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Huang W, Yang Y, Li Y, Xu Z, Yang S, Guo S, Xia Q. Inefficient nitrogen transport to the lower mantle by sediment subduction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6998. [PMID: 39143068 PMCID: PMC11324759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The fate of sedimentary nitrogen during subduction is essential for understanding the origin of nitrogen in the deep Earth. Here we study the behavior of nitrogen in slab sediments during the phengite to K-hollandite transition at 10-12 GPa and 800-1100 °C. Phengite stability is extended by 1-3 GPa in the nitrogen (NH4+)-bearing system. The phengite-fluid partition coefficient of nitrogen is 0.031 at 10 GPa, and K-hollandite-fluid partition coefficients of nitrogen range from 0.008 to 0.064, showing a positive dependence on pressure but a negative dependence on temperature. The nitrogen partitioning data suggest that K-hollandite can only preserve ~43% and ~26% of the nitrogen from phengite during the phengite to K-hollandite transition along the cold and warm slab geotherms, respectively. Combined with the slab sedimentary nitrogen influx, we find that a maximum of ~1.5 × 108 kg/y of nitrogen, representing ~20% of the initial sedimentary nitrogen influx, could be transported by K-hollandite to the lower mantle. We conclude that slab sediments may have contributed less than 15% of the lower mantle nitrogen, most of which is probably of primordial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Zheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuiyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qunke Xia
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Li Y. The origin and evolution of Earth's nitrogen. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae201. [PMID: 38966072 PMCID: PMC11223583 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is a vital element for life on Earth. Its cycling between the surface (atmosphere + crust) and the mantle has a profound influence on the atmosphere and climate. However, our understanding of the origin and evolution of Earth's nitrogen is still incomplete. This review presents an overview of the current understanding of Earth's nitrogen budget and the isotope composition of different reservoirs, laboratory constraints on deep nitrogen geochemistry, and our understanding of the origin of Earth's nitrogen and the deep nitrogen cycle through plate subduction and volcanism. The Earth may have acquired its nitrogen heterogeneously during the main accretion phase, initially from reduced, enstatite-chondrite-like impactors, and subsequently from increasingly oxidized impactors and minimal CI-chondrite-like materials. Like Earth's surface, the mantle and core are also significant nitrogen reservoirs. The nitrogen abundance and isotope composition of these three reservoirs may have been fundamentally established during the main accretion phase and have been insignificantly modified afterwards by the deep nitrogen cycle, although there is a net nitrogen ingassing into Earth's mantle in modern subduction zones. However, it is estimated that the early atmosphere of Earth may have contained ∼1.4 times the present-day atmospheric nitrogen (PAN), with ∼0.4 PAN being sequestered into the crust via biotic nitrogen fixation. In order to gain a better understanding of the origin and evolution of Earth's nitrogen, directions for future research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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3
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Zhang M, Xu S, Sano Y. Deep carbon recycling viewed from global plate tectonics. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae089. [PMID: 38933601 PMCID: PMC11203916 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plate tectonics plays an essential role in the redistribution of life-essential volatile elements between Earth's interior and surface, whereby our planet has been well tuned to maintain enduring habitability over much of its history. Here we present an overview of deep carbon recycling in the regime of modern plate tectonics, with a special focus on convergent plate margins for assessing global carbon mass balance. The up-to-date flux compilation implies an approximate balance between deep carbon outflux and subduction carbon influx within uncertainty but remarkably limited return of carbon to convecting mantle. If correct, carbon would gradually accumulate in the lithosphere over time by (i) massive subsurface carbon storage occurring primarily in continental lithosphere from convergent margins to continental interior and (ii) persistent surface carbon sinks to seafloors sustained by high-flux deep CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Further assessment of global carbon mass balance requires updates on fluxes of subduction-driven carbon recycling paths and reduction in uncertainty of deep carbon outflux. From a global plate tectonics point of view, we particularly emphasize that continental reworking is an important mechanism for remobilizing geologically sequestered carbon in continental crust and sub-continental lithospheric mantle. In light of recent advances, future research is suggested to focus on a better understanding of the reservoirs, fluxes, mechanisms, and climatic effects of deep carbon recycling following an integrated methodology of observation, experiment, and numerical modeling, with the aim of decoding the self-regulating Earth system and its habitability from the deep carbon recycling perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoliang Zhang
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuji Sano
- Marine Core Research Institute, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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4
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Bekaert DV, Barry PH, Broadley MW, Byrne DJ, Marty B, Ramírez CJ, de Moor JM, Rodriguez A, Hudak MR, Subhas AV, Halldórsson SA, Stefánsson A, Caracausi A, Lloyd KG, Giovannelli D, Seltzer AM. Ultrahigh-precision noble gas isotope analyses reveal pervasive subsurface fractionation in hydrothermal systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg2566. [PMID: 37058557 PMCID: PMC10104464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mantle-derived noble gases in volcanic gases are powerful tracers of terrestrial volatile evolution, as they contain mixtures of both primordial (from Earth's accretion) and secondary (e.g., radiogenic) isotope signals that characterize the composition of deep Earth. However, volcanic gases emitted through subaerial hydrothermal systems also contain contributions from shallow reservoirs (groundwater, crust, atmosphere). Deconvolving deep and shallow source signals is critical for robust interpretations of mantle-derived signals. Here, we use a novel dynamic mass spectrometry technique to measure argon, krypton, and xenon isotopes in volcanic gas with ultrahigh precision. Data from Iceland, Germany, United States (Yellowstone, Salton Sea), Costa Rica, and Chile show that subsurface isotope fractionation within hydrothermal systems is a globally pervasive and previously unrecognized process causing substantial nonradiogenic Ar-Kr-Xe isotope variations. Quantitatively accounting for this process is vital for accurately interpreting mantle-derived volatile (e.g., noble gas and nitrogen) signals, with profound implications for our understanding of terrestrial volatile evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V. Bekaert
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Peter H. Barry
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Michael W. Broadley
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - David J. Byrne
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Bernard Marty
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Carlos J. Ramírez
- Servicio Geológico Ambiental (SeGeoAm) Heredia, Santo Domingo, Costa Rica
| | - J. Maarten de Moor
- Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Alejandro Rodriguez
- Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Michael R. Hudak
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Adam V. Subhas
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | - Andri Stefánsson
- NordVulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Antonio Caracausi
- Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Karen G. Lloyd
- Microbiology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Donato Giovannelli
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Marine Biological and Biotechnological Resources, National Research Council of Italy, Ancona, Italy
- Department of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Alan M. Seltzer
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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5
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Ugwuanyi IR, Fogel ML, Bowden R, Steele A, De Natale G, Troise C, Somma R, Piochi M, Mormone A, Glamoclija M. Comparative metagenomics at Solfatara and Pisciarelli hydrothermal systems in Italy reveal that ecological differences across substrates are not ubiquitous. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1066406. [PMID: 36819055 PMCID: PMC9930910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1066406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Continental hydrothermal systems (CHSs) are geochemically complex, and they support microbial communities that vary across substrates. However, our understanding of these variations across the complete range of substrates in CHS is limited because many previous studies have focused predominantly on aqueous settings. Methods Here we used metagenomes in the context of their environmental geochemistry to investigate the ecology of different substrates (i.e., water, mud and fumarolic deposits) from Solfatara and Pisciarelli. Results and Discussion Results indicate that both locations are lithologically similar with distinct fluid geochemistry. In particular, all substrates from Solfatara have similar chemistry whereas Pisciarelli substrates have varying chemistry; with water and mud from bubbling pools exhibiting high SO4 2- and NH4 + concentrations. Species alpha diversity was found to be different between locations but not across substrates, and pH was shown to be the most important driver of both diversity and microbial community composition. Based on cluster analysis, microbial community structure differed significantly between Pisciarelli substrates but not between Solfatara substrates. Pisciarelli mud pools, were dominated by (hyper)thermophilic archaea, and on average, bacteria dominated Pisciarelli fumarolic deposits and all investigated Solfatara environments. Carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation were the most important metabolic pathways fueled by volcanic outgassing at both locations. Together, results demonstrate that ecological differences across substrates are not a widespread phenomenon but specific to the system. Therefore, this study demonstrates the importance of analyzing different substrates of a CHS to understand the full range of microbial ecology to avoid biased ecological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma R. Ugwuanyi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States,Ifeoma R. Ugwuanyi, ✉
| | - Marilyn L. Fogel
- EDGE Institute, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Roxane Bowden
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Andrew Steele
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Giuseppe De Natale
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche INO, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Troise
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche INO, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Somma
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche IRISS, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Piochi
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Mormone
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
| | - Mihaela Glamoclija
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Mihaela Glamoclija, ✉
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6
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Analytical expression and its application of Rayleigh fractionation for ternary mixtures. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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7
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Nitrogen isotope evidence for Earth's heterogeneous accretion of volatiles. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4769. [PMID: 35970934 PMCID: PMC9378614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of major volatiles nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur in planets is critical for understanding planetary accretion, differentiation, and habitability. However, the detailed process for the origin of Earth's major volatiles remains unresolved. Nitrogen shows large isotopic fractionations among geochemical and cosmochemical reservoirs, which could be used to place tight constraints on Earth's volatile accretion process. Here we experimentally determine N-partitioning and -isotopic fractionation between planetary cores and silicate mantles. We show that the core/mantle N-isotopic fractionation factors, ranging from -4‰ to +10‰, are strongly controlled by oxygen fugacity, and the core/mantle N-partitioning is a multi-function of oxygen fugacity, temperature, pressure, and compositions of the core and mantle. After applying N-partitioning and -isotopic fractionation in a planetary accretion and core-mantle differentiation model, we find that the N-budget and -isotopic composition of Earth's crust plus atmosphere, silicate mantle, and the mantle source of oceanic island basalts are best explained by Earth's early accretion of enstatite chondrite-like impactors, followed by accretion of increasingly oxidized impactors and minimal CI chondrite-like materials before and during the Moon-forming giant impact. Such a heterogeneous accretion process can also explain the carbon-hydrogen-sulfur budget in the bulk silicate Earth. The Earth may thus have acquired its major volatile inventory heterogeneously during the main accretion phase.
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8
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Swindle TD, Atreya S, Busemann H, Cartwright JA, Mahaffy P, Marty B, Pack A, Schwenzer SP. Scientific Value of Including an Atmospheric Sample as Part of Mars Sample Return (MSR). ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:S165-S175. [PMID: 34904893 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Perseverance rover is meant to collect samples of the martian surface for eventual return to Earth. The headspace gas present over the solid samples within the sample tubes will be of significant scientific interest for what it reveals about the interactions of the solid samples with the trapped atmosphere and for what it will reveal about the martian atmosphere itself. However, establishing the composition of the martian atmosphere will require other dedicated samples. The headspace gas as the sole atmospheric sample is problematic for many reasons. The quantity of gas present within the sample tube volume is insufficient for many investigations, and there will be exchange between solid samples, headspace gas, and tube walls. Importantly, the sample tube materials and preparation were not designed for optimal Mars atmospheric gas collection and storage as they were not sent to Mars in a degassed evacuated state and have been exposed to both Earth's and Mars' atmospheres. Additionally, there is a risk of unconstrained seal leakage in transit back to Earth, which would allow fractionation of the sample (leak-out) and contamination (leak-in). The science return can be improved significantly (and, in some cases, dramatically) by adding one or more of several strategies listed here in increasing order of effectiveness and difficulty of implementation: (1) Having Perseverance collect a gas sample in an empty sample tube, (2) Collecting gas in a newly-designed, valved, sample-tube-sized vessel that is flown on either the Sample Fetch Rover (SFR) or the Sample Retrieval Lander (SRL), (3) Adding a larger (50-100 cc) dedicated gas sampling volume to the Orbiting Sample container (OS), (4) Adding a larger (50-100 cc) dedicated gas sampling volume to the OS that can be filled with compressed martian atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Swindle
- University of Arizona, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Henner Busemann
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Mahaffy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
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9
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Tang C, Tan J, Tang C, Liu D, Zhang P, Peng X. Characterization of Compound-Specific Chlorine Isotopologue Distributions of Polychlorinated Organic Compounds by GC-HRMS for Source Identification. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8774-8782. [PMID: 34128636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Distributions of chlorine isotopologues are potentially a fingerprint feature of organochlorines. However, the exact distributions remain little known. This study measured compound-specific chlorine isotopologue distributions of six polychlorinated organic compounds (POCs) for source identification. Complete chlorine isotopologues of POCs were detected by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The measured relative abundances (Ameas), theoretical relative abundances (Atheo), and relative variations between Ameas and Atheo (ΔA) of chlorine isotopologues were determined. These ΔA values were applied to characterize differences in isotopologue distribution patterns, and the ΔA patterns directly illustrated the distribution characteristics. Perchloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) from two manufacturers were chosen as model analytes to develop and validate the analytical method, including precision, concentration dependency, and temporal drift. The ΔA values of isotopologues of the PCE and TCE chemicals were from -82.5 to 19.9‰ with standard deviations (SDs) of 0.3-16.9‰. In addition, the ΔA values of the first three isotopologues (with 0-2 37Cl atoms) were from -15.5 to 19.9‰ with SDs of 0.3-1.6‰, showing sufficient precisions. No concentration dependency and temporal drift of ΔA were observed. The method has been successfully applied to source identification for PCE and TCE in commercial chemicals and plastic materials, and four polychlorinated biphenyls in chemicals and sediments, demonstrating that the ΔA values and ΔA patterns were discernable for POCs from different sources. This study demonstrates that compound-specific chlorine isotopologue distributions of POCs are differentiable and measurable, proposing a novel approach to perform fingerprinting analysis for the distributions, which is anticipated to facilitate source identification for organochlorine pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 510110, China
| | - Caixing Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Lingnan Hospital, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Deyun Liu
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 510110, China
| | - Peilin Zhang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 510110, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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10
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Hwang H, Kim T, Cynn H, Vogt T, Husband RJ, Appel K, Baehtz C, Ball OB, Baron MA, Briggs R, Bykov M, Bykova E, Cerantola V, Chantel J, Coleman AL, Dattlebaum D, Dresselhaus-Marais LE, Eggert JH, Ehm L, Evans WJ, Fiquet G, Frost M, Glazyrin K, Goncharov AF, Jenei Z, Kim J, Konôpková Z, Mainberger J, Makita M, Marquardt H, McBride EE, McHardy JD, Merkel S, Morard G, O'Bannon EF, Otzen C, Pace EJ, Pelka A, Pépin CM, Pigott JS, Prakapenka VB, Prescher C, Redmer R, Speziale S, Spiekermann G, Strohm C, Sturtevant BT, Velisavljevic N, Wilke M, Yoo CS, Zastrau U, Liermann HP, McMahon MI, McWilliams RS, Lee Y. X-ray Free Electron Laser-Induced Synthesis of ε-Iron Nitride at High Pressures. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3246-3252. [PMID: 33764078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast synthesis of ε-Fe3N1+x in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC) from Fe and N2 under pressure was observed using serial exposures of an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL). When the sample at 5 GPa was irradiated by a pulse train separated by 443 ns, the estimated sample temperature at the delay time was above 1400 K, confirmed by in situ transformation of α- to γ-iron. Ultimately, the Fe and N2 reacted uniformly throughout the beam path to form Fe3N1.33, as deduced from its established equation of state (EOS). We thus demonstrate that the activation energy provided by intense X-ray exposures in an XFEL can be coupled with the source time structure to enable exploration of the time-dependence of reactions under high-pressure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijeong Hwang
- Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchae Cynn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Nano Center and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Rachel J Husband
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Karen Appel
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Carsten Baehtz
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraβe 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Orianna B Ball
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Marzena A Baron
- Inst. Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne University, UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Richard Briggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Maxim Bykov
- Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | - Elena Bykova
- Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | | | - Julien Chantel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amy L Coleman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Dana Dattlebaum
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Lars Ehm
- Mineral Physics Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Guillaume Fiquet
- Inst. Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne University, UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Mungo Frost
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Konstantin Glazyrin
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Alexander F Goncharov
- Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | - Zsolt Jenei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jaeyong Kim
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Natural Science, HYU-HPSTAR-CIS High Pressure Research Center, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Ku, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jona Mainberger
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Mikako Makita
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Hauke Marquardt
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3AN Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - James D McHardy
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Sébastien Merkel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Morard
- Inst. Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne University, UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Earl F O'Bannon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Christoph Otzen
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Edward J Pace
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Alexander Pelka
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraβe 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Charles M Pépin
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Matière en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - Jeffrey S Pigott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Clemens Prescher
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Ronald Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergio Speziale
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Georg Spiekermann
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cornelius Strohm
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Blake T Sturtevant
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nenad Velisavljevic
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Max Wilke
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Choong-Shik Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Shock Physics, and Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ulf Zastrau
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Hanns-Peter Liermann
- Photon Sciences, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Malcolm I McMahon
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - R Stewart McWilliams
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Yongjae Lee
- Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Identification of chondritic krypton and xenon in Yellowstone gases and the timing of terrestrial volatile accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13997-14004. [PMID: 32513744 PMCID: PMC7322010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003907117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile elements play a critical role in the evolution of Earth. Nevertheless, the mechanism(s) by which Earth acquired, and was able to preserve its volatile budget throughout its violent accretionary history, remains uncertain. In this study, we analyzed noble gas isotopes in volcanic gases from the Yellowstone mantle plume, thought to sample the deep primordial mantle, to determine the origin of volatiles on Earth. We find that Kr and Xe isotopes within the deep mantle have a similar chondritic origin to those found previously in the upper mantle. This suggests that the Earth has retained chondritic volatiles throughout the accretion and, therefore, terrestrial volatiles cannot not solely be the result of late additions following the Moon-forming impact. Identifying the origin of noble gases in Earth’s mantle can provide crucial constraints on the source and timing of volatile (C, N, H2O, noble gases, etc.) delivery to Earth. It remains unclear whether the early Earth was able to directly capture and retain volatiles throughout accretion or whether it accreted anhydrously and subsequently acquired volatiles through later additions of chondritic material. Here, we report high-precision noble gas isotopic data from volcanic gases emanating from, in and around, the Yellowstone caldera (Wyoming, United States). We show that the He and Ne isotopic and elemental signatures of the Yellowstone gas requires an input from an undegassed mantle plume. Coupled with the distinct ratio of 129Xe to primordial Xe isotopes in Yellowstone compared with mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) samples, this confirms that the deep plume and shallow MORB mantles have remained distinct from one another for the majority of Earth’s history. Krypton and xenon isotopes in the Yellowstone mantle plume are found to be chondritic in origin, similar to the MORB source mantle. This is in contrast with the origin of neon in the mantle, which exhibits an isotopic dichotomy between solar plume and chondritic MORB mantle sources. The co-occurrence of solar and chondritic noble gases in the deep mantle is thought to reflect the heterogeneous nature of Earth’s volatile accretion during the lifetime of the protosolar nebula. It notably implies that the Earth was able to retain its chondritic volatiles since its earliest stages of accretion, and not only through late additions.
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Nitrogen variations in the mantle might have survived since Earth’s formation. Nature 2020; 580:324-325. [DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-01020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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