1
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Lyu J, Zhang H, Wang C, Pan M. New insight in treating autoimmune diseases by targeting autophagy. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2351872. [PMID: 38739691 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2351872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved biological process in eukaryotes, which degrades cellular misfolded proteins, damaged organelles and invasive pathogens in the lysosome-dependent manner. Autoimmune diseases caused by genetic elements, environments and aberrant immune responses severely impact patients' living quality and even threaten life. Recently, numerous studies have reported autophagy can regulate immune responses, and play an important role in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarised the features of autophagy and autophagy-related genes, enumerated some autophagy-related genes involved in autoimmune diseases, and further overviewed how to treat autoimmune diseases through targeting autophagy. Finally, we outlooked the prospect of relieving and curing autoimmune diseases by targeting autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- The Key Medical Laboratory for Chemical Poison Detection of Henan Province, The Third People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Peng Y, Chen B. Role of cell membrane homeostasis in the pathogenicity of pathogenic filamentous fungi. Virulence 2024; 15:2299183. [PMID: 38156783 PMCID: PMC10761126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2299183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane forms a fundamental part of all living cells and participates in a variety of physiological processes, such as material exchange, stress response, cell recognition, signal transduction, cellular immunity, apoptosis, and pathogenicity. Here, we review the mechanisms and functions of the membrane structure (lipid components of the membrane and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids), membrane proteins (transmembrane proteins and proteins contributing to membrane curvature), transcriptional regulation, and cell wall components that influence the virulence and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Peng
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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3
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Qin J, Chen Y, Zhao X, Yu J. circCUL3 drives malignant progression of cervical cancer by activating autophagy through sponge miR-223-3p upregulation of ATG7. Gene 2024; 925:148572. [PMID: 38759738 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) has emerged as a pivotal regulatory factor in cancer biology, yet its exact role in cervical cancer remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the functional role of circCUL3 in cervical cancer and explored its potential as a therapeutic target. Functional gain and loss experiments were conducted in Hela and Siha cell lines to elucidate the biological functions of circCUL3 in cervical cancer. The results revealed that circCUL3 overexpression significantly enhanced cell viability, migration, and invasion while suppressing apoptosis, while circCUL3 knockout displayed the opposite effects. Mechanistically, we identified hsa-miR-223-3p as a target of circCUL3, with its expression being negatively regulated by circCUL3. Furthermore, we discovered that circCUL3 could sequester miR-223-3p, leading to the upregulation of ATG7 expression, and this was linked to the regulation of autophagy in cervical cancer cells. In vivo validation using a xenograft mouse model further supported our in vitro findings. Notably, we found that chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, restored miR-223-3p expression and counteracted the oncogenic effect of circCUL3 overexpression. In conclusion, circCUL3 potentially contributes to the malignant progression of cervical cancer by acting as a sponge for miR-223-3p, resulting in the upregulation of ATG7 and the activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Qin
- Department of Gynecology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingmin Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Li Y, Ye Y, Zhu X, Liu X, Li X, Zhao Y, Che X. Transcriptomic analysis reveals nanoplastics-induced apoptosis, autophagy and immune response in Litopenaeus vannamei. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174360. [PMID: 38960190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Increasing attention is being paid to the toxic physiological effects of nanoplastics (NPs) on aquatic organisms. However, few studies have systematically evaluated the regulatory mechanisms of NPs on immune response in crustaceans. In this study, a 28-day chronic exposure experiment was conducted in which shrimps were exposed to various 80-nm polystyrene NPs concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 mg/L). Transcriptomic analysis was used to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of NPs in immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei. With increasing NPs concentration, the total hemocyte count (THC) content decreased, while phagocytosis rate (PR) and respiratory burst (RB) showed trends of first rising and then falling. High concentration (10 mg/L) of NPs caused the destruction of hepatopancreas tissue structure, the shedding of microvilli, the increase number of hepatocyte apoptosis and autophagy structure. With increasing NPs concentration, the lysozyme (Lys), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities first increased and then decrease, while contents of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde increased; the expression levels of Toll, MyD88, GPx, SOD, proPO, Lys, and ALF generally increased at first and then decreased. Transcriptional sequencing analysis showed that the pathway of differentially expressed genes in KEGG enrichment mainly included lysosome (ko04142), apoptosis (ko04210) pathways, indicating that the NPs mainly affected the immune regulatory mechanism. Further analysis by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed that the up-regulation pathways of NPs activation mainly included immune response-related pathways such as mitochondrial autophagy, DNA repair, autophagosomes signaling pathway. Our results indicated that NPs exposure induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy in shrimps. This study provides a basis for further understanding of the mechanisms of antioxidant immune regulation by NPs in shrimp and may serve as a reference for healthy ecological culture of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yucong Ye
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xingguo Liu
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinfeng Li
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xuan Che
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China.
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5
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Fujii C, Zorumski CF, Izumi Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, neuroinflammation, and sigma 1 receptors as contributors to depression and its treatment. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2202-2211. [PMID: 38488553 PMCID: PMC11034583 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The etiological factors contributing to depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders are largely undefined. Endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways and autophagy are well-defined mechanisms that play critical functions in recognizing and resolving cellular stress and are possible targets for the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric and neurologic illnesses. An increasing number of studies indicate the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in the control of neuroinflammation, a contributing factor to multiple neuropsychiatric illnesses. Initial inflammatory triggers induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to neuroinflammatory responses. Subsequently, induction of autophagy by neurosteroids and other signaling pathways that converge on autophagy induction are thought to participate in resolving neuroinflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. Studies focused on innate immune factors, including neurosteroids with anti-inflammatory roles will be reviewed. In the context of depression, animal models that led to our current understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying depression will be highlighted, including the roles of sigma 1 receptors and pharmacological agents that dampen endoplasmic reticulum stress and associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Fujii
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles F. Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yukitoshi Izumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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6
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Li JR, Wu SL, Hu LL, Liao BY, Sun SC. HT-2 toxin impairs porcine oocyte in vitro maturation through disruption of endomembrane system. Theriogenology 2024; 226:286-293. [PMID: 38954997 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
HT-2 toxin is a type of mycotoxin which is shown to affect gastric and intestinal lesions, hematopoietic and immunosuppressive effects, anorexia, lethargy, nausea. Recently, emerging evidences indicate that HT-2 also disturbs the reproductive system. In this study, we investigated the impact of HT-2 toxin exposure on the organelles of porcine oocytes. Our results found that the abnormal distribution of endoplasmic reticulum increased after HT-2 treatment, with the perturbation of ribosome protein RPS3 and GRP78 expression; Golgi apparatus showed diffused localization pattern and GM130 localization was also impaired, thereby affecting the Rab10-based vesicular transport; Due to the impairment of ribosomes, ER, and Golgi apparatus, the protein supply to lysosomes was hindered, resulting in lysosomal damage, which further disrupted the LC3-based autophagy. Moreover, the results indicated that the function and distribution of mitochondria were also affected by HT-2 toxin, showing with fragments of mitochondria, decreased TMRE and ATP level. Taken together, our study suggested that HT-2 toxin exposure induces damage to the organelles for endomembrane system, which further inhibited the meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Si-Le Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lin-Lin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Reproductive Medicine, Guangxi Medical and Health Key Discipline Construction Project, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Bi-Yun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Reproductive Medicine, Guangxi Medical and Health Key Discipline Construction Project, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China.
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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7
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Dresselhaus EC, Harris KP, Blanchette CR, Koles K, Del Signore SJ, Pescosolido MF, Ermanoska B, Rozencwaig M, Soslowsky RC, Parisi MJ, Stewart BA, Mosca TJ, Rodal AA. ESCRT disruption provides evidence against trans-synaptic signaling via extracellular vesicles. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202405025. [PMID: 38842573 PMCID: PMC11157088 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202405025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by many cell types, including neurons, carrying cargoes involved in signaling and disease. It is unclear whether EVs promote intercellular signaling or serve primarily to dispose of unwanted materials. We show that loss of multivesicular endosome-generating endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery disrupts release of EV cargoes from Drosophila motor neurons. Surprisingly, ESCRT depletion does not affect the signaling activities of the EV cargo Synaptotagmin-4 (Syt4) and disrupts only some signaling activities of the EV cargo evenness interrupted (Evi). Thus, these cargoes may not require intercellular transfer via EVs, and instead may be conventionally secreted or function cell-autonomously in the neuron. We find that EVs are phagocytosed by glia and muscles, and that ESCRT disruption causes compensatory autophagy in presynaptic neurons, suggesting that EVs are one of several redundant mechanisms to remove cargoes from synapses. Our results suggest that synaptic EV release serves primarily as a proteostatic mechanism for certain cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn P. Harris
- Office of the Vice-Principal, Research and Innovation, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | | | - Kate Koles
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark Rozencwaig
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Parisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bryan A. Stewart
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avital A. Rodal
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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8
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Yuan Y, Zhang Q, Qiu F, Kang N, Zhang Q. Targeting TRPs in autophagy regulation and human diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 977:176681. [PMID: 38821165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) are widely recognized as a group of ion channels involved in various sensory perceptions, such as temperature, taste, pressure, and vision. While macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is primarily regulated by core machinery, the ion exchange mediated by TRPs between intracellular and extracellular compartments, as well as within organelles and the cytoplasm, plays a crucial role in autophagy regulation as an important signaling transduction mechanism. Moreover, certain TRPs can directly interact with autophagy regulatory proteins to participate in autophagy regulation. In this article, we provide an in-depth review of the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy, with a specific focus on TRPs. Furthermore, we highlight the potential prospects for drug development targeting TRPs in autophagy for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Yuan
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuju Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Kang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Prigent M, Jean-Jacques H, Naquin D, Chédin S, Cuif MH, Legouis R, Kuras L. Sulfur starvation-induced autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves SAM-dependent signaling and transcription activator Met4. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6927. [PMID: 39138175 PMCID: PMC11322535 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a key lysosomal degradative mechanism allowing a prosurvival response to stresses, especially nutrient starvation. Here we investigate the mechanism of autophagy induction in response to sulfur starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that sulfur deprivation leads to rapid and widespread transcriptional induction of autophagy-related (ATG) genes in ways not seen under nitrogen starvation. This distinctive response depends mainly on the transcription activator of sulfur metabolism Met4. Consistently, Met4 is essential for autophagy under sulfur starvation. Depletion of either cysteine, methionine or SAM induces autophagy flux. However, only SAM depletion can trigger strong transcriptional induction of ATG genes and a fully functional autophagic response. Furthermore, combined inactivation of Met4 and Atg1 causes a dramatic decrease in cell survival under sulfur starvation, highlighting the interplay between sulfur metabolism and autophagy to maintain cell viability. Thus, we describe a pathway of sulfur starvation-induced autophagy depending on Met4 and involving SAM as signaling sulfur metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Prigent
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- INSERM U1280, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hélène Jean-Jacques
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Delphine Naquin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphane Chédin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Cuif
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- INSERM U1280, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Renaud Legouis
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- INSERM U1280, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Kuras
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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10
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Wei F, Wang Y, Yao J, Mei L, Huang X, Kong H, Chen J, Chen X, Liu L, Wang Z, Wang J, Song J, Kong E, Yang A. ZDHHC7-mediated S-palmitoylation of ATG16L1 facilitates LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation. Autophagy 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39087410 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2386915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a fundamental cellular catabolic process that delivers cytoplasmic components into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which then fuse with lysosomes and their contents are degraded. Autophagy recycles cytoplasmic components, including misfolded proteins, dysfunctional organelles and even microbial invaders, thereby playing an essential role in development, immunity and cell death. Autophagosome formation is the main step in autophagy, which is governed by a set of ATG (autophagy related) proteins. ATG16L1 interacts with ATG12-ATG5 conjugate to form an ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex. The complex acts as a ubiquitin-like E3 ligase that catalyzes the lipidation of MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3), which is crucial for autophagosome formation. In the present study, we found that ATG16L1 was subject to S-palmitoylation on cysteine 153, which was catalyzed by ZDHHC7 (zinc finger DHHC-type palmitoyltransferase 7). We observed that re-expressing ATG16L1 but not the S-palmitoylation-deficient mutant ATG16L1C153S rescued a defect in the lipidation of LC3 and the formation of autophagosomes in ATG16L1-KO (knockout) HeLa cells. Furthermore, increasing ATG16L1 S-palmitoylation by ZDHHC7 expression promoted the production of LC3-II, whereas reducing ATG16L1 S-palmitoylation by ZDHHC7 deletion inhibited the LC3 lipidation process and autophagosome formation. Mechanistically, the addition of a hydrophobic 16-carbon palmitoyl group on Cys153 residue of ATG16L1 enhances the formation of ATG16L1-WIPI2B complex and ATG16L1-RAB33B complex on phagophore, thereby facilitating the LC3 lipidation process and autophagosome formation. In conclusion, S-palmitoylation of ATG16L1 is essential for the lipidation process of LC3 and the formation of autophagosomes. Our research uncovers a new regulatory mechanism of ATG16L1 function in autophagy.Abbreviation: ABE: acyl-biotin exchange; ATG: autophagy related; Baf-A1: bafilomycin A1; 2-BP: 2-bromopalmitate; CCD: coiled-coil domain; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; HAM: hydroxylamine; KO: knockout; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NP-40: Nonidet P-40; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PtdIns3K-C1: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I; PTM: post-translational modification; RAB33B: RAB33B, member RAS oncogene family; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TEM: transmission electron microscope; WD: tryptophan and aspartic acid; WIPI2B: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2B; WT: wild-type; ZDHHC: zinc finger DHHC-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujing Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ligang Mei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hesheng Kong
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Henan Health Commission Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuolin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiong Song
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Eryan Kong
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Henan Health Commission Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Aimin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Wang S, Qiao X, Cui Y, Liu L, Cooper T, Hu Y, Lin J, Liu H, Wang M, Hayball J, Wang X. NCAPH, ubiquitinated by TRIM21, promotes cell proliferation by inhibiting autophagy of cervical cancer through AKT/mTOR dependent signaling. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:565. [PMID: 39103348 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is closely related to the occurrence and development of human malignancies; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying autophagy in cervical cancer require further investigation. Previously, we found that the ectopic expression of NCAPH, a regulatory subunit of condensed protein complexes, significantly enhanced the proliferation of tumor cells; however, the underlying mechanisms were unclear. Here, we revealed that NCAPH is a novel autophagy-associated protein in cervical cancer that promotes cell proliferation by inhibiting autophagosome formation and reducing autophagy, with no effect on the cell cycle, apoptosis, or aging. Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) is well known to be involved in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer, mainly via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation assays showed that TRIM21 interacted with NCAPH and decreased the protein stability of NCAPH via ubiquitination at the K11 lysine residue. Structural domain mutation analysis revealed that TRIM21 combined with NCAPH through its PRY/SPRY and CC domains and accelerated the degradation of NCAPH through the RING domain. Furthermore, TRIM21 promoted autophagosome formation and reduced cell proliferation by inhibiting NCAPH expression and the downstream AKT/mTOR pathway in cervical cancer cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the protein expression of TRIM21 was negatively correlated with that of NCAPH and positively correlated with that of beclin-1 in cervical cancer tissues. Therefore, we provide evidence for the role of the TRIM21-NCAPH axis in cervical cancer autophagy and proliferation and the involvement of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in this process. These results deepen our understanding of the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer, broaden the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TRIM21 and NCAPH, and provide guidance for individualized treatment of cervical cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaowen Qiao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yaqi Cui
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tamara Cooper
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yingxin Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiaxiang Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haiting Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - John Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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12
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Choi J, Jang H, Xuan Z, Park D. Emerging roles of ATG9/ATG9A in autophagy: implications for cell and neurobiology. Autophagy 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39099167 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2384349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Atg9, the only transmembrane protein among many autophagy-related proteins, was first identified in the year 2000 in yeast. Two homologs of Atg9, ATG9A and ATG9B, have been found in mammals. While ATG9B shows a tissue-specific expression pattern, such as in the placenta and pituitary gland, ATG9A is ubiquitously expressed. Additionally, ATG9A deficiency leads to severe defects not only at the molecular and cellular levels but also at the organismal level, suggesting key and fundamental roles for ATG9A. The subcellular localization of ATG9A on small vesicles and its functional relevance to autophagy have suggested a potential role for ATG9A in the lipid supply during autophagosome biogenesis. Nevertheless, the precise role of ATG9A in the autophagic process has remained a long-standing mystery, especially in neurons. Recent findings, however, including structural, proteomic, and biochemical analyses, have provided new insights into its function in the expansion of the phagophore membrane. In this review, we aim to understand various aspects of ATG9 (in invertebrates and plants)/ATG9A (in mammals), including its localization, trafficking, and other functions, in nonneuronal cells and neurons by comparing recent discoveries related to ATG9/ATG9A and proposing directions for future research.Abbreviation: AP-4: adaptor protein complex 4; ATG: autophagy related; cKO: conditional knockout; CLA-1: CLArinet (functional homolog of cytomatrix at the active zone proteins piccolo and fife); cryo-EM: cryogenic electron microscopy; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; KO: knockout; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; SV: synaptic vesicle; TGN: trans-Golgi network; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Choi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Haeun Jang
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Zhao Xuan
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Daehun Park
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
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13
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Li J, Huang X, An Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Xu M, Shan H, Zhang M. The role of snapin in regulation of brain homeostasis. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1696-1701. [PMID: 38103234 PMCID: PMC10960280 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain homeostasis refers to the normal working state of the brain in a certain period, which is important for overall health and normal life activities. Currently, there is a lack of effective treatment methods for the adverse consequences caused by brain homeostasis imbalance. Snapin is a protein that assists in the formation of neuronal synapses and plays a crucial role in the normal growth and development of synapses. Recently, many researchers have reported the association between snapin and neurologic and psychiatric disorders, demonstrating that snapin can improve brain homeostasis. Clinical manifestations of brain disease often involve imbalances in brain homeostasis and may lead to neurological and behavioral sequelae. This article aims to explore the role of snapin in restoring brain homeostasis after injury or diseases, highlighting its significance in maintaining brain homeostasis and treating brain diseases. Additionally, it comprehensively discusses the implications of snapin in other extracerebral diseases such as diabetes and viral infections, with the objective of determining the clinical potential of snapin in maintaining brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China (Academy of Forensic Science), Shanghai, China
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinqi Huang
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yumei An
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xueshi Chen
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiyang Chen
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingyuan Xu
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China (Academy of Forensic Science), Shanghai, China
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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14
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Yao X, Liu Y, Sui Y, Zheng M, Zhu L, Li Q, Irwin MG, Yang L, Zhan Q, Xiao J. Dexmedetomidine facilitates autophagic flux to promote liver regeneration by suppressing GSK3β activity in mouse partial hepatectomy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117038. [PMID: 39002441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dexmedetomidine (DEX), a highly selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, is widely used for sedation and anesthesia in patients undergoing hepatectomy. However, the effect of DEX on autophagic flux and liver regeneration remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the role of DEX in hepatocyte autophagic flux and liver regeneration after PHx. METHODS In mice, DEX was intraperitoneally injected 5 min before and 6 h after PHx. In vitro, DEX was co-incubated with culture medium for 24 h. Autophagic flux was detected by LC3-II and SQSTM1 expression levels in primary mouse hepatocytes and the proportion of red puncta in AML-12 cells transfected with FUGW-PK-hLC3 plasmid. Liver regeneration was assessed by cyclinD1 expression, Edu incorporation, H&E staining, ki67 immunostaining and liver/body ratios. Bafilomycin A1, si-GSK3β and Flag-tagged GSK3β, α2-ADR antagonist, GSK3β inhibitor, AKT inhibitor were used to identify the role of GSK3β in DEX-mediated autophagic flux and hepatocyte proliferation. RESULTS Pre- and post-operative DEX treatment promoted liver regeneration after PHx, showing 12 h earlier than in DEX-untreated mice, accompanied by facilitated autophagic flux, which was completely abolished by bafilomycin A1 or α2-ADR antagonist. The suppression of GSK3β activity by SB216763 and si-GSK3β enhanced the effect of DEX on autophagic flux and liver regeneration, which was abolished by AKT inhibitor. CONCLUSION Pre- and post-operative administration of DEX facilitates autophagic flux, leading to enhanced liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through suppression of GSK3β activity in an α2-ADR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueya Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingxiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongheng Sui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Miao Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Quanfu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | | | - Liqun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qionghui Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang M, Su J, Dong X, Yang Y, Wang H, Li Q. The mammalian actin elongation factor ENAH/MENA contributes to autophagosome formation via its actin regulatory function. Autophagy 2024; 20:1798-1814. [PMID: 38705725 PMCID: PMC11262208 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2347105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a catabolic process crucial for degrading cytosolic components and damaged organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis, enabling cells to survive in extreme extracellular environments. ENAH/MENA, a member of the Ena/VASP protein family, functions as a highly efficient actin elongation factor. In this study, our objective was to explore the role of ENAH in the autophagy process. Initially, we demonstrated that depleting ENAH in cancer cells inhibits autophagosome formation. Subsequently, we observed ENAH's colocalization with MAP1LC3/LC3 during tumor cell starvation, dependent on actin cytoskeleton polymerization and the interaction between ENAH and BECN1 (beclin 1). Additionally, mammalian ATG9A formed a ring-like structure around ENAH-LC3 puncta during starvation, relying on actin cytoskeleton polymerization. Furthermore, ENAH's EVH1 and EVH2 domains were found to be indispensable for its colocalization with LC3 and BECN1, while the PRD domain played a crucial role in the formation of the ATG9A ring. Finally, our study revealed ENAH-led actin comet tails in autophagosome trafficking. In conclusion, our findings provide initial insights into the regulatory role of the mammalian actin elongation factor ENAH in autophagy.Abbreviations: 3-MA 3-methyladenine; ABPs actin-binding proteins; ATG autophagy related; ATG9A autophagy related 9A; Baf A1 bafilomycin A1; CM complete medium; CytERM endoplasmic reticulum signal-anchor membrane protein; Cyto D cytochalasin D; EBSS Earl's balanced salt solution; ENAH/MENA ENAH actin regulator; EVH1 Ena/VASP homology 1 domain; EVH2 Ena/VASP homology 2 domain; GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Lat B latrunculin B; LC3-I unlipidated form of LC3; LC3-II phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated form of LC3; MAP1LC3/LC3 microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; mEGFP monomeric enhanced green fluorescent protein; mTagBFP2 monomeric Tag blue fluorescent protein 2; OSER organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum; PRD proline-rich domain; PtdIns3K class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; WM wortmannin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueheng Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui province, China
| | - Menghui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhui Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjue Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - QingQuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui province, China
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16
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Barz S, Hofmann K, Reggiori F, Kraft C. Beyond the C-terminal Glycine of ATG8 Proteins - The Story of Some Neglected Amino Acids. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168588. [PMID: 38663545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
ATG8 proteins form a family of small ubiquitin-like modifiers, well-known for their importance in both macroautophagy and autophagy-independent processes. A unique feature of this protein family is their conjugation to membrane lipids through the covalent attachment of a glycine residue at the C-terminus of ATG8 proteins. Notably, most ATG8 proteins are expressed with additional amino acids at their C-terminus, shielding the key glycine residue. Consequently, lipidation requires the activation of the ATG8 precursors through proteolytic cleavage, known as priming. ATG4 proteases catalyze this priming process, and under physiological conditions, unprimed forms of ATG8 are not detected. This raises the question about the purpose of the C-terminal extension of ATG8 proteins. While the roles of lipidated and free, primed ATG8 proteins have been extensively studied, the potential function of their precursor form or the priming process itself remains largely unexplored. Here, we summarize information from existing literature and our own experiments to contribute to the understanding of these neglected amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Barz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kay Hofmann
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Zhu Y, Wang X, Liu R. Bioinformatics proved the existence of potential hub genes activating autophagy to participate in cartilage degeneration in osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Mol Histol 2024; 55:539-554. [PMID: 38758521 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-024-10200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The obvious degeneration of articular cartilage occurs in the late stage of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), which aggravates the condition of ONFH. This study aimed to demonstrate aberrant activation of autophagy processes in ONFH chondrocytes through bioinformatics and to predict and identify relevant hub genes and pathways. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using R software in the GSE74089 dataset from the GEO database. DEGs were crossed with the Human Autophagy Database (HADb) autophagy genes to screen out autophagy-related differential genes (AT-DEGs). GSEA, GSVA, GO, and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of AT-DEGs were performed. The STRING database was used to analyze the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the AT-DEGs network, and the MCODE and CytoHubba plugin in the Cytoscape software was used to analyze the key gene cluster module and screen the hub genes. The PPI network of hub genes was constructed using the GeneMANIA database, and functional enrichment and gene connectivity categories were analyzed. The expression levels of hub genes of related genes in the ONFH patients were verified in the dataset GSE123568, and the protein expression was verified by immunohistochemistry in tissues. The analysis of DEGs revealed abnormal autophagy in ONFH cartilage. AT-DEGs in ONFH have special enrichment in macroautophagy, autophagosome membrane, and phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate binding. In the GSE123568 dataset, it was also found that ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG were all significantly upregulated in ONFH patients. By immunohistochemistry, it was verified that ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG were significantly overexpressed. These three genes regulate the occurrence and extension of autophagosomes through the PI3KC3C pathway. Finally, we determined that chondrocytes in ONFH undergo positive regulation of autophagy through the corresponding pathways involved in three genes: ATG2B, ATG4B, and UVRAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xianxuan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ruiyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.
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18
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Joshi JN, Lerner AD, Scallo F, Grumet AN, Matteson P, Millonig JH, Valvezan AJ. mTORC1 activity oscillates throughout the cell cycle, promoting mitotic entry and differentially influencing autophagy induction. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114543. [PMID: 39067023 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master metabolic regulator that is active in nearly all proliferating eukaryotic cells; however, it is unclear whether mTORC1 activity changes throughout the cell cycle. We find that mTORC1 activity oscillates from lowest in mitosis/G1 to highest in S/G2. The interphase oscillation is mediated through the TSC complex but is independent of major known regulatory inputs, including Akt and Mek/Erk signaling. By contrast, suppression of mTORC1 activity in mitosis does not require the TSC complex. mTORC1 has long been known to promote progression through G1. We find that mTORC1 also promotes progression through S and G2 and is important for satisfying the Chk1/Wee1-dependent G2/M checkpoint to allow entry into mitosis. We also find that low mTORC1 activity in G1 sensitizes cells to autophagy induction in response to partial mTORC1 inhibition or reduced nutrient levels. Together, these findings demonstrate that mTORC1 is differentially regulated throughout the cell cycle, with important phase-specific consequences for proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay N Joshi
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ariel D Lerner
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Frank Scallo
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Paul Matteson
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - James H Millonig
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander J Valvezan
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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19
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Nucera F, Di Stefano A, Ricciardolo FLM, Gnemmi I, Pizzimenti C, Monaco F, Tuccari G, Caramori G, Ieni A. Role of ATG4 Autophagy-Related Protein Family in the Lower Airways of Patients with Stable COPD. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8182. [PMID: 39125750 PMCID: PMC11311497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex physiological pathway mediating homeostasis and survival of cells degrading damaged organelles and regulating their recycling. Physiologic autophagy can maintain normal lung function, decrease lung cellular senescence, and inhibit myofibroblast differentiation. It is well known that autophagy is activated in several chronic inflammatory diseases; however, its role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the expression of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in lower airways of COPD patients is still controversial. The expression and localization of all ATG proteins that represented key components of the autophagic machinery modulating elongation, closure, and maturation of autophagosome membranes were retrospectively measured in peripheral lungs of patients with stable COPD (n = 10), control smokers with normal lung function (n = 10), and control nonsmoking subjects (n = 8) using immunohistochemical analysis. These results show an increased expression of ATG4 protein in alveolar septa and bronchiolar epithelium of stable COPD patients compared to smokers with normal lung function and non-smoker subjects. In particular, the genes in the ATG4 protein family (including ATG4A, ATG4B, ATG4C, and ATG4D) that have a key role in the modulation of the physiological autophagic machinery are the most important ATGs increased in the compartment of lower airways of stable COPD patients, suggesting that the alteration shown in COPD patients can be also correlated to impaired modulation of autophagic machinery modulating elongation, closure, and maturation of autophagosomes membranes. Statistical analysis was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test for comparison between groups. A statistically significant increased expression of ATG4A (p = 0.0047), ATG4D (p = 0.018), and ATG5 (p = 0.019) was documented in the bronchiolar epithelium as well in alveolar lining for ATG4A (p = 0.0036), ATG4B (p = 0.0054), ATG4C (p = 0.0064), ATG4D (p = 0.0084), ATG5 (p = 0.0088), and ATG7 (p = 0.018) in patients with stable COPD compared to control groups. The ATG4 isoforms may be considered as additional potential targets for the development of new drugs in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nucera
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, Section of Pneumology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit of Gattico-Veruno, Section of Pneumology, Laboratory of Cytoimmunopathology in Cardio Respiratory System, 28013 Gattico-Veruno, Italy; (A.D.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Fabio Luigi Massimo Ricciardolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Severe Asthma, Rare Lung Disease and Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy;
| | - Isabella Gnemmi
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit of Gattico-Veruno, Section of Pneumology, Laboratory of Cytoimmunopathology in Cardio Respiratory System, 28013 Gattico-Veruno, Italy; (A.D.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Cristina Pizzimenti
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.P.); (G.T.)
| | - Francesco Monaco
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, Section of Toracic Surgery, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.P.); (G.T.)
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sections of Pneumology, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.P.); (G.T.)
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20
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Shim G, Youn YS. Precise subcellular targeting approaches for organelle-related disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 212:115411. [PMID: 39032657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacological research has expanded to the nanoscale level with advanced imaging technologies, enabling the analysis of drug distribution at the cellular organelle level. These advances in research techniques have contributed to the targeting of cellular organelles to address the fundamental causes of diseases. Beyond navigating the hurdles of reaching lesion tissues upon administration and identifying target cells within these tissues, controlling drug accumulation at the organelle level is the most refined method of disease management. This approach opens new avenues for the development of more potent therapeutic strategies by delving into the intricate roles and interplay of cellular organelles. Thus, organelle-targeted approaches help overcome the limitations of conventional therapies by precisely regulating functionally compartmentalized spaces based on their environment. This review discusses the basic concepts of organelle targeting research and proposes strategies to target diseases arising from organelle dysfunction. We also address the current challenges faced by organelle targeting and explore future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayong Shim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science and Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Sosunov AA, McKhann Ii G, Tang G, Goldman JE. Cytoplasmic vacuolization and ectopic formation of perineuronal nets are characteristic pathologies of cytomegalic neurons in tuberous sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024:nlae079. [PMID: 39024216 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalic neurons, characterized by increased size and a hyperactive mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), are pathognomonic for tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). To model these neurons, we recently generated a murine Tsc1 conditional knockout model in which Tsc1 deletion in late embryonic radial glia results in neuronal hypertrophy of a subset of isocortical pyramidal neurons. In the current study, we compared the cellular pathology of these cytomegalic neurons to those of the enlarged neurons in human cortical tubers. Neurons from the mice showed unique features, such as cytoplasmic vacuoles associated with Golgi complexes and the ectopic formation of perineuronal nets (PNNs), a feature of inhibitory neurons, rarely present in excitatory cortical neurons. The membranes of these vacuoles were enriched for the plasma membrane proteins CD44, KCC2, and Na+/K+ ATPase, suggesting deficits in Golgi membrane trafficking. These aberrant features in the mouse appeared only after the onset of seizures, probably due to the prolonged seizure activity in the context of constitutive mTORC1 activation. Similar PNNs and cytoplasmic vacuoles were present in the cytomegalic neurons of human cortical tubers. Our findings reveal novel pathological features of Golgi complexes and PNNs in the cytomegalic neurons in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Sosunov
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Guy McKhann Ii
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Guomei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Haga K, Fukuda M. Comprehensive knockout analysis of the RAB family small GTPases reveals an overlapping role of RAB2 and RAB14 in autophagosome maturation. Autophagy 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38953305 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2374699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, simply referred to below as autophagy, is an intracellular degradation system that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. Since the processes involved in autophagy are accompanied by membrane dynamics, RAB small GTPases, key regulators of membrane trafficking, are generally thought to regulate the membrane dynamics of autophagy. Although more than half of the mammalian RABs have been reported to be involved in canonical and selective autophagy, no consensus has been reached in regard to the role of RABs in mammalian autophagy. Here, we comprehensively analyzed a rab-knockout (KO) library of MDCK cells to reevaluate the requirement for each RAB isoform in basal and starvation-induced autophagy. The results revealed clear alteration of the MAP1LC3/LC3-II level in only four rab-KO cells (rab1-KO, rab2-KO, rab7a-KO, and rab14-KO cells) and identified RAB14 as a new regulator of autophagy, specifically at the autophagosome maturation step. The autophagy-defective phenotype of two of these rab-KO cells, rab2-KO and rab14-KO cells, was very mild, but double KO of rab2 and rab14 caused a severer autophagy-defective phenotype (greater LC3 accumulation than in single-KO cells, indicating an overlapping role of RAB2 and RAB14 during autophagosome maturation. We also found that RAB14 is phylogenetically similar to RAB2 and that it possesses the same properties as RAB2, i.e. autophagosome localization and interaction with the HOPS subunits VPS39 and VPS41. Our findings suggest that RAB2 and RAB14 overlappingly regulate the autophagosome maturation step through recruitment of the HOPS complex to the autophagosome.Abbreviation: AID2: auxin-inducible degron 2; ATG: autophagy related; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CKO: conditional knockout; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; EEA1: early endosome antigen 1; HOPS: homotypic fusion and protein sorting; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; IP: immunoprecipitation; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; MDCK: Madin-Darby canine kidney; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; 5-Ph-IAA: 5-phenyl-indole-3-acetic acid; pAb: polyclonal antibody; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SNARE: soluble NSF-attachment protein receptor; TF: transferrin; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Haga
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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23
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Ávila-Arres IE, Rodríguez Hernández E, Gómez Rosales S, Reis de Souza TC, Mariscal-Landín G. Proteomic Identification and Quantification of Basal Endogenous Proteins in the Ileal Digesta of Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2000. [PMID: 38998112 PMCID: PMC11240675 DOI: 10.3390/ani14132000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The accurate estimation of basal endogenous losses (BEL) of amino acids at the ileum is indispensable to improve nutrient utilization efficiency. This study used a quantitative proteomic approach to identify variations in BEL in the ileal digesta of growing pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) or a casein diet (CAS). Eight barrow pigs (39.8 ± 6.3 kg initial body weight (BW)) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 crossover design. A total of 348 proteins were identified and quantified in both treatments, of which 101 showed a significant differential abundance between the treatments (p < 0.05). Functional and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the endogenous proteins were associated with intestinal metabolic function. Furthermore, differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in the digesta of pigs fed the NFD enriched terms and pathways that suggest intestinal inflammation, the activation of innate antimicrobial host defense, an increase in cellular autophagy and epithelial turnover, and reduced synthesis of pancreatic and intestinal secretions. These findings suggest that casein diets may provide a more accurate estimation of BEL because they promote normal gastrointestinal secretions. Overall, proteomic and bioinformatic analyses provided valuable insights into the composition of endogenous proteins in the ileal digesta and their relationship with the functions, processes, and pathways modified by diet composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Elisa Ávila-Arres
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Elba Rodríguez Hernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Km 1 Carretera a Colón, Querétaro 76280, Mexico; (E.R.H.); (S.G.R.)
| | - Sergio Gómez Rosales
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Km 1 Carretera a Colón, Querétaro 76280, Mexico; (E.R.H.); (S.G.R.)
| | - Tércia Cesária Reis de Souza
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias s/n, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Gerardo Mariscal-Landín
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Km 1 Carretera a Colón, Querétaro 76280, Mexico; (E.R.H.); (S.G.R.)
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24
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Filali-Mouncef Y, Leytens A, Vargas Duarte P, Zampieri M, Dengjel J, Reggiori F. An APEX2-based proximity-dependent biotinylation assay with temporal specificity to study protein interactions during autophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Autophagy 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38958087 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2366749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome biogenesis is a complex process orchestrated by dynamic interactions between Atg (autophagy-related) proteins and characterized by the turnover of specific cargoes, which can differ over time and depending on how autophagy is stimulated. Proteomic analyses are central to uncover protein-protein interaction networks and when combined with proximity-dependent biotinylation or proximity labeling (PL) approaches, they also permit to detect transient and weak interactions. However, current PL procedures for yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the leading models for the study of autophagy, do not allow to keep temporal specificity and thus identify interactions and cargoes at a precise time point upon autophagy induction. Here, we present a new ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APEX2)-based PL protocol adapted to yeast that preserves temporal specificity and allows uncovering neighbor proteins by either western blot or proteomics. As a proof of concept, we applied this new method to identify Atg8 and Atg9 interactors and detected known binding partners as well as potential uncharacterized ones in rich and nitrogen starvation conditions. Also, as a proof of concept, we confirmed the spatial proximity interaction between Atg8 and Faa1. We believe that this protocol will be a new important experimental tool for all those researchers studying the mechanism and roles of autophagy in yeast, but also other cellular pathways in this model organism.Abbreviations: APEX2, ascorbate peroxidase 2, Atg, autophagy-related; BP, biotin phenol; Cvt, cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; LN2, liquid nitrogen; MS, mass spectrometry; PAS, phagophore assembly site; PL, proximity labeling; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PPINs, protein-protein interaction networks; PPIs, protein-protein interactions; RT, room temperature; SARs, selective autophagy receptors; WT, wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Filali-Mouncef
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Leytens
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Mattia Zampieri
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, AV, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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25
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Jiang T, Ma C, Chen H. Unraveling the ultrastructure and dynamics of autophagic vesicles: Insights from advanced imaging techniques. FASEB Bioadv 2024; 6:189-199. [PMID: 38974114 PMCID: PMC11226998 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2024-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular self-degradation process, is governed by a complex interplay of signaling pathways and interactions between proteins and organelles. Its fundamental purpose is to efficiently clear and recycle cellular components that are damaged or redundant. Central to this process are autophagic vesicles, specialized structures that encapsulate targeted cellular elements, playing a pivotal role in autophagy. Despite growing interest in the molecular components of autophagic machinery and their regulatory mechanisms, capturing the detailed ultrastructural dynamics of autophagosome formation continues to present significant challenges. However, recent advancements in microscopy, particularly in electron microscopy, have begun to illuminate the dynamic regulatory processes underpinning autophagy. This review endeavors to provide an exhaustive overview of contemporary research on the ultrastructure of autophagic processes. By synthesizing observations from diverse technological methodologies, this review seeks to deepen our understanding of the genesis of autophagic vesicles, their membrane origins, and the dynamic alterations that transpire during the autophagy process. The aim is to bridge gaps in current knowledge and foster a more comprehensive comprehension of this crucial cellular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Institute of Reproductive MedicineMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongPR China
| | - Chaoye Ma
- Institute of Reproductive MedicineMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongPR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Reproductive MedicineMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongPR China
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, GMU‐GIBH Joint School of Life ScienceGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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26
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Ai X, Yu H, Cai Y, Guan Y. Interactions Between Extracellular Vesicles and Autophagy in Neuroimmune Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:992-1006. [PMID: 38421513 PMCID: PMC11251008 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myasthenia gravis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, are characterized by the dysfunction of both the immune system and the nervous system. Increasing evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles and autophagy are closely associated with the pathogenesis of these disorders. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the interactions between extracellular vesicles and autophagy in neuroimmune disorders and discuss their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Here we highlight the need for further research to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these disorders, and to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Ai
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Haojun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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27
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Pérez-Pérez ME, Mallén-Ponce MJ, Odriozola-Gil Y, Rubio A, Salas JJ, Martínez-Force E, Pérez-Pulido AJ, Crespo JL. Lipid turnover through lipophagy in the newly identified extremophilic green microalga Chlamydomonas urium. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:284-298. [PMID: 38730535 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a central degradative pathway highly conserved among eukaryotes, including microalgae, which remains unexplored in extremophilic organisms. In this study, we described and characterized autophagy in the newly identified extremophilic green microalga Chlamydomonas urium, which was isolated from an acidic environment. The nuclear genome of C. urium was sequenced, assembled and annotated in order to identify autophagy-related genes. Transmission electron microscopy, immunoblotting, metabolomic and photosynthetic analyses were performed to investigate autophagy in this extremophilic microalga. The analysis of the C. urium genome revealed the conservation of core autophagy-related genes. We investigated the role of autophagy in C. urium by blocking autophagic flux with the vacuolar ATPase inhibitor concanamycin A. Our results indicated that inhibition of autophagic flux in this microalga resulted in a pronounced accumulation of triacylglycerols and lipid droplets (LDs). Metabolomic and photosynthetic analyses indicated that C. urium cells with impaired vacuolar function maintained an active metabolism. Such effects were not observed in the neutrophilic microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Inhibition of autophagic flux in C. urium uncovered an active recycling of LDs through lipophagy, a selective autophagy pathway for lipid turnover. This study provided the metabolic basis by which extremophilic algae are able to catabolize lipids in the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla), 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel J Mallén-Ponce
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla), 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Yosu Odriozola-Gil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla), 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rubio
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD, UPO-CSIC-JA), Faculty of Experimental Sciences (Genetics Department), University Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquín J Salas
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Ctra Utrera Km1, Ed. 46, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Antonio J Pérez-Pulido
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD, UPO-CSIC-JA), Faculty of Experimental Sciences (Genetics Department), University Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla), 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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28
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Kitta S, Kaminishi T, Higashi M, Shima T, Nishino K, Nakamura N, Kosako H, Yoshimori T, Kuma A. YIPF3 and YIPF4 regulate autophagic turnover of the Golgi apparatus. EMBO J 2024; 43:2954-2978. [PMID: 38822137 PMCID: PMC11250848 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The degradation of organelles by autophagy is essential for cellular homeostasis. The Golgi apparatus has recently been demonstrated to be degraded by autophagy, but little is known about how the Golgi is recognized by the forming autophagosome. Using quantitative proteomic analysis and two novel Golgiphagy reporter systems, we found that the five-pass transmembrane Golgi-resident proteins YIPF3 and YIPF4 constitute a Golgiphagy receptor. The interaction of this complex with LC3B, GABARAP, and GABARAPL1 is dependent on a LIR motif within YIPF3 and putative phosphorylation sites immediately upstream; the stability of the complex is governed by YIPF4. Expression of a YIPF3 protein containing a mutated LIR motif caused an elongated Golgi morphology, indicating the importance of Golgi turnover via selective autophagy. The reporter assays reported here may be readily adapted to different experimental contexts to help deepen our understanding of Golgiphagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinri Kitta
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kaminishi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Momoko Higashi
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shima
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishino
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kuma
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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29
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Wu X, Song J, Zhang Y, Kuai L, Liu C, Ma X, Li B, Zhang Z, Luo Y. Exploring the role of autophagy in psoriasis pathogenesis: Insights into sustained inflammation and dysfunctional keratinocyte differentiation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112244. [PMID: 38776847 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common and prevalent chronic papulosquamous cutaneous disorder characterized by sustained inflammation, uncontrolled keratinocyte proliferation, dysfunctional differentiation, and angiogenesis. Autophagy, an intracellular catabolic process, can be induced in response to nutrient stress. It entails the degradation of cellular constituents through the lysosomal machinery, and its association with psoriasis has been well-documented. Nevertheless, there remains a notable dearth of research concerning the involvement of autophagy in the pathogenesis of psoriasis within human skin. This review provides a comprehensive overview of autophagy in psoriasis pathogenesis, focusing on its involvement in two key pathological manifestations: sustained inflammation and uncontrolled keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, it discusses potential avenues for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Jiankun Song
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Le Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changya Liu
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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30
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Shah S, Patel P, Ferguson A, Bagwe P, Kale A, Adediran E, Singh R, Arte T, Pasupuleti D, Uddin MN, D’Souza M. Buccal Administration of a Zika Virus Vaccine Utilizing 3D-Printed Oral Dissolving Films in a Mouse Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:720. [PMID: 39066358 PMCID: PMC11281521 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the years, research regarding the Zika virus has been steadily increasing. Early immunization for ZIKV is a priority for preventing complications such as microencephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Unlike traditional vaccination approaches, oral dissolving films (ODFs) or mucoadhesive film technology is an emerging, exciting concept that can be used in the field of pharmaceuticals for vaccine design and formulation development. This attractive and novel method can help patients who suffer from dysphagia as a complication of a disease or syndrome. In this study, we investigated a microparticulate Zika vaccine administered via the buccal route with the help of thin films or oral dissolving films (ODFs) with a prime dose and two booster doses two weeks apart. In vitro, the ODFs displayed excellent physiochemical properties, indicating that the films were good carriers for vaccine microparticles and biocompatible with the buccal mucosa. In vivo results revealed robust humoral (IgG, subtypes IgG1 and IgG2a) and T-cell responses (CD4+/CD8+) for ZIKV-specific immunity. Both the Zika MP vaccine and the adjuvanted Zika MP vaccine affected memory (CD45R/CD27) and intracellular cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) expression. In this study, ZIKV vaccination via the buccal route with the aid of ODFs demonstrated great promise for the development of pain-free vaccines for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin D’Souza
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (S.S.); (P.P.); (A.F.); (P.B.); (A.K.); (E.A.); (R.S.); (T.A.); (D.P.); (M.N.U.)
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31
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Zhao Z, Satarifard V, Lipowsky R, Dimova R. Membrane nanotubes transform into double-membrane sheets at condensate droplets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321579121. [PMID: 38900795 PMCID: PMC11214096 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321579121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular membranes exhibit a multitude of highly curved morphologies such as buds, nanotubes, cisterna-like sheets defining the outlines of organelles. Here, we mimic cell compartmentation using an aqueous two-phase system of dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) encapsulated in giant vesicles. Upon osmotic deflation, the vesicle membrane forms nanotubes, which undergo surprising morphological transformations at the liquid-liquid interfaces inside the vesicles. At these interfaces, the nanotubes transform into cisterna-like double-membrane sheets (DMS) connected to the mother vesicle via short membrane necks. Using super-resolution (stimulated emission depletion) microscopy and theoretical considerations, we construct a morphology diagram predicting the tube-to-sheet transformation, which is driven by a decrease in the free energy. Nanotube knots can prohibit the tube-to-sheet transformation by blocking water influx into the tubes. Because both nanotubes and DMSs are frequently formed by cellular membranes, understanding the formation and transformation between these membrane morphologies provides insight into the origin and evolution of cellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Zhao
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam14476, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Jena07745, Germany
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Vahid Satarifard
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam14476, Germany
- Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam14476, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam14476, Germany
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32
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Mosesso N, Lerner NS, Bläske T, Groh F, Maguire S, Niedermeier ML, Landwehr E, Vogel K, Meergans K, Nagel MK, Drescher M, Stengel F, Hauser K, Isono E. Arabidopsis CaLB1 undergoes phase separation with the ESCRT protein ALIX and modulates autophagosome maturation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5188. [PMID: 38898014 PMCID: PMC11187125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is relevant for diverse processes in eukaryotic cells, making its regulation of fundamental importance. The formation and maturation of autophagosomes require a complex choreography of numerous factors. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is implicated in the final step of autophagosomal maturation by sealing of the phagophore membrane. ESCRT-III components were shown to mediate membrane scission by forming filaments that interact with cellular membranes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the recruitment of ESCRTs to non-endosomal membranes remain largely unknown. Here we focus on the ESCRT-associated protein ALG2-interacting protein X (ALIX) and identify Ca2+-dependent lipid binding protein 1 (CaLB1) as its interactor. Our findings demonstrate that CaLB1 interacts with AUTOPHAGY8 (ATG8) and PI(3)P, a phospholipid found in autophagosomal membranes. Moreover, CaLB1 and ALIX localize with ATG8 on autophagosomes upon salt treatment and assemble together into condensates. The depletion of CaLB1 impacts the maturation of salt-induced autophagosomes and leads to reduced delivery of autophagosomes to the vacuole. Here, we propose a crucial role of CaLB1 in augmenting phase separation of ALIX, facilitating the recruitment of ESCRT-III to the site of phagophore closure thereby ensuring efficient maturation of autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Mosesso
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Niharika Savant Lerner
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bläske
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Felix Groh
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Shane Maguire
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marie Laura Niedermeier
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Eliane Landwehr
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Spectroscopy of Complex Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karin Vogel
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Konstanze Meergans
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marie-Kristin Nagel
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Malte Drescher
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Spectroscopy of Complex Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Florian Stengel
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karin Hauser
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Erika Isono
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585 Aichi, Japan.
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Mayorga LS, Masone D. The Secret Ballet Inside Multivesicular Bodies. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15651-15660. [PMID: 38830824 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Lipid bilayers possess the capacity for self-assembly due to the amphipathic nature of lipid molecules, which have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. When confined, lipid bilayers exhibit astonishing versatility in their forms, adopting diverse shapes that are challenging to observe through experimental means. Exploiting this adaptability, lipid structures motivate the development of bio-inspired mechanomaterials and integrated nanobio-interfaces that could seamlessly merge with biological entities, ultimately bridging the gap between synthetic and biological systems. In this work, we demonstrate how, in numerical simulations of multivesicular bodies, a fascinating evolution unfolds from an initial semblance of order toward states of higher entropy over time. We observe dynamic rearrangements in confined vesicles that reveal unexpected limit shapes of distinct geometric patterns. We identify five structures as the basic building blocks that systematically repeat under various conditions of size and composition. Moreover, we observe more complex and less frequent shapes that emerge in confined spaces. Our results provide insights into the dynamics of multivesicular systems, offering a richer understanding of how confined lipid bodies spontaneously self-organize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis S Mayorga
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Diego Masone
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
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Wu L, Chang E, Zhao H, Ma D. Regulated cell death in hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: recent development and mechanistic overview. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:277. [PMID: 38862503 PMCID: PMC11167026 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in termed infants remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia. Depending on the cell type, cellular context, metabolic predisposition and insult severity, cell death in the injured immature brain can be highly heterogenous. A continuum of cell death exists in the H/I-injured immature brain. Aside from apoptosis, emerging evidence supports the pathological activation of necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis as alternative regulated cell death (RCD) in HIE to trigger neuroinflammation and metabolic disturbances in addition to cell loss. Upregulation of autophagy and mitophagy in HIE represents an intrinsic neuroprotective strategy. Molecular crosstalk between RCD pathways implies one RCD mechanism may compensate for the loss of function of another. Moreover, mitochondrion was identified as the signalling "hub" where different RCD pathways converge. The highly-orchestrated nature of RCD makes them promising therapeutic targets. Better understanding of RCD mechanisms and crosstalk between RCD subtypes likely shed light on novel therapy development for HIE. The identification of a potential RCD converging node may open up the opportunity for simultaneous and synergistic inhibition of cell death in the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Wu
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Enqiang Chang
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Daqing Ma
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
- Perioperative and Systems Medicine Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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35
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Wang B, Pareek G, Kundu M. ULK/Atg1: phasing in and out of autophagy. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:494-505. [PMID: 38565496 PMCID: PMC11162330 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy - a highly regulated intracellular degradation process - is pivotal in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a fundamental mechanism regulating the formation and function of membrane-less compartments. Recent research has unveiled connections between LLPS and autophagy, suggesting that phase separation events may orchestrate the spatiotemporal organization of autophagic machinery and cargo sequestration. The Unc-51-like kinase (ULK)/autophagy-related 1 (Atg1) family of proteins is best known for its regulatory role in initiating autophagy, but there is growing evidence that the functional spectrum of ULK/Atg1 extends beyond autophagy regulation. In this review, we explore the spatial and temporal regulation of the ULK/Atg1 family of kinases, focusing on their recruitment to LLPS-driven compartments, and highlighting their multifaceted functions beyond their traditional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Gautam Pareek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mondira Kundu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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36
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van der Graaf K, Srivastav S, Nishad R, Stern M, McNew JA. The Drosophila Nesprin-1 homolog MSP300 is required for muscle autophagy and proteostasis. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262096. [PMID: 38757366 PMCID: PMC11213522 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Nesprin proteins, which are components of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, are located within the nuclear envelope and play prominent roles in nuclear architecture. For example, LINC complex proteins interact with both chromatin and the cytoskeleton. Here, we report that the Drosophila Nesprin MSP300 has an additional function in autophagy within larval body wall muscles. RNAi-mediated MSP300 knockdown in larval body wall muscles resulted in defects in the contractile apparatus, muscle degeneration and defective autophagy. In particular, MSP300 knockdown caused accumulation of cytoplasmic aggregates that contained poly-ubiquitylated cargo, as well as the autophagy receptor ref(2)P (the fly homolog of p62 or SQSTM) and Atg8a. Furthermore, MSP300 knockdown larvae expressing an mCherry-GFP-tagged Atg8a transgene exhibited aberrant persistence of the GFP signal within these aggregates, indicating failure of autophagosome maturation. These autophagy deficits were similar to those exhibited by loss of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) fusion protein Atlastin (Atl), raising the possibility that Atl and MSP300 might function in the same pathway. In support of this possibility, we found that a GFP-tagged MSP300 protein trap exhibited extensive localization to the ER. Alteration of ER-directed MSP300 might abrogate important cytoskeletal contacts necessary for autophagosome completion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajkishor Nishad
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Michael Stern
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - James A. McNew
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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37
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Guo E, Yuan H, Li R, Yang J, Liu S, Liu A, Jiang X. Calcitriol ameliorates the progression of hepatic fibrosis through autophagy-related gene 16-like 1-mediated autophagy. Am J Med Sci 2024; 367:382-396. [PMID: 38431191 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitriol has the potential to counteract fibrotic diseases beyond its classical action of maintaining calcium and bone metabolism; however, its functional mechanism remains unknown. Autophagy-related gene 16-like 1 (Atg16l1) is one of the genes related to autophagy and is involved in protecting against fibrotic diseases. The present study aimed to explore the contribution of autophagy to the inhibition of calcitriol-induced hepatic fibrosis, as well as its potential molecular mechanism. METHODS Carbon tetrachloride (Ccl4)-treated mice were established as hepatic fibrosis models and received calcitriol treatment for 6 weeks. Quantification of Sirius red staining and measurement of key fibrotic markers (collagen-1 and α-SMA) was performed to detect hepatic fibrosis. Chloroquine (CQ) treatment was used to observe autophagic flux, and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was used to inhibit autophagy. Furthermore, the effects of calcitriol on transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-stimulated primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were detected. Downregulation of Atg16l1 or vitamin D receptor (VDR) in LX-2 cells was used to explore the mechanism of action of calcitriol in fibrosis and autophagy. Additionally, the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to investigate the interactions between VDR and ATG16L1. RESULTS Calcitriol increased the expression of VDR and ATG16L1, enhanced autophagy and attenuated hepatic fibrosis. 3-MA treatment and VDR silencing abolished the protective effects of calcitriol against fibrosis. Calcitriol-induced anti-fibrosis effects were blocked by ATG16L1 suppression. Furthermore, VDR bound to the ATG16L1 promoter and downregulation of VDR decreased the expression of ATG16L1 in LX-2 cells. CONCLUSION Calcitriol mitigates hepatic fibrosis partly through ATG16L1-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enshuang Guo
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huixing Yuan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Renlong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan 430070, China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiankun Yang
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shenpei Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Anding Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan 430070, China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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He H, He M, Wang Y, Xiong H, Xiong Y, Shan M, Liu D, Guo Z, Kou Y, Zhang Y, Yang M, Lian J, Sun L, He F. Berberine increases the killing effect of pirarubicin on HCC cells by inhibiting ATG4B-autophagy pathway. Exp Cell Res 2024; 439:114094. [PMID: 38750718 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Pirarubicin (THP) is a new generation of cell cycle non-specific anthracycline-based anticancer drug. In the clinic, THP and THP combination therapies have been shown to be effective in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) without serious side effects. However, drug resistance limits its therapeutic efficacy. Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has been shown to possess antitumour properties against various malignancies. However, the synergistic effect of BBR and THP in the treatment of HCC is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that BBR sensitized HCC cells to THP, including enhancing THP-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis of HCC cells. Moreover, we found that BBR sensitized THP by reducing the expression of autophagy-related 4B (ATG4B). Mechanistically, the inhibition of HIF1α-mediated ATG4B transcription by BBR ultimately led to attenuation of THP-induced cytoprotective autophagy, accompanied by enhanced growth inhibition and apoptosis in THP-treated HCC cells. Tumor-bearing experiments in nude mice showed that the combination treatment with BBR and THP significantly suppressed the growth of HCC xenografts. These results reveal that BBR is able to strengthen the killing effect of THP on HCC cells by repressing the ATG4B-autophagy pathway, which may provide novel insights into the improvement of chemotherapeutic efficacy of THP, and may be conducive to the further clinical application of THP in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Meng He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Haojun Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Meihua Shan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ziyuan Guo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuhong Kou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mingzhen Yang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiqin Lian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Liangbo Sun
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Fengtian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Schuster M, Kilaru S, Steinberg G. Azoles activate type I and type II programmed cell death pathways in crop pathogenic fungi. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4357. [PMID: 38821954 PMCID: PMC11143370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Triazoles are widely used to control pathogenic fungi. They inhibit the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, but the precise mechanisms leading to fungicidal activities in many fungal pathogens are poorly understood. Here, we elucidate the mode of action of epoxiconazole and metconazole in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We show that both azoles have fungicidal activity and reduce fluidity, but not integrity, of the plasma membrane. This impairs localisation of Cdc15-like F-BAR proteins, resulting in defective actin ring assembly and incomplete septation. However, mutant studies and pharmacological experiments in vitro and in planta show that azole lethality is due to a combination of reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis and macroautophagy. Simultaneous inhibition of both programmed cell death pathways abolishes azole-induced cell death. Other classes of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors also induce apoptosis and macroautophagy, suggesting that activation of these two cell death pathways is a hallmark of ergosterol synthesis-targeting fungicides. This knowledge will inform future crop protection strategies.
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40
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Wu J, Sheng Y, Mai S, Zhong Y, Dai S, Luo Y, Sheng X. The function of the ATG8 in the cilia and cortical microtubule maintenance of Euplotes amieti. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01957-8. [PMID: 38769089 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy regulates the formation of primary cilia, which in turn affects autophagy. The relationship between autophagy and cilia is known to be bidirectional although the specific mechanisms involved have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we found for the first time that ATG8 protein localizes in the basal body of the dorsal kineties and the base of the ventral cirri in Euplotes amieti. ATG8 protein maintains the structural integrity of cilia and plays a role in the construction of the cortical ciliature and microtubule cytoskeleton associated with cilia. ATG8 gene interference leads to the degradation of IFT88, the transport protein in cilia, thus inhibiting the generation of cilia, and affecting the swing of cilia. This influences the swimming speed and cilia pattern, leading to death in Euplotes amieti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sheng
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Morphology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihuan Mai
- School of Medical Imaging, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhao Zhong
- School of Medical Imaging, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrong Dai
- School of Medical Imaging, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Luo
- School of Medical Imaging, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.
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Dowaidar M. Guidelines for the role of autophagy in drug delivery vectors uptake pathways. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30238. [PMID: 38707383 PMCID: PMC11066435 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of autophagy refers to the intracellular absorption of cytoplasm (such as proteins, nucleic acids, tiny molecules, complete organelles, and so on) into the lysosome, followed by the breakdown of that cytoplasm. The majority of cellular proteins are degraded by a process called autophagy, which is both a naturally occurring activity and one that may be induced by cellular stress. Autophagy is a system that can save cells' integrity in stressful situations by restoring metabolic basics and getting rid of subcellular junk. This happens as a component of an endurance response. This mechanism may have an effect on disease, in addition to its contribution to the homeostasis of individual cells and tissues as well as the control of development in higher species. The main aim of this study is to discuss the guidelines for the role of autophagy in drug delivery vector uptake pathways. In this paper, we discuss the meaning and concept of autophagy, the mechanism of autophagy, the role of autophagy in drug delivery vectors, autophagy-modulating drugs, nanostructures for delivery systems of autophagy modulators, etc. Later in this paper, we talk about how to deliver chemotherapeutics, siRNA, and autophagy inducers and inhibitors. We also talk about how hard it is to make a drug delivery system that takes nanocarriers' roles as autophagy modulators into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Dowaidar
- Bioengineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Biosystems and Machines Research Center, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Hu M, Ladowski JM, Xu H. The Role of Autophagy in Vascular Endothelial Cell Health and Physiology. Cells 2024; 13:825. [PMID: 38786047 PMCID: PMC11120581 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular recycling process which enables eukaryotes to maintain both cellular and overall homeostasis through the catabolic breakdown of intracellular components or the selective degradation of damaged organelles. In recent years, the importance of autophagy in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) has been increasingly recognized, and numerous studies have linked the dysregulation of autophagy to the development of endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy in ECs and our current understanding of the roles of autophagy in vascular biology and review the implications of dysregulated autophagy for vascular disease. Finally, we summarize the current state of the research on compounds to modulate autophagy in ECs and identify challenges for their translation into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph M. Ladowski
- Transplant and Immunobiology Research, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - He Xu
- Transplant and Immunobiology Research, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
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43
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Dresselhaus EC, Harris KP, Blanchette CR, Koles K, Del Signore SJ, Pescosolido MF, Ermanoska B, Rozencwaig M, Soslowsky RC, Parisi MJ, Stewart BA, Mosca TJ, Rodal AA. ESCRT disruption provides evidence against transsynaptic signaling functions for extracellular vesicles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.22.537920. [PMID: 38746182 PMCID: PMC11092503 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.22.537920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by many cell types including neurons, carrying cargoes involved in signaling and disease. It is unclear whether EVs promote intercellular signaling or serve primarily to dispose of unwanted materials. We show that loss of multivesicular endosome-generating ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery disrupts release of EV cargoes from Drosophila motor neurons. Surprisingly, ESCRT depletion does not affect the signaling activities of the EV cargo Synaptotagmin-4 (Syt4) and disrupts only some signaling activities of the EV cargo Evenness Interrupted (Evi). Thus, these cargoes may not require intercellular transfer via EVs, and instead may be conventionally secreted or function cell autonomously in the neuron. We find that EVs are phagocytosed by glia and muscles, and that ESCRT disruption causes compensatory autophagy in presynaptic neurons, suggesting that EVs are one of several redundant mechanisms to remove cargoes from synapses. Our results suggest that synaptic EV release serves primarily as a proteostatic mechanism for certain cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn P. Harris
- Office of the Vice-Principal, Research and Innovation, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | | | - Kate Koles
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J. Parisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bryan A. Stewart
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA
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Li Y, Wu M, Fu Y, Xue J, Yuan F, Qu T, Rissanou AN, Wang Y, Li X, Hu H. Therapeutic stapled peptides: Efficacy and molecular targets. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107137. [PMID: 38522761 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Peptide stapling, by employing a stable, preformed alpha-helical conformation, results in the production of peptides with improved membrane permeability and enhanced proteolytic stability, compared to the original peptides, and provides an effective solution to accelerate the rapid development of peptide drugs. Various reviews present peptide stapling chemistries, anchoring residues and one- or two-component cyclization, however, therapeutic stapled peptides have not been systematically summarized, especially focusing on various disease-related targets. This review highlights the latest advances in therapeutic peptide drug development facilitated by the application of stapling technology, including different stapling techniques, synthetic accessibility, applicability to biological targets, potential for solving biological problems, as well as the current status of development. Stapled peptides as therapeutic drug candidates have been classified and analysed mainly by receptor- and ligand-based stapled peptide design against various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, inflammation, and diabetes. This review is expected to provide a comprehensive reference for the rational design of stapled peptides for different diseases and targets to facilitate the development of therapeutic peptides with enhanced pharmacokinetic and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China.
| | - Minghao Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yinxue Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Jingwen Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Tianci Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Anastassia N Rissanou
- Theoretical & Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Honggang Hu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Bajdzienko J, Bremm A. Mammalian pexophagy at a glance. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs259775. [PMID: 38752931 PMCID: PMC11166455 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly plastic organelles that are involved in several metabolic processes, including fatty acid oxidation, ether lipid synthesis and redox homeostasis. Their abundance and activity are dynamically regulated in response to nutrient availability and cellular stress. Damaged or superfluous peroxisomes are removed mainly by pexophagy, the selective autophagy of peroxisomes induced by ubiquitylation of peroxisomal membrane proteins or ubiquitin-independent processes. Dysregulated pexophagy impairs peroxisome homeostasis and has been linked to the development of various human diseases. Despite many recent insights into mammalian pexophagy, our understanding of this process is still limited compared to our understanding of pexophagy in yeast. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we summarize current knowledge on the control of mammalian pexophagy and highlight which aspects require further attention. We also discuss the role of ubiquitylation in pexophagy and describe the ubiquitin machinery involved in regulating signals for the recruitment of phagophores to peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Bajdzienko
- Goethe University Frankfurt,Medical Faculty,Institute of Biochemistry II, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Bremm
- Goethe University Frankfurt,Medical Faculty,Institute of Biochemistry II, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Low-Molecular Weight Compounds that Extend the Chronological Lifespan of Yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2400138. [PMID: 38616173 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Yeast is an excellent model organism for research for regulating aging and lifespan, and the studies have made many contributions to date, including identifying various factors and signaling pathways related to aging and lifespan. More than 20 years have passed since molecular biological perspectives are adopted in this research field, and intracellular factors and signal pathways that control aging and lifespan have evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals. Furthermore, these findings have been applied to control the aging and lifespan of various model organisms by adjustment of the nutritional environment, genetic manipulation, and drug treatment using low-molecular weight compounds. Among these, drug treatment is easier than the other methods, and research into drugs that regulate aging and lifespan is consequently expected to become more active. Chronological lifespan, a definition of yeast lifespan, refers to the survival period of a cell population under nondividing conditions. Herein, low-molecular weight compounds are summarized that extend the chronological lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, along with their intracellular functions. The low-molecular weight compounds are also discussed that extend the lifespan of other model organisms. Compounds that have so far only been studied in yeast may soon extend lifespan in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Ahmed KR, Rahman MM, Islam MN, Fahim MMH, Rahman MA, Kim B. Antioxidants activities of phytochemicals perspective modulation of autophagy and apoptosis to treating cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116497. [PMID: 38552443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of chemicals extracted from natural sources should be encouraged due to the significant number of cancer deaths each year and the financial burden imposed by this disease on society. The causes of almost all cancers involve a combination of lifestyle, environmental factors, and genetic and inherited factors. Modern medicine researchers are increasingly interested in traditional phytochemicals as they hold potential for new bioactive compounds with medical applications. Recent publications have provided evidence of the antitumor properties of phytochemicals, a key component of traditional Chinese medicine, thereby opening new avenues for their use in modern medicine. Various studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between apoptosis and autophagy, two critical mechanisms involved in cancer formation and regulation, indicating diverse forms of crosstalk between them. Phytochemicals have the ability to activate both pro-apoptotic and pro-autophagic pathways. Therefore, understanding how phytochemicals influence the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy is crucial for developing a new cancer treatment strategy that targets these molecular mechanisms. This review aims to explore natural phytochemicals that have demonstrated anticancer effects, focusing on their role in regulating the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, which contributes to uncontrolled tumor cell growth. Additionally, the review highlights the limitations and challenges of current research methodologies while suggesting potential avenues for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Rejvee Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Md Masudur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nahidul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Md Maharub Hossain Fahim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea.
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Chen C, Liu J, Lin X, Xiang A, Ye Q, Guo J, Rui T, Xu J, Hu S. Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and regulated cell death in tumors: insights into apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:189. [PMID: 38649701 PMCID: PMC11035635 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the main stromal component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), play multifaceted roles in cancer progression through paracrine signaling, exosome transfer, and cell interactions. Attractively, recent evidence indicates that CAFs can modulate various forms of regulated cell death (RCD) in adjacent tumor cells, thus involving cancer proliferation, therapy resistance, and immune exclusion. Here, we present a brief introduction to CAFs and basic knowledge of RCD, including apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. In addition, we further summarize the different types of RCD in tumors that are mediated by CAFs, as well as the effects of these modes of RCD on CAFs. This review will deepen our understanding of the interactions between CAFs and RCD and might offer novel therapeutic avenues for future cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aizhai Xiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianwei Ye
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jufeng Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Rui
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Hu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
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Wei B, Fu Y, Li X, Chen F, Zhang Y, Chen H, Tong M, Li L, Pan Y, Zhang S, Chen S, Liu X, Zhong Q. ANKFY1 bridges ATG2A-mediated lipid transfer from endosomes to phagophores. Cell Discov 2024; 10:43. [PMID: 38622126 PMCID: PMC11018839 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a process that cells engulf cytosolic materials by autophagosomes and deliver them to lysosomes for degradation. The biogenesis of autophagosomes requires ATG2 as a lipid transfer protein to transport lipids from existing membranes to phagophores. It is generally believed that endoplasmic reticulum is the main source for lipid supply of the forming autophagosomes; whether ATG2 can transfer lipids from other organelles to phagophores remains elusive. In this study, we identified a new ATG2A-binding protein, ANKFY1. Depletion of this endosome-localized protein led to the impaired autophagosome growth and the reduced autophagy flux, which largely phenocopied ATG2A/B depletion. A pool of ANKFY1 co-localized with ATG2A between endosomes and phagophores and depletion of UVRAG, ANKFY1 or ATG2A/B led to reduction of PI3P distribution on phagophores. Purified recombinant ANKFY1 bound to PI3P on membrane through its FYVE domain and enhanced ATG2A-mediated lipid transfer between PI3P-containing liposomes. Therefore, we propose that ANKFY1 recruits ATG2A to PI3P-enriched endosomes and promotes ATG2A-mediated lipid transfer from endosomes to phagophores. This finding implicates a new lipid source for ATG2A-mediated phagophore expansion, where endosomes donate PI3P and other lipids to phagophores via lipid transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanmo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mindan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linsen Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang X, Dong Y, Li W, He M, Shi Y, Han S, Li L, Zhao J, Li L, Huo J, Liu X, Ji Y, Liu Q, Wang C. The mechanism by which SIRT1 regulates autophagy and EMT in drug-resistant oesophageal cancer cells. Life Sci 2024; 343:122530. [PMID: 38401628 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cell resistance presents a significant clinical challenge. The mechanisms underlying drug resistance in cancer cells are intricate and remain incompletely understood. Notably, tumor cell resistance often coincides with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we observed an elevation in autophagy levels following the development of drug resistance in oesophageal cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy led to a reduction in drug-resistant cell migration and the inhibition of EMT. Furthermore, we identified an upregulation of SIRT1 expression in drug-resistant oesophageal cancer cells. Subsequent inhibition of SIRT1 expression in drug-resistant cells resulted in the suppression of autophagy levels, migration ability, and the EMT process. Our additional investigations revealed that a SIRT1 inhibitor effectively curbed tumor growth in human oesophageal cancer xenograft model mice (TE-1, TE-1/PTX) without evident toxic effects. This mechanism appears to be associated with the autophagy levels within the tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Yalong Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Wenbo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Mingjing He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Yangyang Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Shuhua Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Linlin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Jinzhu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Leilei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Junfeng Huo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Yanting Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China.
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