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Li XM, Chen X, Zhao DG. Overexpression of the Eucommia ulmoides chitinase EuCHIT73.88 gene improves tobacco disease resistance. Gene 2024; 927:148619. [PMID: 38821325 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Black shank disease is the main disease affecting tobacco crops worldwide, and the main impacted by the disease are the stem base and root. At present, transgenic technology is an effective method to improve plant disease resistance through transgenic technology. In this study, the EuCHIT73.88 gene was cloned from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides) by using RT-PCR. The full length of the gene was 897 bp, encoding 298 amino acid residues. An overexpression vector of from the EuCHIT73.88 gene driven by the 35S promoter was constructed and transferred into tobacco plants via transgenic technology. After inoculation with the black shank pathogen, the number of visible lesions on the stems and leaves of the transgenic tobacco variety EuCHIT73.88 was significantly shorter than that on the stems and leaves of the of wild type (WT) and empty vector (EV) plants, and the lesion area was significantly smaller than on the stems and leaves of the WT and EV plants. With increasing inoculation time, introduction of the WT and EV vectors was obviously lethal, whereas transgenic tobacco only exhibited wilted characteristics, and the stems were black, which indicated that the EuCHIT73.88 gene could improve the resistance of tobacco to black shank disease. Furthermore, the activity of protective enzymes and the gene expression of resistance-related proteins were measured. The results showed that compared with those of the WT and EV plants, the CAT and POD activities of the TP tobacco plants were greater, peaking at 72 h at concentrations of 446.87 U/g and 4562.24 U/g, which were 1.63 and 1.61 times greater than those of the WT and EV plants, respectively. This indicated that CAT and POD may be involved in the process of disease resistance of in the transgenic plants. The MDA content of the transgenic tobacco plants was significantly lower than that of the WT and EV plants with increasing EuCHIT73.88 expression, thus indicating that the overexpression of the transgenic EuCHIT73.88 gene could alleviate the levels of lipid peroxidation and reduce the damage to plant cell membranes. The expression of disease-related protein genes (PR2, PR5, PR1a, PDF1.2 and MLP423) was significantly greater in the EuCHIT73.88 ransgenic tobacco than in the WT and EV-transgenic tobacco. and these findings consistently showed that EuCHIT73.88 could improve the resistance to black shank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - De-Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guiyang 550025, China; Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China.
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2
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Jeon HW, Iwakawa H, Naramoto S, Herrfurth C, Gutsche N, Schlüter T, Kyozuka J, Miyauchi S, Feussner I, Zachgo S, Nakagami H. Contrasting and conserved roles of NPR pathways in diverged land plant lineages. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39056290 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The NPR proteins function as salicylic acid (SA) receptors in Arabidopsis thaliana. AtNPR1 plays a central role in SA-induced transcriptional reprogramming whereby positively regulates SA-mediated defense. NPRs are found in the genomes of nearly all land plants. However, we know little about the molecular functions and physiological roles of NPRs in most plant species. We conducted phylogenetic and alignment analyses of NPRs from 68 species covering the significant lineages of land plants. To investigate NPR functions in bryophyte lineages, we generated and characterized NPR loss-of-function mutants in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Brassicaceae NPR1-like proteins have characteristically gained or lost functional residues identified in AtNPRs, pointing to the possibility of a unique evolutionary trajectory for the Brassicaceae NPR1-like proteins. We find that the only NPR in M. polymorpha, MpNPR, is not the master regulator of SA-induced transcriptional reprogramming and negatively regulates bacterial resistance in this species. The Mpnpr transcriptome suggested roles of MpNPR in heat and far-red light responses. We identify both Mpnpr and Atnpr1-1 display enhanced thermomorphogenesis. Interspecies complementation analysis indicated that the molecular properties of AtNPR1 and MpNPR are partially conserved. We further show that MpNPR has SA-binding activity. NPRs and NPR-associated pathways have evolved distinctively in diverged land plant lineages to cope with different terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hidekazu Iwakawa
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nora Gutsche
- Division of Botany, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Titus Schlüter
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyauchi
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Division of Botany, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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3
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Zhang Y, Yang Z, Yang Y, Han A, Rehneke L, Ding L, Wei Y, Liu Z, Meng Y, Schäfer P, Shan W. A symbiont fungal effector relocalizes a plastidic oxidoreductase to nuclei to induce resistance to pathogens and salt stress. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2957-2971.e8. [PMID: 38917798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The root endophytic fungus Serendipita indica establishes beneficial symbioses with a broad spectrum of plants and enhances host resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying S. indica-mediated plant protection. Here, we report S. indica effector (SIE) 141 and its host target CDSP32, a conserved thioredoxin-like protein, and underlying mechanisms for enhancing pathogen resistance and abiotic salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. SIE141 binding interfered with canonical targeting of CDSP32 to chloroplasts, leading to its re-location into the plant nucleus. This nuclear translocation is essential for both their interaction and resistance function. Furthermore, SIE141 enhanced oxidoreductase activity of CDSP32, leading to CDSP32-mediated monomerization and activation of NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (NPR1), a key regulator of systemic resistance. Our findings provide functional insights on how S. indica transfers well-known beneficial effects to host plants and indicate CDSP32 as a genetic resource to improve plant resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ziran Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Aiping Han
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Laura Rehneke
- Institute of Phytopathology, Land Use and Nutrition, Research Centre for BioSystems, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yushu Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zeming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Land Use and Nutrition, Research Centre for BioSystems, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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4
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Li S, He L, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Han X, Hu Y, Jiang Y. INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1 promotes cold-enhanced immunity by directly activating salicylic acid signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2587-2606. [PMID: 38536743 PMCID: PMC11218786 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Cold stress affects plant immune responses, and this process may involve the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism by which low-temperature signals coordinate with SA signaling to regulate plant immunity remains unclear. Here, we found that low temperatures enhanced the disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. This process required INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1 (ICE1), the core transcription factor in cold-signal cascades. ICE1 physically interacted with NONEXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1), the master regulator of the SA signaling pathway. Enrichment of ICE1 on the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE 1 (PR1) promoter and its ability to transcriptionally activate PR1 were enhanced by NPR1. Further analyses revealed that cold stress signals cooperate with SA signals to facilitate plant immunity against pathogen attack in an ICE1-dependent manner. Cold treatment promoted interactions of NPR1 and TGACG-BINDING FACTOR 3 (TGA3) with ICE1 and increased the ability of the ICE1-TGA3 complex to transcriptionally activate PR1. Together, our results characterize a critical role of ICE1 as an indispensable regulatory node linking low-temperature-activated and SA-regulated immunity. Understanding this crucial role of ICE1 in coordinating multiple signals associated with immunity broadens our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yongping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiao Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yanru Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yanjuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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5
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Lin J, Bjørk PK, Kolte MV, Poulsen E, Dedic E, Drace T, Andersen SU, Nadzieja M, Liu H, Castillo-Michel H, Escudero V, González-Guerrero M, Boesen T, Pedersen JS, Stougaard J, Andersen KR, Reid D. Zinc mediates control of nitrogen fixation via transcription factor filamentation. Nature 2024; 631:164-169. [PMID: 38926580 PMCID: PMC11222152 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Plants adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions by adjusting their metabolism and gene expression to maintain fitness1. In legumes, nitrogen homeostasis is maintained by balancing nitrogen acquired from soil resources with nitrogen fixation by symbiotic bacteria in root nodules2-8. Here we show that zinc, an essential plant micronutrient, acts as an intracellular second messenger that connects environmental changes to transcription factor control of metabolic activity in root nodules. We identify a transcriptional regulator, FIXATION UNDER NITRATE (FUN), which acts as a sensor, with zinc controlling the transition between an inactive filamentous megastructure and an active transcriptional regulator. Lower zinc concentrations in the nodule, which we show occur in response to higher levels of soil nitrate, dissociates the filament and activates FUN. FUN then directly targets multiple pathways to initiate breakdown of the nodule. The zinc-dependent filamentation mechanism thus establishes a concentration readout to adapt nodule function to the environmental nitrogen conditions. In a wider perspective, these results have implications for understanding the roles of metal ions in integration of environmental signals with plant development and optimizing delivery of fixed nitrogen in legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshun Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Peter K Bjørk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie V Kolte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Poulsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Dedic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Taner Drace
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stig U Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Manuel González-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Boesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Dugald Reid
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food (LISAF), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture Bioscience and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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6
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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Shi CM, Xu G, Zuo S, Shi Y, Cao W, Kang H, Liu W, Wang R, Ning Y, Wang GL, Wang X. OsEIL2 balances rice immune responses against (hemi)biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens via the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid synergism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:362-380. [PMID: 38730437 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Plants typically activate distinct defense pathways against various pathogens. Heightened resistance to one pathogen often coincides with increased susceptibility to another pathogen. However, the underlying molecular basis of this antagonistic response remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that mutants defective in the transcription factor ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 2 (OsEIL2) exhibited enhanced resistance to the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae and to the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, but enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Furthermore, necrotroph-induced OsEIL2 binds to the promoter of OsWRKY67 with high affinity, leading to the upregulation of salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA) pathway genes and increased SA/JA levels, ultimately resulting in enhanced resistance. However, biotroph- and hemibiotroph-induced OsEIL2 targets OsERF083, resulting in the inhibition of SA/JA pathway genes and decreased SA/JA levels, ultimately leading to reduced resistance. Our findings unveil a previously uncharacterized defense mechanism wherein two distinct transcriptional regulatory modules differentially mediate immunity against pathogens with different lifestyles through the transcriptional reprogramming of phytohormone pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cheng-Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanlong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenlei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Houxiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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7
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Li ZY, Ma N, Sun P, Zhang FJ, Li L, Li H, Zhang S, Wang XF, You CX, Zhang Z. Fungal invasion-induced accumulation of salicylic acid promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1-MdTGA2.2 module in apple fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38923625 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In the field, necrosis area induced by pathogens is usually surrounded by a red circle in apple fruits. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that accumulated salicylic acid (SA) induced by fungal infection promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1-MdTGA2.2 module in apple (Malus domestica). Inoculating apple fruits with Valsa mali or Botryosphaeria dothidea induced a red circle surrounding the necrosis area, which mimicked the phenotype observed in the field. The red circle accumulated a high level of anthocyanins, which was positively correlated with SA accumulation stimulated by fungal invasion. Further analysis showed that SA promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner in both apple calli and fruits. We next demonstrated that MdNPR1, a master regulator of SA signaling, positively regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in both apple and Arabidopsis. Moreover, MdNPR1 functioned as a co-activator to interact with and enhance the transactivation activity of MdTGA2.2, which could directly bind to the promoters of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes to promote their transcription. Suppressing expression of either MdNPR1 or MdTGA2.2 inhibited coloration of apple fruits, while overexpressing either of them significantly promoted fruit coloration. Finally, we revealed that silencing either MdNPR1 or MdTGA2.2 in apple fruits repressed SA-induced fruit coloration. Therefore, our data determined that fungal-induced SA promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1-MdTGA2.2 module, resulting in a red circle surrounding the necrosis area in apple fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Lianzhen Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Haojian Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhenlu Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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8
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Tanaka T, Fujita M, Kusajima M, Narita F, Asami T, Maruyama-Nakashita A, Nakajima M, Nakashita H. Priming of Immune System in Tomato by Treatment with Low Concentration of L-Methionine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6315. [PMID: 38928022 PMCID: PMC11204331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Various metabolites, including phytohormones, phytoalexins, and amino acids, take part in the plant immune system. Herein, we analyzed the effects of L-methionine (Met), a sulfur-containing amino acid, on the plant immune system in tomato. Treatment with low concentrations of Met enhanced the resistance of tomato to a broad range of diseases caused by the hemi-biotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Bc), although it did not induce the production of any antimicrobial substances against these pathogens in tomato leaf tissues. Analyses of gene expression and phytohormone accumulation indicated that Met treatment alone did not activate the defense signals mediated by salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. However, the salicylic acid-responsive defense gene and the jasmonic acid-responsive gene were induced more rapidly in Met-treated plants after infection with Pst and Bc, respectively. These findings suggest that low concentrations of Met have a priming effect on the phytohormone-mediated immune system in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan; (T.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Moeka Fujita
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan; (T.T.); (M.F.)
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
| | - Miyuki Kusajima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan; (M.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Futo Narita
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan; (T.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan; (M.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
| | - Masami Nakajima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan;
| | - Hideo Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan; (T.T.); (M.F.)
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9
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Wang M, Cheng J, Wu J, Chen J, Liu D, Wang C, Ma S, Guo W, Li G, Di D, Zhang Y, Han D, Kronzucker HJ, Xia G, Shi W. Variation in TaSPL6-D confers salinity tolerance in bread wheat by activating TaHKT1;5-D while preserving yield-related traits. Nat Genet 2024; 56:1257-1269. [PMID: 38802564 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Na+ exclusion from above-ground tissues via the Na+-selective transporter HKT1;5 is a major salt-tolerance mechanism in crops. Using the expression genome-wide association study and yeast-one-hybrid screening, we identified TaSPL6-D, a transcriptional suppressor of TaHKT1;5-D in bread wheat. SPL6 also targeted HKT1;5 in rice and Brachypodium. A 47-bp insertion in the first exon of TaSPL6-D resulted in a truncated peptide, TaSPL6-DIn, disrupting TaHKT1;5-D repression exhibited by TaSPL6-DDel. Overexpressing TaSPL6-DDel, but not TaSPL6-DIn, led to inhibited TaHKT1;5-D expression and increased salt sensitivity. Knockout of TaSPL6-DDel in two wheat genotypes enhanced salinity tolerance, which was attenuated by a further TaHKT1;5-D knockdown. Spike development was preserved in Taspl6-dd mutants but not in Taspl6-aabbdd mutants. TaSPL6-DIn was mainly present in landraces, and molecular-assisted introduction of TaSPL6-DIn from a landrace into a leading wheat cultivar successfully improved yield on saline soils. The SPL6-HKT1;5 module offers a target for the molecular breeding of salt-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Jiefei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Shengwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Salt-Tolerant Crops, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Guangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Salt-Tolerant Crops, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Dejun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guangmin Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, P. R. China
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10
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Zhang D, Zhu Z, Yang B, Li X, Zhang H, Zhu H. CsWRKY11 cooperates with CsNPR1 to regulate SA-triggered leaf de-greening and reactive oxygen species burst in cucumber. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:21. [PMID: 38773570 PMCID: PMC11110285 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a multi-functional phytohormone, regulating diverse processes of plant growth and development, especially triggering plant immune responses and initiating leaf senescence. However, the early SA signaling events remain elusive in most plant species apart from Arabidopsis, and even less is known about the multi-facet mechanism underlying SA-regulated processes. Here, we report the identification of a novel regulatory module in cucumber, CsNPR1-CsWRKY11, which mediates the regulation of SA-promoted leaf senescence and ROS burst. Our analyses demonstrate that under SA treatment, CsNPR1 recruits CsWRKY11 to bind to the promoter of CsWRKY11 to activate its expression, thus amplifying the primary SA signal. Then, CsWRKY11 cooperates with CsNPR1 to directly regulate the expression of both chlorophyll degradation and ROS biosynthesis related genes, thereby inducing leaf de-greening and ROS burst. Our study provides a solid line of evidence that CsNPR1 and CsWRKY11 constitute a key module in SA signaling pathway in cucumber, and gains an insight into the interconnected regulation of SA-triggered processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ziwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Hongfang Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China.
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11
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Yu S, Li S, Wang W, Tang D. OsCAMTA3 Negatively Regulates Disease Resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae by Associating with OsCAMTAPL in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5049. [PMID: 38732268 PMCID: PMC11084498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important staple foods worldwide. However, rice blast disease, caused by the ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, seriously affects the yield and quality of rice. Calmodulin-binding transcriptional activators (CAMTAs) play vital roles in the response to biotic stresses. In this study, we showed that OsCAMTA3 and CAMTA PROTEIN LIKE (OsCAMTAPL), an OsCAMTA3 homolog that lacks the DNA-binding domain, functioned together in negatively regulating disease resistance in rice. OsCAMTA3 associated with OsCAMTAPL. The oscamta3 and oscamtapl mutants showed enhanced resistance compared to wild-type plants, and oscamta3/pl double mutants showed more robust resistance to M. oryzae than oscamta3 or oscamtapl. An RNA-Seq analysis revealed that 59 and 73 genes, respectively, were differentially expressed in wild-type plants and oscamta3 before and after inoculation with M. oryzae, including OsALDH2B1, an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase that negatively regulates plant immunity. OsCAMTA3 could directly bind to the promoter of OsALDH2B1, and OsALDH2B1 expression was decreased in oscamta3, oscamtapl, and oscamta3/pl mutants. In conclusion, OsCAMTA3 associates with OsCAMTAPL to regulate disease resistance by binding and activating the expression of OsALDH2B1 in rice, which reveals a strategy by which rice controls rice blast disease and provides important genes for resistance breeding holding a certain positive impact on ensuring food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.Y.); (S.L.)
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12
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Wang W, Liang L, Dai Z, Zuo P, Yu S, Lu Y, Ding D, Chen H, Shan H, Jin Y, Mao Y, Yin Y. A conserved N-terminal motif of CUL3 contributes to assembly and E3 ligase activity of CRL3 KLHL22. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3789. [PMID: 38710693 PMCID: PMC11074293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The CUL3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRL3s) play an essential role in response to extracellular nutrition and stress stimuli. The ubiquitin ligase function of CRL3s is activated through dimerization. However, how and why such a dimeric assembly is required for its ligase activity remains elusive. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of the dimeric CRL3KLHL22 complex and reveal a conserved N-terminal motif in CUL3 that contributes to the dimerization assembly and the E3 ligase activity of CRL3KLHL22. We show that deletion of the CUL3 N-terminal motif impairs dimeric assembly and the E3 ligase activity of both CRL3KLHL22 and several other CRL3s. In addition, we found that the dynamics of dimeric assembly of CRL3KLHL22 generates a variable ubiquitination zone, potentially facilitating substrate recognition and ubiquitination. These findings demonstrate that a CUL3 N-terminal motif participates in the assembly process and provide insights into the assembly and activation of CRL3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weize Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Liang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Zonglin Dai
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zuo
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Shang Yu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yishuo Lu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Dian Ding
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyi Chen
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Shan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Youdong Mao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Center for Quantitative Biology, National Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
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13
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Sarmah P, Das B, Verma JS, Banik D. The functional and structural characterisation of the bZIP transcription factors from Myristica fragrans Houtt. associated to plant disease-resistant defence: An insight from transcriptomics and computational modelling. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131817. [PMID: 38670182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The bZIP transcription factors play crucial roles in various aspects of plant biology, including development, defence mechanisms, senescence, and responses to both biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. Myristica fragrans Houtt. transcriptome analysis has identified 15 bZIP transcription factors, each exhibiting major conserved domains and motifs such as BRLZ, MFMR, and DOG1. Functional characterisation of these identified MfbZIP factors indicates their predominant localisation within the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that MfbZIP factors cluster into three subgroups alongside annotated bZIP sequences from Magnolia sinica and Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, gene ontology (GO) analysis highlights several key functions of MfbZIP, including involvement in defence responses, abscisic acid-induced signalling pathways, and DNA-binding transcription factor activity. Further investigation through KEGG pathway analysis reveals that the amino acid sequences of MfbZIP contain binding motifs for proteins such as TGA, implicated in plant hormone signal transduction pathways associated with disease resistance. To confirm the disease-defence-related activity of the TGA binding protein within MfbZIP, we employed amino acid sequences for 3-D ab initio modelling. Subsequently, we analysed TGA-NPR1 interactions using docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis. These analyses shed light on the functional and structural aspects of TGA, demonstrating its stable association with NPR1 protein and its significance in the expression of PR1 protein, thus playing a pivotal role in defence responses against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Sarmah
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bikas Das
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jitendra Singh Verma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Engineering Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785 006, Assam, India.
| | - Dipanwita Banik
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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14
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Spoel SH, Dong X. Salicylic acid in plant immunity and beyond. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1451-1464. [PMID: 38163634 PMCID: PMC11062473 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As the most widely used herbal medicine in human history and a major defence hormone in plants against a broad spectrum of pathogens and abiotic stresses, salicylic acid (SA) has attracted major research interest. With applications of modern technologies over the past 30 years, studies of the effects of SA on plant growth, development, and defence have revealed many new research frontiers and continue to deliver surprises. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in our understanding of SA metabolism, perception, and signal transduction mechanisms in plant immunity. An overarching theme emerges that SA executes its many functions through intricate regulation at multiple steps: SA biosynthesis is regulated both locally and systemically, while its perception occurs through multiple cellular targets, including metabolic enzymes, redox regulators, transcription cofactors, and, most recently, an RNA-binding protein. Moreover, SA orchestrates a complex series of post-translational modifications of downstream signaling components and promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates that function as cellular signalling hubs. SA also impacts wider cellular functions through crosstalk with other plant hormones. Looking into the future, we propose new areas for exploration of SA functions, which will undoubtedly uncover more surprises for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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15
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Roychowdhury R, Mishra S, Anand G, Dalal D, Gupta R, Kumar A, Gupta R. Decoding the molecular mechanism underlying salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant immunity: an integrated overview from its biosynthesis to the mode of action. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14399. [PMID: 38894599 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone, well-known for its regulatory role in shaping plant immune responses. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying SA biosynthesis, perception, and downstream signalling cascades. Through the concerted efforts employing genetic, biochemical, and omics approaches, our understanding of SA-mediated defence responses has undergone remarkable expansion. In general, following SA biosynthesis through Avr effectors of the pathogens, newly synthesized SA undergoes various biochemical changes to achieve its active/inactive forms (e.g. methyl salicylate). The activated SA subsequently triggers signalling pathways associated with the perception of pathogen-derived signals, expression of defence genes, and induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to tailor the intricate regulatory networks that coordinate plant immune responses. Nonetheless, the mechanistic understanding of SA-mediated plant immune regulation is currently limited because of its crosstalk with other signalling networks, which makes understanding this hormone signalling more challenging. This comprehensive review aims to provide an integrated overview of SA-mediated plant immunity, deriving current knowledge from diverse research outcomes. Through the integration of case studies, experimental evidence, and emerging trends, this review offers insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing SA-mediated immunity and signalling. Additionally, this review discusses the potential applications of SA-mediated defence strategies in crop improvement, disease management, and sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Roychowdhury
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Sapna Mishra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Debalika Dalal
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati Central University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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van Butselaar T, Silva S, Lapin D, Bañales I, Tonn S, van Schie C, Van den Ackerveken G. The Role of Salicylic Acid in the Expression of RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 23 and Other Immunity-Related Genes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1097-1105. [PMID: 38684315 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0413-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role in plant immunity by activating responses that arrest pathogen ingress. SA accumulation also penalizes growth, a phenomenon visible in mutants that hyperaccumulate SA, resulting in strong growth inhibition. An important question, therefore, is why healthy plants produce basal levels of this hormone when defense responses are not activated. Here, we show that basal SA levels in unchallenged plants are needed for the expression of a number of immunity-related genes and receptors, such as RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 23 (RLP23). This was shown by depleting basal SA levels in transgenic Arabidopsis lines through the overexpression of the SA-inactivating hydroxylases DOWNY MILDEW-RESISTANT 6 (DMR6) or DMR6-LIKE OXYGENASE 1. RNAseq analysis revealed that the expression of a subset of immune receptor and signaling genes is strongly reduced in the absence of SA. The biological relevance of this was shown for RLP23: In SA-depleted and SA-insensitive plants, responses to the RLP23 ligand, the microbial pattern nlp24, were strongly reduced, whereas responses to flg22 remained unchanged. We hypothesize that low basal SA levels are needed for the expression of a subset of immune system components that enable early pathogen detection and activation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen van Butselaar
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Savani Silva
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Iñigo Bañales
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Tonn
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Translational Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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17
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Jones JDG, Staskawicz BJ, Dangl JL. The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment. Cell 2024; 187:2095-2116. [PMID: 38670067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. Plant breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance to specific pathogen isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for disease resistance underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence and focus on model plants for genetics and genomics research, has provided rich resources for molecular biological exploration over the last 50 years. These studies led to the identification of extracellular and intracellular receptors that convert recognition of extracellular microbe-encoded molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. These receptor systems, and downstream responses, define plant immune systems that have evolved since the migration of plants to land ∼500 million years ago. Our current understanding of plant immune systems provides the platform for development of rational resistance enhancement to control the many diseases that continue to plague crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D G Jones
- Sainsbury Lab, University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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18
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Yun SH, Khan IU, Noh B, Noh YS. Genomic overview of INA-induced NPR1 targeting and transcriptional cascades in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:3572-3588. [PMID: 38261978 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) triggers transcriptional reprogramming that leads to SA-induced immunity in plants. NPR1 is an SA receptor and master transcriptional regulator in SA-triggered transcriptional reprogramming. Despite the indispensable role of NPR1, genome-wide direct targets of NPR1 specific to SA signaling have not been identified. Here, we report INA (functional SA analog)-specific genome-wide targets of Arabidopsis NPR1 in plants expressing GFP-fused NPR1 under its native promoter. Analyses of NPR1-dependently expressed direct NPR1 targets revealed that NPR1 primarily activates genes encoding transcription factors upon INA treatment, triggering transcriptional cascades required for INA-induced transcriptional reprogramming and immunity. We identified genome-wide targets of a histone acetyltransferase, HAC1, including hundreds of co-targets shared with NPR1, and showed that NPR1 and HAC1 regulate INA-induced histone acetylation and expression of a subset of the co-targets. Genomic NPR1 targeting was principally mediated by TGACG-motif binding protein (TGA) transcription factors. Furthermore, a group of NPR1 targets mostly encoding transcriptional regulators was already bound to NPR1 in the basal state and showed more rapid and robust induction than other NPR1 targets upon SA signaling. Thus, our study unveils genome-wide NPR1 targeting, its role in transcriptional reprogramming, and the cooperativity between NPR1, HAC1, and TGAs in INA-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hun Yun
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Irfan Ullah Khan
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bosl Noh
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoo-Sun Noh
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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19
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Li L, Chen J, Sun Z. Exploring the shared pathogenic strategies of independently evolved effectors across distinct plant viruses. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00058-1. [PMID: 38521726 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Plants have developed very diverse strategies to defend themselves against viral pathogens, among which plant hormones play pivotal roles. In response, some viruses have also deployed multifunctional viral effectors that effectively hijack key component hubs to counter or evade plant immune surveillance. Although significant progress has been made toward understanding counter-defense strategies that manipulate plant hormone regulatory molecules, these efforts have often been limited to an individual virus or specific host target/pathway. This review provides new insights into broad-spectrum antiviral responses in rice triggered by key components of phytohormone signaling, and highlights the common features of counter-defense strategies employed by distinct rice-infecting RNA viruses. These strategies involve the secretion of multifunctional virulence effectors that target the sophisticated phytohormone system, dampening immune responses by engaging with the same host targets. Additionally, the review provides an in-depth exploration of various viral effectors, emphasizing tertiary structure-based research and shared host targets. Understanding these conserved characteristics in detail may pave the way for molecular drug design, opening new opportunities to enhance broad-spectrum antiviral trials through precise engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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20
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Huang Q, Zhou Y, Liu HF, Bartesaghi A. Joint micrograph denoising and protein localization in cryo-electron microscopy. BIOLOGICAL IMAGING 2024; 4:e4. [PMID: 38571546 PMCID: PMC10988173 DOI: 10.1017/s2633903x24000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is an imaging technique that allows the visualization of proteins and macromolecular complexes at near-atomic resolution. The low electron doses used to prevent radiation damage to the biological samples result in images where the power of noise is 100 times stronger than that of the signal. Accurate identification of proteins from these low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) images is a critical task, as the detected positions serve as inputs for the downstream 3D structure determination process. Current methods either fail to identify all true positives or result in many false positives, especially when analyzing images from smaller-sized proteins that exhibit extremely low contrast, or require manual labeling that can take days to complete. Acknowledging the fact that accurate protein identification is dependent upon the visual interpretability of micrographs, we propose a framework that can perform denoising and detection in a joint manner and enable particle localization under extremely low SNR conditions using self-supervised denoising and particle identification from sparsely annotated data. We validate our approach on three challenging single-particle cryo-EM datasets and projection images from one cryo-electron tomography dataset with extremely low SNR, showing that it outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods used for cryo-EM image analysis by a significant margin. We also evaluate the performance of our algorithm under decreasing SNR conditions and show that our method is more robust to noise than competing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Huang
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham27708, NC, USA
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham27708, NC, USA
| | - Hsuan-Fu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham27705, NC, USA
| | - Alberto Bartesaghi
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham27708, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham27705, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham27708, NC, USA
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21
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Zhao S, Li M, Ren X, Wang C, Sun X, Sun M, Yu X, Wang X. Enhancement of broad-spectrum disease resistance in wheat through key genes involved in systemic acquired resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1355178. [PMID: 38463563 PMCID: PMC10921362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1355178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible disease resistance phenomenon in plant species, providing plants with broad-spectrum resistance to secondary pathogen infections beyond the initial infection site. In Arabidopsis, SAR can be triggered by direct pathogen infection or treatment with the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), as well as its analogues 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH). The SA receptor non-expressor of pathogenesis-related protein gene 1 (NPR1) protein serves as a key regulator in controlling SAR signaling transduction. Similarly, in common wheat (Triticum aestivum), pathogen infection or treatment with the SA analogue BTH can induce broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew, leaf rust, Fusarium head blight, and other diseases. However, unlike SAR in the model plant Arabidopsis or rice, SAR-like responses in wheat exhibit unique features and regulatory pathways. The acquired resistance (AR) induced by the model pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 is regulated by NPR1, but its effects are limited to the adjacent region of the same leaf and not systemic. On the other hand, the systemic immunity (SI) triggered by Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis (Xtc) or Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica (Psj) is not controlled by NPR1 or SA, but rather closely associated with jasmonate (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and several transcription factors. Furthermore, the BTH-induced resistance (BIR) partially depends on NPR1 activation, leading to a broader and stronger plant defense response. This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress on SAR in wheat, emphasizes the key regulatory role of NPR1 in wheat SAR, and summarizes the potential of pathogenesis-related protein (PR) genes in genetically modifying wheat to enhance broad-spectrum disease resistance. This review lays an important foundation for further analyzing the molecular mechanism of SAR and genetically improving broad-spectrum disease resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Chuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xinbo Sun
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Manli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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23
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Gutsche N, Koczula J, Trupp M, Holtmannspötter M, Appelfeller M, Rupp O, Busch A, Zachgo S. MpTGA, together with MpNPR, regulates sexual reproduction and independently affects oil body formation in Marchantia polymorpha. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1559-1573. [PMID: 38095258 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
In angiosperms, basic leucine-zipper (bZIP) TGACG-motif-binding (TGA) transcription factors (TFs) regulate developmental and stress-related processes, the latter often involving NON EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES (NPR) coregulator interactions. To gain insight into their functions in an early diverging land-plant lineage, the single MpTGA and sole MpNPR genes were investigated in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. We generated Marchantia MpTGA and MpNPR knockout and overexpression mutants and conducted morphological, transcriptomic and expression studies. Furthermore, we investigated MpTGA interactions with wild-type and mutagenized MpNPR and expanded our analyses including TGA TFs from two streptophyte algae. Mptga mutants fail to induce the switch from vegetative to reproductive development and lack gametangiophore formation. MpTGA and MpNPR proteins interact and Mpnpr mutant analysis reveals a novel coregulatory NPR role in sexual reproduction. Additionally, MpTGA acts independently of MpNPR as a repressor of oil body (OB) formation and can thereby affect herbivory. The single MpTGA TF exerts a dual role in sexual reproduction and OB formation in Marchantia. Common activities of MpTGA/MpNPR in sexual development suggest that coregulatory interactions were established after emergence of land-plant-specific NPR genes and contributed to the diversification of TGA TF functions during land-plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gutsche
- Division of Botany, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jens Koczula
- Division of Botany, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Melanie Trupp
- Division of Botany, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Holtmannspötter
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Rupp
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Busch
- Division of Botany, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Division of Botany, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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24
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Wang Y, Liao X, Shang W, Qin J, Xu X, Hu X. The secreted feruloyl esterase of Verticillium dahliae modulates host immunity via degradation of GhDFR. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13431. [PMID: 38353627 PMCID: PMC10866084 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterase (ferulic acid esterase, FAE) is an essential component of many biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This research aimed to investigate the role of FAE and its regulation mechanism in plant immunity. We identified a secreted feruloyl esterase VdFAE from the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. VdFAE acted as an important virulence factor during V. dahliae infection, and triggered plant defence responses, including cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Deletion of VdFAE led to a decrease in the degradation of ethyl ferulate. VdFAE interacted with Gossypium hirsutum protein dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (GhDFR), a positive regulator in plant innate immunity, and promoted the degradation of GhDFR. Furthermore, silencing of GhDFR led to reduced resistance of cotton plants against V. dahliae. The results suggested a fungal virulence strategy in which a fungal pathogen secretes FAE to interact with host DFR and interfere with plant immunity, thereby promoting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiwen Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenjing Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiangming Xu
- Pest & Pathogen Ecology, NIAB East MallingWest MallingUK
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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25
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Li T, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Sun S, Wang H, Geng X. Phenotype and signaling pathway analysis to explore the interaction between tomato plants and TYLCV in different organs. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 339:111955. [PMID: 38097048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD), caused by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), is one of the most destructive diseases in tomato cultivation. By comparing the phenotypic characteristics and virus quantities in the susceptible variety 'Cooperation 909 Red Tomatoes' and the resistant variety 'Huamei 204' after inoculation with TYLCV infectious clones, our study discovered that the root, stem and leaf growth of the susceptible variety 'Cooperation 909 Red Tomatoes' were severely hindered and the resistant variety 'Huamei 204' showed growth inhibition only in roots. TYLCV accumulation in roots were significantly higher than in leaves. Further, we examined the expression of key genes in the SA and JA signalling pathways in leaves, stems and roots and found the up-regulation of SA-signalling genes in all organs of the susceptible variety after inoculation with TYLCV clones. Interestingly, SlJAZ2 in roots of the resistant variety was significantly down-regulated upon TYLCV infection. Further, we silenced the SlNPR1 and SlCOI1 genes individually using virus induced gene silencing system in tomato plants. We found that viruses accumulated to a higher level in SlNPR1 silenced plants than wild type plants, and the virus quantity in roots was significantly increased in SlCOI1 silenced plants. These results provide new insights for advancing research in understanding tomato-TYLCV interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hehe Wang
- Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC, USA
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Zheng X, Chen H, Deng Z, Wu Y, Zhong L, Wu C, Yu X, Chen Q, Yan S. The tRNA thiolation-mediated translational control is essential for plant immunity. eLife 2024; 13:e93517. [PMID: 38284752 PMCID: PMC10863982 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to regulate gene expression to activate immune responses against pathogen infections. However, how the translation system contributes to plant immunity is largely unknown. The evolutionarily conserved thiolation modification of transfer RNA (tRNA) ensures efficient decoding during translation. Here, we show that tRNA thiolation is required for plant immunity in Arabidopsis. We identify a cgb mutant that is hyper-susceptible to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. CGB encodes ROL5, a homolog of yeast NCS6 required for tRNA thiolation. ROL5 physically interacts with CTU2, a homolog of yeast NCS2. Mutations in either ROL5 or CTU2 result in loss of tRNA thiolation. Further analyses reveal that both transcriptome and proteome reprogramming during immune responses are compromised in cgb. Notably, the translation of salicylic acid receptor NPR1 is reduced in cgb, resulting in compromised salicylic acid signaling. Our study not only reveals a regulatory mechanism for plant immunity but also uncovers an additional biological function of tRNA thiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueao Zheng
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTCZhengzhouChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Hanchen Chen
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Zhiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Yujing Wu
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Linlin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chong Wu
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Qiansi Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTCZhengzhouChina
| | - Shunping Yan
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureShenzhenChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhenChina
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27
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Font Farre M, Brown D, König M, Killinger BJ, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, Wright AT, Burton J, van der Hoorn RAL. Glutathione Transferase Photoaffinity Labeling Displays GST Induction by Safeners and Pathogen Infection. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:128-141. [PMID: 37924215 PMCID: PMC10799724 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) represent a large and diverse enzyme family involved in the detoxification of small molecules by glutathione conjugation in crops, weeds and model plants. In this study, we introduce an easy and quick assay for photoaffinity labeling of GSTs to study GSTs globally in various plant species. The small-molecule probe contains glutathione, a photoreactive group and a minitag for coupling to reporter tags via click chemistry. Under UV irradiation, this probe quickly and robustly labels GSTs in crude protein extracts of different plant species. Purification and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of labeled proteins from Arabidopsis identified 10 enriched GSTs from the Phi(F) and Tau(U) classes. Photoaffinity labeling of GSTs demonstrated GST induction in wheat seedlings upon treatment with safeners and in Arabidopsis leaves upon infection with avirulent bacteria. Treatment of Arabidopsis with salicylic acid (SA) analog benzothiadiazole (BTH) induces GST labeling independent of NPR1, the master regulator of SA. Six Phi- and Tau-class GSTs that are induced upon BTH treatment were identified, and their labeling was confirmed upon transient overexpression. These data demonstrate that GST photoaffinity labeling is a useful approach to studying GST induction in crude extracts of different plant species upon different types of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Font Farre
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Daniel Brown
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Maurice König
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Brian J Killinger
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Aaron T Wright
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Jonathan Burton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3TA, UK
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28
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Powers J, Zhang X, Reyes AV, Zavaliev R, Xu SL, Dong X. Next-generation mapping of the salicylic acid signaling hub and transcriptional cascade. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.574047. [PMID: 38260692 PMCID: PMC10802274 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.574047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
For over 60 years, salicylic acid (SA) has been known as a plant immune signal required for both basal and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SA activates these immune responses by reprogramming up to 20% of the transcriptome through the function of NPR1. However, components in the NPR1-signaling hub, which appears as nuclear condensates, and the NPR1- signaling cascade remained elusive due to difficulties in studying transcriptional cofactors whose chromatin associations are often indirect and transient. To overcome this challenge, we applied TurboID to divulge the NPR1-proxiome, which detected almost all known NPR1-interactors as well as new components of transcription-related complexes. Testing of new components showed that chromatin remodeling and histone demethylation contribute to SA-induced resistance. Globally, NPR1-proxiome shares a striking similarity to GBPL3-proxiome involved in SA synthesis, except associated transcription factors (TFs), suggesting that common regulatory modules are recruited to reprogram specific transcriptomes by transcriptional cofactors, like NPR1, through binding to unique TFs. Stepwise greenCUT&RUN analyses showed that, upon SA-induction, NPR1 initiates the transcriptional cascade primarily through association with TGA TFs to induce expression of secondary TFs, predominantly WRKYs. WRKY54 and WRKY70 then play a major role in inducing immune-output genes without interacting with NPR1 at the chromatin. Moreover, a loss of NPR1 condensate formation decreases its chromatin-association and transcriptional activity, indicating the importance of condensates in organizing the NPR1- signaling hub and initiating the transcriptional cascade. This study demonstrates how combinatorial applications of TurboID and stepwise greenCUT&RUN transcend traditional genetic methods to globally map signaling hubs and transcriptional cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Powers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Andres V. Reyes
- Carnegie Institute for Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shou-Ling Xu
- Carnegie Institute for Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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29
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Zavaliev R, Dong X. NPR1, a key immune regulator for plant survival under biotic and abiotic stresses. Mol Cell 2024; 84:131-141. [PMID: 38103555 PMCID: PMC10929286 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) was discovered in Arabidopsis as an activator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune responses nearly 30 years ago. How NPR1 confers resistance against a variety of pathogens and stresses has been extensively studied; however, only in recent years have the underlying molecular mechanisms been uncovered, particularly NPR1's role in SA-mediated transcriptional reprogramming, stress protein homeostasis, and cell survival. Structural analyses ultimately defined NPR1 and its paralogs as SA receptors. The SA-bound NPR1 dimer induces transcription by bridging two TGA transcription factor dimers, forming an enhanceosome. Moreover, NPR1 orchestrates its multiple functions through the formation of distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates. Furthermore, NPR1 plays a central role in plant health by regulating the crosstalk between SA and other defense and growth hormones. In this review, we focus on these recent advances and discuss how NPR1 can be utilized to engineer resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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30
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Yao L, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Hu Y, Hao G, Zhong W, Wan S, Xin X. High air humidity dampens salicylic acid pathway and NPR1 function to promote plant disease. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113499. [PMID: 37728254 PMCID: PMC10620762 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of plant disease is determined by interactions among host, pathogen, and environment. Air humidity shapes various aspects of plant physiology and high humidity has long been known to promote numerous phyllosphere diseases. However, the molecular basis of how high humidity interferes with plant immunity to favor disease has remained elusive. Here we show that high humidity is associated with an "immuno-compromised" status in Arabidopsis plants. Furthermore, accumulation and signaling of salicylic acid (SA), an important defense hormone, are significantly inhibited under high humidity. NPR1, an SA receptor and central transcriptional co-activator of SA-responsive genes, is less ubiquitinated and displays a lower promoter binding affinity under high humidity. The cellular ubiquitination machinery, particularly the Cullin 3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase mediating NPR1 protein ubiquitination, is downregulated under high humidity. Importantly, under low humidity the Cullin 3a/b mutant plants phenocopy the low SA gene expression and disease susceptibility that is normally observed under high humidity. Our study uncovers a mechanism by which high humidity dampens a major plant defense pathway and provides new insights into the long-observed air humidity influence on diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingya Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zeyu Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yiping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yezhou Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guodong Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weili Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shiwei Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiu‐Fang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and CAS John Innes Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial SciencesShanghaiChina
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31
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Zhang B, Huang S, Guo Z, Meng Y, Li X, Tian Y, Chen W. Salicylic acid accelerates carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana by inhibiting autophagy through Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111859. [PMID: 37673221 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, leaf senescence is regulated by several factors, including age and carbon starvation. The molecular mechanism of age-regulated developmental leaf senescence differs from that of carbon starvation-induced senescence. Salicylic acid (SA) and Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) play important roles in promoting developmental leaf senescence. However, the relationship between SA signaling and carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence is not currently well understood. Here, we used Arabidopsis thaliana as material and found that carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence was accelerated in the SA dihydroxylase mutants s3hs5h compared to the Columbia ecotype (Col). Exogenous SA treatment significantly promoted carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence, especially in NPR1-GFP. Increasing the endogenous SA and overexpression of NPR1 inhibited carbon starvation-induced autophagy. However, mutation of NPR1 delayed carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence, increased autophagosome production and accelerated autophagic degradation of the Neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 (NBR1). In conclusion, SA promotes carbon starvation-induced leaf senescence by inhibiting autophagy via NPR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shuqin Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zetian Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yixuan Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xue Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yuzhen Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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32
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Ding M, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Cai X, Zhang B, Ma P, Dong J. Salicylic acid regulates phenolic acid biosynthesis via SmNPR1-SmTGA2/SmNPR4 modules in Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5736-5751. [PMID: 37504514 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are the main active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza, which can be used for the treatment of many diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases. It is known that salicylic acid (SA) can enhance phenolic acid content, but the molecular mechanism of its regulation is still unclear. Nonexpresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1) plays a positive role in the SA signaling pathway. In this study, we identified a SmNPR1 gene that responds to SA induction and systematically investigated its function. We found that SmNPR1 positively affected phenolic acid biosynthesis. Then, we identified a novel TGA transcription factor, SmTGA2, which interacts with SmNPR1. SmTGA2 positively regulates phenolic acid biosynthesis by directly up-regulating SmCYP98A14 expression. After double-gene transgenic analysis and other biochemical assays, it was found that SmNPR1 and SmTGA2 work synergistically to regulate phenolic acid biosynthesis. In addition, SmNPR4 forms a heterodimer with SmNPR1 to inhibit the function of SmNPR1, and SA can alleviate this effect. Collectively, these findings elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of phenolic acid biosynthesis by SmNPR1-SmTGA2/SmNPR4 modules and provide novel insights into the SA signaling pathway regulating plant secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yongfeng Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaona Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Juane Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Piau M, Schmitt-Keichinger C. The Hypersensitive Response to Plant Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2000. [PMID: 37896777 PMCID: PMC10612061 DOI: 10.3390/v15102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant proteins with domains rich in leucine repeats play important roles in detecting pathogens and triggering defense reactions, both at the cellular surface for pattern-triggered immunity and in the cell to ensure effector-triggered immunity. As intracellular parasites, viruses are mostly detected intracellularly by proteins with a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeats but receptor-like kinases with leucine-rich repeats, known to localize at the cell surface, have also been involved in response to viruses. In the present review we report on the progress that has been achieved in the last decade on the role of these leucine-rich proteins in antiviral immunity, with a special focus on our current understanding of the hypersensitive response.
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34
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Shi H, Xiong Q, Zhao Z, Zhou L, Yin J, Lu X, Chen X, Wang J. Disruption of the Novel Small Protein RBR7 Leads to Enhanced Plant Resistance to Blast Disease. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:42. [PMID: 37733139 PMCID: PMC10513991 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease is a threat to global food security. Breeding crops carrying broad-spectrum resistance loci is an effective way to control infectious disease. Disease-resistant mutants are valuable resources for deciphering the underlying mechanisms of plant immunity and could provide genetic loci to generate disease-resistant crops. Here, we identified a rice mutant, rbr7 (rice blast resistance 7), that confers resistance against different strains of Magnaporthe oryzae. Disease-mimicking necrotic lesions started to appear on the leaves of rbr7 four weeks after sowing. Histochemical analysis revealed reactive oxygen species accumulation and cell death accompanied by spontaneous lesion formation in rbr7. Map-based cloning and bulk segregation analysis showed a 2855 bp fragment deletion on chromosome 5, leading to the disruption of the LOC_Os05g28480-coding protein. Transgenic rbr7 complementation plants showed compromised resistance to rice blast, indicating that LOC_Os05g28480, or Rbr7, regulates the rice immune response. Rbr7 encodes a small protein of unknown function with 85 amino acids. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that disruption of RBR7 led to the upregulation of genes responding to salicylic acid, systemic acquired resistance and pathogenesis-related genes. Taken together, our findings reveal insights into a novel small protein involved in regulating plant resistance to rice blast and provide a potential target for crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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35
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Xiao R, Sun Y, Yang S, Yang Y, Wang D, Wang Z, Zhou W. Systematic Identification and Functional Analysis of the Hypericum perforatum L. bZIP Gene Family Indicating That Overexpressed HpbZIP69 Enhances Drought Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14238. [PMID: 37762543 PMCID: PMC10531856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play significant roles in plants' growth and development processes, as well as in response to biological and abiotic stresses. Hypericum perforatum is one of the world's top three best-selling herbal medicines, mainly used to treat depression. However, there has been no systematic identification or functional analysis of the bZIP gene family in H. perforatum. In this study, 79 HpbZIP genes were identified. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the HpbZIP gene family was divided into ten groups, designated A-I and S. The physicochemical properties, gene structures, protein conserved motifs, and Gene Ontology enrichments of all HpbZIPs were systematically analyzed. The expression patterns of all genes in different tissues of H. perforatum (i.e., root, stem, leaf, and flower) were analyzed by qRT-PCR, revealing the different expression patterns of HpbZIP under abiotic stresses. The HpbZIP69 protein is localized in the nucleus. According to the results of the yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays, HpbZIP69 can bind to the HpASMT2 (N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase) gene promoter (G-box cis-element) to activate its activity. Overexpressing HpbZIP69 in Arabidopsis wild-type lines enhanced their tolerance to drought. The MDA and H2O2 contents were significantly decreased, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was considerably increased under the drought stress. These results may aid in additional functional studies of HpbZIP transcription factors, and in cultivating drought-resistant medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhezhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.X.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.); (Y.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Wen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.X.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.); (Y.Y.); (D.W.)
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36
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Alseekh S, Karakas E, Zhu F, Wijesingha Ahchige M, Fernie AR. Plant biochemical genetics in the multiomics era. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4293-4307. [PMID: 37170864 PMCID: PMC10433942 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of plant biology has been revolutionized by modern genetics and biochemistry. However, biochemical genetics can be traced back to the foundation of Mendelian genetics; indeed, one of Mendel's milestone discoveries of seven characteristics of pea plants later came to be ascribed to a mutation in a starch branching enzyme. Here, we review both current and historical strategies for the elucidation of plant metabolic pathways and the genes that encode their component enzymes and regulators. We use this historical review to discuss a range of classical genetic phenomena including epistasis, canalization, and heterosis as viewed through the lens of contemporary high-throughput data obtained via the array of approaches currently adopted in multiomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Esra Karakas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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37
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Rossi CAM, Marchetta EJR, Kim JH, Castroverde CDM. Molecular regulation of the salicylic acid hormone pathway in plants under changing environmental conditions. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:699-712. [PMID: 37258325 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a central plant hormone mediating immunity, growth, and development. Recently, studies have highlighted the sensitivity of the SA pathway to changing climatic factors and the plant microbiome. Here we summarize organizing principles and themes in the regulation of SA biosynthesis, signaling, and metabolism by changing abiotic/biotic environments, focusing on molecular nodes governing SA pathway vulnerability or resilience. We especially highlight advances in the thermosensitive mechanisms underpinning SA-mediated immunity, including differential regulation of key transcription factors (e.g., CAMTAs, CBP60g, SARD1, bHLH059), selective protein-protein interactions of the SA receptor NPR1, and dynamic phase separation of the recently identified GBPL3 biomolecular condensates. Together, these nodes form a biochemical paradigm for how the external environment impinges on the SA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A M Rossi
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Eric J R Marchetta
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Jong Hum Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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38
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Maruri-Lopez I, Chodasiewicz M. Involvement of small molecules and metabolites in regulation of biomolecular condensate properties. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102385. [PMID: 37348448 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensate (BMCs) formation facilitates the grouping of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules, creating specific microenvironments with particular functions. They are often assembled through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a phenomenon that arises when specific proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules demix from the aqueous environment into another phase with different physiochemical properties. BMCs assemble and disassemble in response to external and internal stimuli such as temperature, molecule concentration, ionic strength, pH, and cellular redox state. Likewise, the nature of the regulatory stimuli may affect the lifespan, morphology, and content of BMCs. In humans, compelling evidence points to the critical role of BMCs in diseases. By contrast, the link between BMC formation, stress resistance, and cell survival has not been revealed in plants. Recent studies have pointed out the nascent roles of small molecules in the assembly and dynamics of BMCs; however, this is still an emerging field of study. This review briefly highlights the most significant efforts to identify the molecular mechanisms between small molecules and BMC formation and regulation in plants and other organisms. We then discuss (i) how small molecules exert control over the BMC assembly and dynamics in plants and (ii) how small molecules can influence the formation and material properties of plant BMCs. Finally, we propose novel alternatives that might help to understand the relationship between chemicals and condensation dynamics and their possible application to plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Maruri-Lopez
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monika Chodasiewicz
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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39
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Liu J, Wu X, Fang Y, Liu Y, Bello EO, Li Y, Xiong R, Li Y, Fu ZQ, Wang A, Cheng X. A plant RNA virus inhibits NPR1 sumoylation and subverts NPR1-mediated plant immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3580. [PMID: 37328517 PMCID: PMC10275998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
NONEXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) is the master regulator of salicylic acid-mediated basal and systemic acquired resistance in plants. Here, we report that NPR1 plays a pivotal role in restricting compatible infection by turnip mosaic virus, a member of the largest plant RNA virus genus Potyvirus, and that such resistance is counteracted by NUCLEAR INCLUSION B (NIb), the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. We demonstrate that NIb binds to the SUMO-interacting motif 3 (SIM3) of NPR1 to prevent SUMO3 interaction and sumoylation, while sumoylation of NIb by SUMO3 is not essential but can intensify the NIb-NPR1 interaction. We discover that the interaction also impedes the phosphorylation of NPR1 at Ser11/Ser15. Moreover, we show that targeting NPR1 SIM3 is a conserved ability of NIb from diverse potyviruses. These data reveal a molecular "arms race" by which potyviruses deploy NIb to suppress NPR1-mediated resistance through disrupting NPR1 sumoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Esther Oreofe Bello
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruyi Xiong
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 4T3, ON, Canada
- A&L Canada Laboratories Lnc., London, N5V 3P5, ON, Canada
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 4T3, ON, Canada
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 4T3, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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40
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Zhou P, Zavaliev R, Xiang Y, Dong X. Seeing is believing: Understanding functions of NPR1 and its paralogs in plant immunity through cellular and structural analyses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102352. [PMID: 36934653 PMCID: PMC10257749 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past 30 years, our knowledge of how nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) serves as a master regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune responses in plants has been informed largely by molecular genetic studies. Despite extensive efforts, the biochemical functions of this protein in promoting plant survival against a wide range of pathogens and abiotic stresses are not completely understood. Recent breakthroughs in cellular and structural analyses of NPR1 and its paralogs have provided a molecular framework for reinterpreting decades of genetic observations and have revealed new functions of these proteins. Besides NPR1's well-known nuclear activity in inducing stress-responsive genes, it has also been shown to control stress protein homeostasis in the cytoplasm. Structurally, NPR4's direct binding to SA has been visualized at the molecular level. Analysis of the cryo-EM and crystal structures of NPR1 reveals a bird-shaped homodimer containing a unique zinc finger. Furthermore, the TGA32-NPR12-TGA32 complex has been imaged, uncovering a dimeric NPR1 bridging two TGA3 transcription factor dimers as part of an enhanceosome complex to induce defense gene expression. These new findings will shape future research directions for deciphering NPR functions in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yezi Xiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Zhang H, Wang F, Song W, Yang Z, Li L, Ma Q, Tan X, Wei Z, Li Y, Li J, Yan F, Chen J, Sun Z. Different viral effectors suppress hormone-mediated antiviral immunity of rice coordinated by OsNPR1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3011. [PMID: 37230965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are plant hormones that typically act antagonistically in dicotyledonous plants and SA and JA signaling is often manipulated by pathogens. However, in monocotyledonous plants, the detailed SA-JA interplay in response to pathogen invasion remains elusive. Here, we show that different types of viral pathogen can disrupt synergistic antiviral immunity mediated by SA and JA via OsNPR1 in the monocot rice. The P2 protein of rice stripe virus, a negative-stranded RNA virus in the genus Tenuivirus, promotes OsNPR1 degradation by enhancing the association of OsNPR1 and OsCUL3a. OsNPR1 activates JA signaling by disrupting the OsJAZ-OsMYC complex and boosting the transcriptional activation activity of OsMYC2 to cooperatively modulate rice antiviral immunity. Unrelated viral proteins from different rice viruses also interfere with the OsNPR1-mediated SA-JA interplay to facilitate viral pathogenicity, suggesting that this may be a more general strategy in monocot plants. Overall, our findings highlight that distinct viral proteins convergently obstruct JA-SA crosstalk to facilitate viral infection in monocot rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fengmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Weiqi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zihang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhongyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Yasuda M, Fujita M, Soudthedlath K, Kusajima M, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Narita F, Asami T, Maruyama-Nakashita A, Nakashita H. Characterization of Disease Resistance Induced by a Pyrazolecarboxylic Acid Derivative in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109037. [PMID: 37240381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a potent innate immunity system in plants that is induced through the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated signaling pathway. Here, we characterized 3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (CMPA) as an effective SAR inducer in Arabidopsis. The soil drench application of CMPA enhanced a broad range of disease resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and fungal pathogens Colletotrichum higginsianum and Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis, whereas CMPA did not show antibacterial activity. Foliar spraying with CMPA induced the expression of SA-responsible genes such as PR1, PR2 and PR5. The effects of CMPA on resistance against the bacterial pathogen and the expression of PR genes were observed in the SA biosynthesis mutant, however, while they were not observed in the SA-receptor-deficient npr1 mutant. Thus, these findings indicate that CMPA induces SAR by triggering the downstream signaling of SA biosynthesis in the SA-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yasuda
- Plant Acquired Immunity Research Unit, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Moeka Fujita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Khamsalath Soudthedlath
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kusajima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Futo Narita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakashita
- Plant Acquired Immunity Research Unit, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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43
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Seo S, Kim Y, Park K. NPR1 Translocation from Chloroplast to Nucleus Activates Plant Tolerance to Salt Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051118. [PMID: 37237984 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts play crucial roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses, regulated by nuclear gene expression through changes in the cellular redox state. Despite lacking the N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide (cTP), nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1), a redox-sensitive transcriptional coactivator was consistently found in the tobacco chloroplasts. Under salt stress and after exogenous application of H2O2 or aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, an ethylene precursor, transgenic tobacco plants expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged NPR1 (NPR1-GFP) showed significant accumulation of monomeric nuclear NPR1, irrespective of the presence of cTP. Immunoblotting and fluorescence image analyses indicated that NPR1-GFP, with and without cTP, had similar molecular weights, suggesting that the chloroplast-targeted NPR1-GFP is likely translocated from the chloroplasts to the nucleus after processing in the stroma. Translation in the chloroplast is essential for nuclear NPR1 accumulation and stress-related expression of nuclear genes. An overexpression of chloroplast-targeted NPR1 enhanced stress tolerance and photosynthetic capacity. In addition, compared to the wild-type lines, several genes encoding retrograde signaling-related proteins were severely impaired in the Arabidopsis npr1-1 mutant, but were enhanced in NPR1 overexpression (NPR1-Ox) transgenic tobacco line. Taken together, chloroplast NPR1 acts as a retrograding signal that enhances the adaptability of plants to adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Seo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyyoung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
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Ding M, Zhang B, Zhang S, Hao R, Xia Y, Ma P, Dong J. The SmNPR4-SmTGA5 module regulates SA-mediated phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad066. [PMID: 37249952 PMCID: PMC10208894 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are the main bioactive compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza, which can be increased by salicylic acid (SA) elicitation. However, the specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. The nonexpresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1) and its family members are essential components of the SA signaling pathway. Here, we report an NPR protein, SmNPR4, that showed strong expression in hairy root after SA treatment, acting as a negative moderator of SA-induced phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza (S. miltiorrhiza). Moreover, a basic leucine zipper family transcription factor SmTGA5 was identified and was found to interact with SmNPR4. SmTGA5 activates the expression of phenolic acid biosynthesis gene SmTAT1 through binding to the as-1 element. Finally, a series of biochemical assays and dual gene overexpression analysis demonstrated that the SmNPR4 significantly inhibited the function of SmTGA5, and SA can alleviate the inhibitory effect of SmNPR4 on SmTGA5. Overall, our results reveal the molecular mechanism of salicylic acid regulating phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza and provide new insights for SA signaling to regulate secondary metabolic biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - RongRong Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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45
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Wang Y, Yang L, Zhou X, Wang Y, Liang Y, Luo B, Dai Y, Wei Z, Li S, He R, Ding W. Molecular mechanism of plant elicitor daphnetin-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles against Ralstonia solanacearum by activating plant system resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124580. [PMID: 37100321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of biopolymer-based materials to avoid hazardous chemicals in agriculture has gained enormous importance for sustainable crop protection. Due to its good biocompatibility and water solubility, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) has been widely applied as a pesticide carrier biomaterial. However, the mechanism by which carboxymethyl chitosan-grafted natural product nanoparticles induce tobacco systemic resistance against bacterial wilt remains largely unknown. In this study, water-soluble CMCS-grafted daphnetin (DA) nanoparticles (DA@CMCS-NPs) were successfully synthesized, characterized, and assessed for the first time. The grafting rate of DA in CMCS was 10.05 %, and the water solubility was increased. In addition, DA@CMCS-NPs significantly increased the activities of CAT, PPO and SOD defense enzymes, activated the expression of PR1 and NPR1, and suppressed the expression of JAZ3. DA@CMCS-NPs could induce immune responses against R. solanacearum in tobacco, including increases in defense enzymes and overexpression of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The application of DA@CMCS-NPs effectively suppressed the development of tobacco bacterial wilt in pot experiments, and the control efficiency was as high as 74.23 %, 67.80 %, 61.67 % at 8, 10, and 12 days after inoculation. Additionally, DA@CMCS-NPs has excellent biosafety. Therefore, this study highlighted the application of DA@CMCS-NPs in manipulating tobacco to generate defense responses against R. solanacearum, which can be attributed to systemic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yijia Liang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binshao Luo
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuhao Dai
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhouling Wei
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shili Li
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rong He
- Chongqing Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400060, China.
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Tomaž Š, Petek M, Lukan T, Pogačar K, Stare K, Teixeira Prates E, Jacobson DA, Zrimec J, Bajc G, Butala M, Pompe Novak M, Dudley Q, Patron N, Taler-Verčič A, Usenik A, Turk D, Prat S, Coll A, Gruden K. A mini-TGA protein modulates gene expression through heterogeneous association with transcription factors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1934-1952. [PMID: 36517238 PMCID: PMC10022624 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
TGA (TGACG-binding) transcription factors, which bind their target DNA through a conserved basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) domain, are vital regulators of gene expression in salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant immunity. Here, we investigated the role of StTGA2.1, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) TGA lacking the full bZIP, which we named a mini-TGA. Such truncated proteins have been widely assigned as loss-of-function mutants. We, however, confirmed that StTGA2.1 overexpression compensates for SA-deficiency, indicating a distinct mechanism of action compared with model plant species. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we showed that StTGA2.1 can physically interact with StTGA2.2 and StTGA2.3, while its interaction with DNA was not detected. We investigated the changes in transcriptional regulation due to StTGA2.1 overexpression, identifying direct and indirect target genes. Using in planta transactivation assays, we confirmed that StTGA2.1 interacts with StTGA2.3 to activate StPRX07, a member of class III peroxidases (StPRX), which are known to play role in immune response. Finally, via structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, we hypothesized that the compact molecular architecture of StTGA2.1 distorts DNA conformation upon heterodimer binding to enable transcriptional activation. This study demonstrates how protein truncation can lead to distinct functions and that such events should be studied carefully in other protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Lukan
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Karmen Pogačar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Erica Teixeira Prates
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Daniel A Jacobson
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Jan Zrimec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Bajc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Butala
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maruša Pompe Novak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- School for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica, 5271 Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Quentin Dudley
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Nicola Patron
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Ajda Taler-Verčič
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandra Usenik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Salomé Prat
- Department of Plant Development and Signal Transduction, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, 08193 Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
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Tran S, Ison M, Ferreira Dias NC, Ortega MA, Chen YFS, Peper A, Hu L, Xu D, Mozaffari K, Severns PM, Yao Y, Tsai CJ, Teixeira PJPL, Yang L. Endogenous salicylic acid suppresses de novo root regeneration from leaf explants. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010636. [PMID: 36857386 PMCID: PMC10010561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants can regenerate new organs from damaged or detached tissues. In the process of de novo root regeneration (DNRR), adventitious roots are frequently formed from the wound site on a detached leaf. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key phytohormone regulating plant defenses and stress responses. The role of SA and its acting mechanisms during de novo organogenesis is still unclear. Here, we found that endogenous SA inhibited the adventitious root formation after cutting. Free SA rapidly accumulated at the wound site, which was accompanied by an activation of SA response. SA receptors NPR3 and NPR4, but not NPR1, were required for DNRR. Wounding-elevated SA compromised the expression of AUX1, and subsequent transport of auxin to the wound site. A mutation in AUX1 abolished the enhanced DNRR in low SA mutants. Our work elucidates a role of SA in regulating DNRR and suggests a potential link between biotic stress and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorrel Tran
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Madalene Ison
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Maria Andrea Ortega
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yun-Fan Stephanie Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alan Peper
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lanxi Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dawei Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Khadijeh Mozaffari
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Severns
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Animal and Diary Sciences, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Department of Biology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (PJPLT); (LY)
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PJPLT); (LY)
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48
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Ding Y, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. Shared and Related Molecular Targets and Actions of Salicylic Acid in Plants and Humans. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020219. [PMID: 36672154 PMCID: PMC9856608 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound produced by all plants that has an important role in diverse processes of plant growth and stress responses. SA is also the principal metabolite of aspirin and is responsible for many of the anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and antitumor activities of aspirin. As a result, the number of identified SA targets in both plants and humans is large and continues to increase. These SA targets include catalases/peroxidases, metabolic enzymes, protein kinases and phosphatases, nucleosomal and ribosomal proteins and regulatory and signaling proteins, which mediate the diverse actions of SA in plants and humans. While some of these SA targets and actions are unique to plants or humans, many others are conserved or share striking similarities in the two types of organisms, which underlie a host of common biological processes that are regulated or impacted by SA. In this review, we compare shared and related SA targets and activities to highlight the common nature of actions by SA as a hormone in plants versus a therapeutic agent in humans. The cross examination of SA targets and activities can help identify new actions of SA and better explain their underlying mechanisms in plants and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ding
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
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49
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Borrowman S, Kapuganti JG, Loake GJ. Expanding roles for S-nitrosylation in the regulation of plant immunity. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:357-368. [PMID: 36513331 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Following pathogen recognition, plant cells produce a nitrosative burst resulting in a striking increase in nitric oxide (NO), altering the redox state of the cell, which subsequently helps orchestrate a plethora of immune responses. NO is a potent redox cue, efficiently relayed between proteins through its co-valent attachment to highly specific, powerfully reactive protein cysteine (Cys) thiols, resulting in formation of protein S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). This process, known as S-nitrosylation, can modulate the function of target proteins, enabling responsiveness to cellular redox changes. Key targets of S-nitrosylation control the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the transcription of immune-response genes, the triggering of the hypersensitive response (HR) and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Here, we bring together recent advances in the control of plant immunity by S-nitrosylation, furthering our appreciation of how changes in cellular redox status reprogramme plant immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Borrowman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | | | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK; Centre for Engineering Biology, Max Born Crescent, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
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Arabidopsis Cys2/His2 Zinc Finger Transcription Factor ZAT18 Modulates the Plant Growth-Defense Tradeoff. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315436. [PMID: 36499767 PMCID: PMC9738932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defense responses under unfavorable conditions are often associated with reduced growth. However, the mechanisms underlying the growth-defense tradeoff remain to be fully elucidated, especially at the transcriptional level. Here, we revealed a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, namely, ZAT18, which played dual roles in plant immunity and growth by oppositely regulating the signaling of defense- and growth-related hormones. ZAT18 was first identified as a salicylic acid (SA)-inducible gene and was required for plant responses to SA in this study. In addition, we observed that ZAT18 enhanced the plant immunity with growth penalties that may have been achieved by activating SA signaling and repressing auxin signaling. Further transcriptome analysis of the zat18 mutant showed that the biological pathways of defense-related hormones, including SA, ethylene and abscisic acid, were repressed and that the biological pathways of auxin and cytokinin, which are growth-related hormones, were activated by abolishing the function of ZAT18. The ZAT18-mediated regulation of hormone signaling was further confirmed using qRT-PCR. Our results explored a mechanism by which plants handle defense and growth at the transcriptional level under stress conditions.
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