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Busch CBE, Bergman JJGHM, Nieuwdorp M, van Baar ACG. Role of the Intestine and Its Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. Am J Gastroenterol 2024; 119:1038-1046. [PMID: 38372280 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is currently one of the biggest global health challenges because of its impact on public health. MetSyn includes the cluster of metabolic disorders including obesity, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, high triglyceride levels, and hepatic steatosis. Together, these abnormalities increase the cardiovascular risk of individuals and pose a threat to healthcare systems worldwide. To better understand and address this complex issue, recent research has been increasingly focusing on unraveling the delicate interplay between metabolic disorders and the intestines and more specifically our gut microbiome. The gut microbiome entails all microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract and plays a pivotal role in metabolic processes and overall health of its host. Emerging evidence proves an association between the gut microbiome composition and aspects of MetSyn, such as obesity. Understanding these relationships is crucial because they offer valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying development and progression of metabolic disorders and possible treatment options. Yet, how should we interpret this relationship? This review focuses on the interplay between the gut and MetSyn. In addition, we have reviewed the existing evidence of the gut microbiome and its association with and impact on metabolic disorders, in an attempt to understand the complex interactions and nature of this association. We also explored potential therapeutic options targeting the gut to modify metabolic disorders and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine B E Busch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques J G H M Bergman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annieke C G van Baar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Yuan J, Hu Y, Yang D, Zhou A, Luo S, Xu N, Dong J, He Q, Zhang C, Zhang X, Ji Z, Li Q, Chu J. The Effects of Crataegus pinnatifida and Wolfiporia extensa Combination on Diet-Induced Obesity and Gut Microbiota. Foods 2024; 13:1633. [PMID: 38890862 PMCID: PMC11171702 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial chronic metabolic disease with multiple complications. Crataegus pinnatifida (CP) and Wolfiporia extensa (WE) are traditional functional foods with improving metabolic health properties. This study demonstrated the effect of CP and WE combination on ameliorating obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Moreover, the CP-WE food pair ameliorated HFD-induced metabolic disorders, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic steatosis. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysis revealed that CP combined with WE reshaped the composition of gut microbiota in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed a substantial association between the obesity-related parameters and the shifts in predominant bacterial genera influenced by the food pair intervention. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the CP-WE food pair ameliorated HFD-induced obesity and reshaped gut microbiota composition, providing a promising approach to combat obesity through specific food combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.D.); (Q.H.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Research and Technology Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
- Functional Activity and Resource Utilization on Edible and Medicinal Fungi Joint Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Yueyun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.D.); (Q.H.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.D.); (Q.H.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - An Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.D.); (Q.H.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Functional Activity and Resource Utilization on Edible and Medicinal Fungi Joint Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Shengyong Luo
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei 230061, China;
| | - Na Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Jiaxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.D.); (Q.H.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Qing He
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.D.); (Q.H.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Chenxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.D.); (Q.H.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.D.); (Q.H.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zhangxin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.D.); (Q.H.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Qinglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.D.); (Q.H.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Jun Chu
- Research and Technology Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
- Institute of Surgery, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
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3
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Kopczyńska J, Kowalczyk M. The potential of short-chain fatty acid epigenetic regulation in chronic low-grade inflammation and obesity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380476. [PMID: 38605957 PMCID: PMC11008232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation, often occurring together, significantly contribute to severe metabolic and inflammatory conditions like type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. A key player is elevated levels of gut dysbiosis-associated lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which disrupts metabolic and immune signaling leading to metabolic endotoxemia, while short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) beneficially regulate these processes during homeostasis. SCFAs not only safeguard the gut barrier but also exert metabolic and immunomodulatory effects via G protein-coupled receptor binding and epigenetic regulation. SCFAs are emerging as potential agents to counteract dysbiosis-induced epigenetic changes, specifically targeting metabolic and inflammatory genes through DNA methylation, histone acetylation, microRNAs (miRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). To assess whether SCFAs can effectively interrupt the detrimental cascade of obesity and inflammation, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence for their clinical application. The review emphasizes factors influencing SCFA production, the intricate connections between metabolism, the immune system, and the gut microbiome, and the epigenetic mechanisms regulated by SCFAs that impact metabolism and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kopczyńska
- Laboratory of Lactic Acid Bacteria Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Ra YE, Bang YJ. Balancing Act of the Intestinal Antimicrobial Proteins on Gut Microbiota and Health. J Microbiol 2024; 62:167-179. [PMID: 38630349 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
The human gut houses a diverse and dynamic microbiome critical for digestion, metabolism, and immune development, exerting profound effects on human health. However, these microorganisms pose a potential threat by breaching the gut barrier, entering host tissues, and triggering infections, uncontrolled inflammation, and even sepsis. The intestinal epithelial cells form the primary defense, acting as a frontline barrier against microbial invasion. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), produced by these cells, serve as innate immune effectors that regulate the gut microbiome by directly killing or inhibiting microbes. Abnormal AMP production, whether insufficient or excessive, can disturb the microbiome equilibrium, contributing to various intestinal diseases. This review delves into the complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota and sheds light on the role of AMPs in governing host-microbiota interactions. We discuss the function and mechanisms of action of AMPs, their regulation by the gut microbiota, microbial evasion strategies, and the consequences of AMP dysregulation in disease. Understanding these complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota is crucial for developing strategies to enhance immune responses and combat infections within the gut microbiota. Ongoing research continues to uncover novel aspects of this intricate relationship, deepening our understanding of the factors shaping gut health. This knowledge has the potential to revolutionize therapeutic interventions, offering enhanced treatments for a wide range of gut-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Eun Ra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Bang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Li H, Zhang L, Li J, Wu Q, Qian L, He J, Ni Y, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Yuan R, Liu S, Shen L, Zhang M, Sheng B, Li P, Kang K, Wu L, Fang Q, Long X, Wang X, Li Y, Ye Y, Ye J, Bao Y, Zhao Y, Xu G, Liu X, Panagiotou G, Xu A, Jia W. Resistant starch intake facilitates weight loss in humans by reshaping the gut microbiota. Nat Metab 2024; 6:578-597. [PMID: 38409604 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that modulation of gut microbiota by dietary fibre may offer solutions for metabolic disorders. In a randomized placebo-controlled crossover design trial (ChiCTR-TTRCC-13003333) in 37 participants with overweight or obesity, we test whether resistant starch (RS) as a dietary supplement influences obesity-related outcomes. Here, we show that RS supplementation for 8 weeks can help to achieve weight loss (mean -2.8 kg) and improve insulin resistance in individuals with excess body weight. The benefits of RS are associated with changes in gut microbiota composition. Supplementation with Bifidobacterium adolescentis, a species that is markedly associated with the alleviation of obesity in the study participants, protects male mice from diet-induced obesity. Mechanistically, the RS-induced changes in the gut microbiota alter the bile acid profile, reduce inflammation by restoring the intestinal barrier and inhibit lipid absorption. We demonstrate that RS can facilitate weight loss at least partially through B. adolescentis and that the gut microbiota is essential for the action of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huating Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Qian Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junsheng He
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Yueqiong Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Rui Yuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangbo Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Sheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Kang Kang
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Liang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qichen Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Long
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yanli Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yaorui Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueliang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
| | - Weiping Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Loh JS, Mak WQ, Tan LKS, Ng CX, Chan HH, Yeow SH, Foo JB, Ong YS, How CW, Khaw KY. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:37. [PMID: 38360862 PMCID: PMC10869798 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is populated with a diverse microbial community. The vast genetic and metabolic potential of the gut microbiome underpins its ubiquity in nearly every aspect of human biology, including health maintenance, development, aging, and disease. The advent of new sequencing technologies and culture-independent methods has allowed researchers to move beyond correlative studies toward mechanistic explorations to shed light on microbiome-host interactions. Evidence has unveiled the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system, referred to as the "microbiota-gut-brain axis". The microbiota-gut-brain axis represents an important regulator of glial functions, making it an actionable target to ameliorate the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases. As the gut microbiome provides essential cues to microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, we examine the communications between gut microbiota and these glial cells during healthy states and neurodegenerative diseases. Subsequently, we discuss the mechanisms of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases using a metabolite-centric approach, while also examining the role of gut microbiota-related neurotransmitters and gut hormones. Next, we examine the potential of targeting the intestinal barrier, blood-brain barrier, meninges, and peripheral immune system to counteract glial dysfunction in neurodegeneration. Finally, we conclude by assessing the pre-clinical and clinical evidence of probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation in neurodegenerative diseases. A thorough comprehension of the microbiota-gut-brain axis will foster the development of effective therapeutic interventions for the management of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sheng Loh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Qi Mak
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Li Kar Stella Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Digital Health & Medical Advancements, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chu Xin Ng
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Hao Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shiau Hueh Yeow
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Digital Health & Medical Advancements, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong Sze Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kooi Yeong Khaw
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Sarkar A, McInroy CJA, Harty S, Raulo A, Ibata NGO, Valles-Colomer M, Johnson KVA, Brito IL, Henrich J, Archie EA, Barreiro LB, Gazzaniga FS, Finlay BB, Koonin EV, Carmody RN, Moeller AH. Microbial transmission in the social microbiome and host health and disease. Cell 2024; 187:17-43. [PMID: 38181740 PMCID: PMC10958648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Although social interactions are known to drive pathogen transmission, the contributions of socially transmissible host-associated mutualists and commensals to host health and disease remain poorly explored. We use the concept of the social microbiome-the microbial metacommunity of a social network of hosts-to analyze the implications of social microbial transmission for host health and disease. We investigate the contributions of socially transmissible microbes to both eco-evolutionary microbiome community processes (colonization resistance, the evolution of virulence, and reactions to ecological disturbance) and microbial transmission-based processes (transmission of microbes with metabolic and immune effects, inter-specific transmission, transmission of antibiotic-resistant microbes, and transmission of viruses). We consider the implications of social microbial transmission for communicable and non-communicable diseases and evaluate the importance of a socially transmissible component underlying canonically non-communicable diseases. The social transmission of mutualists and commensals may play a significant, under-appreciated role in the social determinants of health and may act as a hidden force in social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Sarkar
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Cameron J A McInroy
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Siobhán Harty
- Independent, Tandy Court, Spitalfields, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aura Raulo
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Neil G O Ibata
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mireia Valles-Colomer
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Katerina V-A Johnson
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ilana L Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Henrich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francesca S Gazzaniga
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew H Moeller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Qian H, Zuo Y, Wen S, Wang X, Liu Y, Li T. Impact of exercise training on gut microbiome imbalance in obese individuals: a study based on Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1264931. [PMID: 38235382 PMCID: PMC10792044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1264931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between exercise and gut Microbiome and to assess its possible causality. Methods: Using Mendelian randomization (MR) research methods, we collected genetic data from different populations, including genetic variants associated with relative abundance or presence of microbial taxa as instrumental variables. At the same time, we extracted results related to obesity and gut Microbiome from existing relevant studies and used inverse variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger regression to assess the causal relationship between obesity and gut Microbiome. We plotted forest plots and scatter plots of the association between obesity and gut Microbiome. Results: Gut Microbiome was positively associated with obesity, and four bacterial genera (Akkermansia, RuminococcaceaeUCG011, Holdemania, and Intestinimonas) were associated with obesity according to inverse variance-weighted estimation in at least one MR method. Inverse variance weighted estimation showed that obesity was associated with obesity in Akkermansia (OR = 0.810, 95% CI 0.608-1.079, p = 0.04), RuminococcaceaeUCG011 (OR = 1.238, 95% CI 0. 511-2.999, p = 0.04), Holdemania Intestinimonas (OR = 1.214, 95% CI 1.002-1.470, p = 0.03), and Intestinimonas (OR = 0.747, 95% CI 0.514-1.086, p = 0.01) had a relevant effect. Obesity decreased the abundance of Akkermansia, Intestinimonas microbiome and increased the abundance of RuminococcaceaeUCG011, Holdemania microbiome. Conclusion: The results of this study, conducted using a two-sample Mendelian randomization method, suggest a causal relationship between obesity and intestinal microbiome. Obesity decreased the abundance of Akkermansia, Intestinimonas microbiome and increased the abundance of RuminococcaceaeUCG011, Holdemania microbiome. More randomized controlled trials are necessary to elucidate the protective effects of exercise on gut Microbiome and its unique protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Qian
- Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuxin Zuo
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shixiong Wen
- Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xilong Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaowen Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tianwei Li
- The University of Edinburgh, Physical Activity for Health Research Center, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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9
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Catalán V, Gómez-Ambrosi J. Will the manipulation of the gut microbiota be effective for the treatment of metabolic diseases? Eur J Intern Med 2024; 119:36-38. [PMID: 38030463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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10
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Carson MD, Westwater C, Novince CM. Adolescence and the Microbiome: Implications for Healthy Growth and Maturation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1900-1909. [PMID: 37673331 PMCID: PMC10699129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota was initially thought to develop into a stable, adult-like profile during early postnatal life. The formation of the gut microbiota during early life has been shown to contribute to healthy growth and has lifelong implications for host health. Adolescence, the developmental period between childhood and adulthood, is a critical window for healthy growth and maturation. The composition of the gut microbiota in adolescents is distinct from that of children and adults, which supports the premise that the gut microbiota continues to develop during adolescence toward an adult-like profile. Research has begun to shift its focus from understanding the gut microbiome at the extremes of the life span to evaluating the importance of the gut microbiome during adolescence and its role in healthy development. This article provides an overview of adolescent development, host-microbiota interactions, and experimental models used to discern effects of gut microbiota on health and disease. Herein, the role of the gut microbiota is reviewed as it relates to adolescent: i) brain development, cognition, and behavior; ii) metabolism and adiposity; and iii) skeletal growth and bone mass accrual. Future directions are addressed, including omics investigations defining mechanisms through which the gut microbiota influences adolescent development. Furthermore, we discuss advancing noninvasive interventions targeting the adolescent gut microbiota that could be employed to support healthy growth and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Carson
- Departments of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Caroline Westwater
- Departments of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chad M Novince
- Departments of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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11
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Wang H, Lv X, Zhao S, Yuan W, Zhou Q, Sadiq FA, Zhao J, Lu W, Wu W. Weight Loss Promotion in Individuals with Obesity through Gut Microbiota Alterations with a Multiphase Modified Ketogenic Diet. Nutrients 2023; 15:4163. [PMID: 37836447 PMCID: PMC10574165 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of obesity and related metabolic disorders is rising, necessitating effective long-term weight management strategies. With growing interest in the potential role of gut microbes due to their association with responses to different weight loss diets, understanding the mechanisms underlying the interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and weight loss remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of a multiphase dietary protocol, incorporating an improved ketogenic diet (MDP-i-KD), on weight loss and the gut microbiota. Using metagenomic sequencing, we comprehensively analyzed the taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiota in 13 participants before and after a 12-week MDP-i-KD intervention. The results revealed a significant reduction in BMI (9.2% weight loss) among obese participants following the MDP-i-KD intervention. Machine learning analysis identified seven key microbial species highly correlated with MDP-i-KD, with Parabacteroides distasonis exhibiting the highest response. Additionally, the co-occurrence network of the gut microbiota in post-weight-loss participants demonstrated a healthier state. Notably, metabolic pathways related to nucleotide biosynthesis, aromatic amino acid synthesis, and starch degradation were enriched in pre-intervention participants and positively correlated with BMI. Furthermore, species associated with obesity, such as Blautia obeum and Ruminococcus torques, played pivotal roles in regulating these metabolic activities. In conclusion, the MDP-i-KD intervention may assist in weight management by modulating the composition and metabolic functions of the gut microbiota. Parabacteroides distasonis, Blautia obeum, and Ruminococcus torques could be key targets for gut microbiota-based obesity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.); (J.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinchen Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.); (J.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sijia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.); (J.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weiwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.); (J.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qunyan Zhou
- Department of Nutriology, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 299, Qingyang Road, Wuxi 214023, China;
| | - Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, 9090 Melle, Belgium;
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.); (J.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.); (J.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 299, Qingyang Road, Wuxi 214023, China
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12
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Landgraaf RG, Bloem MN, Fumagalli M, Benninga MA, de Lorijn F, Nieuwdorp M. Acupuncture as multi-targeted therapy for the multifactorial disease obesity: a complex neuro-endocrine-immune interplay. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1236370. [PMID: 37795371 PMCID: PMC10545882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1236370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic dimensions. It is associated with multiple comorbidities and is becoming a clinical and public health threat. Obesity is a multifactorial disease with a complex pathophysiology and interplay of various systems. A strong interplay exists between the neuro-endocrine system, the immune system with systemic chronic low-grade inflammation, and microbiome dysbiosis that can lead to the development of obesity, which in turn can exacerbate each of these factors, hence creating a vicious cycle. The conventional treatment with lifestyle modifications such as diet, physical exercise, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery does not always result in sufficient weight control thus paving the way for other strategies. As one such strategy, acupuncture is increasingly used worldwide to treat obesity. This narrative review outlines the evidence for this neuro-endocrine-immune interplay in the pathophysiology of obesity. Furthermore, the existing experimental and clinical evidence of acupuncture as a multi-targeted therapy for obesity is explained and future research perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Guy Landgraaf
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Sinomedica Gui Sheng Tang, Scientific Department, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Nicté Bloem
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Massimo Fumagalli
- Sinomedica Gui Sheng Tang, Scientific Department, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marc Alexander Benninga
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fleur de Lorijn
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Lieberman DE, Worthington S, Schell LD, Parkent CM, Devinsky O, Carmody RN. Comparing measured dietary variation within and between tropical hunter-gatherer groups to the Paleo Diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:549-560. [PMID: 37343704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although human diets varied considerably before the spread of agriculture, public perceptions of preagricultural diets have been strongly influenced by the Paleo Diet, which prescribes percentage calorie ranges of 19-35% protein, 22-40% carbohydrate, and 28-47% fat, and prohibits foods with added sugar, dairy, grains, most starchy tubers, and legumes. However, the empirical basis for Paleolithic nutrition remains unclear, with some of its assumptions challenged by the archaeological record and theoretical first principles. OBJECTIVES We assessed the variation in diets among tropical hunter-gatherers, including the effect of collection methods on implied macronutrient percentages. METHODS We analyzed data on animal food, plant food, and honey consumption by weight and kcal from 15 high-quality published ethnographic studies representing 11 recent tropical hunter-gatherer groups. We used Bayesian analyses to perform inference and included data collection methods and environmental variables as predictors in our models. RESULTS Our analyses reveal high levels of variation in animal versus plant foods consumed and in corresponding percentages of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. In addition, studies that weighed food items consumed in and out of camp and across seasons and years reported higher consumption of animal foods, which varied with annual mean temperature. CONCLUSIONS The ethnographic evidence from tropical foragers refutes the concept of circumscribed macronutrient ranges modeling preagricultural diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| | - Steven Worthington
- Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Laura D Schell
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Christine M Parkent
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, United States
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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14
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López-García E, Benítez-Cabello A, Arenas-de Larriva AP, Gutierrez-Mariscal FM, Pérez-Martínez P, Yubero-Serrano EM, Arroyo-López FN, Garrido-Fernández A. Application of Compositional Data Analysis to Study the Relationship between Bacterial Diversity in Human Faeces and Sex, Age, and Weight. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2134. [PMID: 37626632 PMCID: PMC10452682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This work uses Compositional Data Analysis (CoDA) to examine the typical human faecal bacterial diversity in 39 healthy volunteers from the Andalusian region (Spain). Stool samples were subjected to high-throughput sequencing of the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene using Illumina MiSeq. The numbers of sequences per sample and their genus-level assignment were carried out using the Phyloseq R package. The alpha diversity indices of the faecal bacterial population were not influenced by the volunteer's sex (male or female), age (19-46 years), and weight (48.6-99.0 kg). To study the relationship between these variables and the faecal bacterial population, the ALDEx2 and coda4microbiome CoDA packages were used. Applying ALDEx2, a trend suggesting a connection between sex and the genera Senegalimassilia and Negatibacillus (slightly more abundant in females) and Desulfovibrio (more abundant in males) was found. Moreover, age was tentatively associated with Streptococcus, Tizzerella, and Ruminococaceae_UCG-003, while weight was linked to Senegalimassilia. The exploratory tool of the coda4microbiome package revealed numerous bacterial log-ratios strongly related to sex and, to a lesser extent, age and weight. Moreover, the cross-sectional analysis identified bacterial signature balances able to assign sex to samples regardless of controlling for volunteers' age or weight. Desulfovibrio, Faecalitalea, and Romboutsia were relevant in the numerator, while Coprococcus, Streptococcus, and Negatibacillus were prominent in the denominator; the greater presence of these could characterise the female sex. Predictions for age included Caproiciproducens, Coprobacter, and Ruminoclostridium in the numerator and Odoribacter, Ezakiella, and Tyzzerella in the denominator. The predictions depend on the relationship between both groups, but the abundance of the first group and scarcity of the second could be related to older individuals. However, the association of the faecal bacterial population with weight did not yield a satisfactory model, indicating scarce influence. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the CoDA methodology for studying metagenomics data and, specifically, human microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio López-García
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Carretera Utrera km 1, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain; (E.L.-G.); (F.N.A.-L.); (A.G.-F.)
| | - Antonio Benítez-Cabello
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Carretera Utrera km 1, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain; (E.L.-G.); (F.N.A.-L.); (A.G.-F.)
| | - Antonio Pablo Arenas-de Larriva
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Medicina Interna, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.P.A.-d.L.); (F.M.G.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (E.M.Y.-S.)
| | - Francisco Miguel Gutierrez-Mariscal
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Medicina Interna, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.P.A.-d.L.); (F.M.G.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (E.M.Y.-S.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Medicina Interna, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.P.A.-d.L.); (F.M.G.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (E.M.Y.-S.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena María Yubero-Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Medicina Interna, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.P.A.-d.L.); (F.M.G.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (E.M.Y.-S.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Noé Arroyo-López
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Carretera Utrera km 1, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain; (E.L.-G.); (F.N.A.-L.); (A.G.-F.)
| | - Antonio Garrido-Fernández
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Carretera Utrera km 1, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain; (E.L.-G.); (F.N.A.-L.); (A.G.-F.)
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