting cytokines and cytokine receptor complexes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 48:128229. [PMID: 34214508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic and dysregulated cytokine signaling plays an important role in the pathogenic development of many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Despite intrinsic challenges in the disruption of interactions between cytokines and cytokine receptors, many first-in-class small-molecule inhibitors have been discovered over the past few years. The third part of the digest series presents recent progress in identifying such inhibitors and highlights the application of novel research tools in the fields of structural biology, computational analysis, screening methods, biophysical/biochemical assays and medicinal chemistry strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Immunology, Infectious Disease and Ophthalmology, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Computer Aided Drug Design, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong C Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuefei Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China.
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