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Shapiro IM, Risbud MV, Landis WJ. Toward understanding the cellular control of vertebrate mineralization: The potential role of mitochondria. Bone 2024; 185:117112. [PMID: 38697384 PMCID: PMC11251007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the possible role of mitochondria in maintaining calcium and phosphate ion homeostasis and participating in the mineralization of bone, cartilage and other vertebrate hard tissues. The paper builds on the known structural features of mitochondria and the documented observations in these tissues that the organelles contain calcium phosphate granules. Such deposits in mitochondria putatively form to buffer excessively high cytosolic calcium ion concentrations and prevent metabolic deficits and even cell death. While mitochondria protect cytosolic enzyme systems through this buffering capacity, the accumulation of calcium ions by mitochondria promotes the activity of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA/Krebs) cycle, increases oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis, and leads to changes in intramitochondrial pH. These pH alterations influence ion solubility and possibly the transitions and composition in the mineral phase structure of the granules. Based on these considerations, mitochondria are proposed to support the mineralization process by providing a mobile store of calcium and phosphate ions, in smaller cluster or larger granule form, while maintaining critical cellular activities. The rise in the mitochondrial calcium level also increases the generation of citrate and other TCA cycle intermediates that contribute to cell function and the development of extracellular mineral. This paper suggests that another key role of the mitochondrion, along with the effects just noted, is to supply phosphate ions, derived from the breakdown of ATP, to endolysosomes and autophagic vesicles originating in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi and at the plasma membrane. These many separate but interdependent mitochondrial functions emphasize the critical importance of this organelle in the cellular control of vertebrate mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - William J Landis
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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2
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Martín-Pérez J, Villacorta A, Banaei G, Morataya-Reyes M, Tavakolpournegari A, Marcos R, Hernández A, García-Rodriguez A. Hazard assessment of nanoplastics is driven by their surface-functionalization. Effects in human-derived primary endothelial cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173236. [PMID: 38761522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
During plastic waste degradation into micro/nanoplastics (MNPLs) their physicochemical characteristics including surface properties (charge, functionalization, biocorona, etc.) can change, potentially affecting their biological effects. This paper focuses on the surface functionalization of MNPLs to determine if it has a direct impact on the toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic interactions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), at different exposure times. Pristine polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPLs), as well as their carboxylated (PS-C-NPLs) and aminated (PS-A-NPLs) forms, all around 50 nm, were used in a wide battery of toxicological assays. These assays encompassed evaluations on cell viability, cell internalization, induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS), and genotoxicity. The experiments were conducted at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, chosen to ensure a high internalization rate across all treatments while maintaining a sub-toxic concentration. Our results show that all PS-NPLs are internalized by HUVECs, but the internalization dynamic depends on the particle's functionalization. PS-NPLs and PS-C-NPLs internalization modify the morphology of the cell increasing its inner complexity/granularity. Regarding cell toxicity, only PS-A-NPLs reduced cell viability. Intracellular ROS was induced by the three different PS-NPLs but at different time points. Genotoxic damage was induced by the three PS-NPLs at short exposures (2 h), but not for PS-C-NPLs at 24 h. Overall, this study suggests that the toxicological effects of PSNPLs on HUVEC cells are surface-dependent, highlighting the relevance of using human-derived primary cells as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Martín-Pérez
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Aliro Villacorta
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain; Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Gooya Banaei
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Michelle Morataya-Reyes
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Alireza Tavakolpournegari
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
| | - Alba Hernández
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
| | - Alba García-Rodriguez
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
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Zechner C, Rhee EP. Phosphate sensing in health and disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:361-367. [PMID: 38572729 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disruptions of phosphate homeostasis are associated with a multitude of diseases with insufficient treatments. Our knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying metazoan phosphate homeostasis and sensing is limited. Here, we highlight four major advancements in this field during the last 12-18 months. RECENT FINDINGS First, kidney glycolysis senses filtered phosphate, which results in the release of glycerol 3-phosphate (G-3-P). Circulating G-3-P then stimulates synthesis of the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 in bone. Second, the liver serves as a postprandial phosphate reservoir to limit serum phosphate excursions. It senses phosphate ingestion and triggers renal excretion of excess phosphate through a nerve-dependent mechanism. Third, phosphate-starvation in cells massively induces the phosphate transporters SLC20A1/PiT1 and SLC20A2/PiT2, implying direct involvement of cellular phosphate sensing. Under basal phosphate-replete conditions, PiT1 is produced but immediately destroyed, which suggests a novel mechanism for the regulation of PiT1 abundance. Fourth, Drosophila melanogaster intestinal cells contain novel organelles called PXo bodies that limit intracellular phosphate excursions. Phosphate starvation leads to PXo body dissolution, which triggers midgut proliferation. SUMMARY These studies have opened novel avenues to dissect the mechanisms that govern metazoan phosphate sensing and homeostasis with the potential to identify urgently needed therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zechner
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Pharmacology; Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Eugene P Rhee
- Nephrology Division and Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Li X, Kirkpatrick RB, Wang X, Tucker CJ, Shukla A, Jessen HJ, Wang H, Shears SB, Gu C. Homeostatic coordination of cellular phosphate uptake and efflux requires an organelle-based receptor for the inositol pyrophosphate IP8. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114316. [PMID: 38833370 PMCID: PMC11284862 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) serves countless metabolic pathways and is involved in macromolecule synthesis, energy storage, cellular signaling, and bone maintenance. Herein, we describe the coordination of Pi uptake and efflux pathways to maintain mammalian cell Pi homeostasis. We discover that XPR1, the presumed Pi efflux transporter, separately supervises rates of Pi uptake. This direct, regulatory interplay arises from XPR1 being a binding partner for the Pi uptake transporter PiT1, involving a predicted transmembrane helix/extramembrane loop in XPR1, and its hitherto unknown localization in a subset of intracellular LAMP1-positive puncta (named "XLPVs"). A pharmacological mimic of Pi homeostatic challenge is sensed by the inositol pyrophosphate IP8, which functionalizes XPR1 to respond in a temporally hierarchal manner, initially adjusting the rate of Pi efflux, followed subsequently by independent modulation of PiT1 turnover to reset the rate of Pi uptake. These observations generate a unifying model of mammalian cellular Pi homeostasis, expanding opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Li
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Regan B Kirkpatrick
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles J Tucker
- Fluorescence Microscopy and Imaging Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anuj Shukla
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and CIBSS - the Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and CIBSS - the Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Huanchen Wang
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; Nucleolar Integrity Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stephen B Shears
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Chunfang Gu
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; Synaptic & Developmental Plasticity Group, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Mirmohammadali SN, Gallant KMH, Biruete A. Oh, My Gut! New insights on the role of the gastrointestinal tract and the gut microbiome in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:226-230. [PMID: 38088374 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to highlight recent evidence on the role of the gastrointestinal tract and gut microbiome on chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) outcomes, including intestinal phosphorus absorption and sensing, and the effect of gut-oriented therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence has revealed a complex interplay among mineral metabolism and novel gut-related factors, including paracellular intestinal phosphate absorption, the gut microbiome, and the immune system, prompting a reevaluation of treatment approaches for CKD-MBD. The inhibition of NHE3 limits phosphate transport in the intestine and may lead to changes in the gut microbiome. A study in rats with CKD showed that the supplementation of the fermentable dietary inulin delayed CKD-MBD, lowering circulating phosphorus and parathyroid hormone, reducing bone remodeling and improving cortical parameters, and lowering cardiovascular calcifications. In non-CKD preclinical studies, probiotics and prebiotics improved bone formation mediated through the effect of butyrate facilitating the differentiation of T cells into Tregs, and Tregs stimulating the osteogenic Wnt10b, and butyrate was also necessary for the parathyroid hormone (PTH) bone effects. SUMMARY Recent findings support multiple possible roles for gut-oriented therapies in addressing CKD-MBD prevention and management that should be further explored through clinical and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen M Hill Gallant
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Annabel Biruete
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Ouyang Y, Jeong MY, Cunningham CN, Berg JA, Toshniwal AG, Hughes CE, Seiler K, Van Vranken JG, Cluntun AA, Lam G, Winter JM, Akdogan E, Dove KK, Nowinski SM, West M, Odorizzi G, Gygi SP, Dunn CD, Winge DR, Rutter J. Phosphate starvation signaling increases mitochondrial membrane potential through respiration-independent mechanisms. eLife 2024; 13:e84282. [PMID: 38251707 PMCID: PMC10846858 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane potential directly powers many critical functions of mitochondria, including ATP production, mitochondrial protein import, and metabolite transport. Its loss is a cardinal feature of aging and mitochondrial diseases, and cells closely monitor membrane potential as an indicator of mitochondrial health. Given its central importance, it is logical that cells would modulate mitochondrial membrane potential in response to demand and environmental cues, but there has been little exploration of this question. We report that loss of the Sit4 protein phosphatase in yeast increases mitochondrial membrane potential, both by inducing the electron transport chain and the phosphate starvation response. Indeed, a similarly elevated mitochondrial membrane potential is also elicited simply by phosphate starvation or by abrogation of the Pho85-dependent phosphate sensing pathway. This enhanced membrane potential is primarily driven by an unexpected activity of the ADP/ATP carrier. We also demonstrate that this connection between phosphate limitation and enhancement of mitochondrial membrane potential is observed in primary and immortalized mammalian cells as well as in Drosophila. These data suggest that mitochondrial membrane potential is subject to environmental stimuli and intracellular signaling regulation and raise the possibility for therapeutic enhancement of mitochondrial function even in defective mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyun Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Mi-Young Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Corey N Cunningham
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jordan A Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Ashish G Toshniwal
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Casey E Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Kristina Seiler
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | | | - Ahmad A Cluntun
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Geanette Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jacob M Winter
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Emel Akdogan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç UniversityİstanbulTurkey
| | - Katja K Dove
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Sara M Nowinski
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Matthew West
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Greg Odorizzi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Cory D Dunn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç UniversityİstanbulTurkey
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Dennis R Winge
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Medicine, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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Suvvari TK, Arigapudi N. Unravelling the mystery of PXo bodies: Insights into a newly identified cell organelle. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241234242. [PMID: 38418396 PMCID: PMC10903211 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241234242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar Suvvari
- Department of Medicine, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Squad Medicine and Research, Vizag, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nithya Arigapudi
- Department of Medicine, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Gu C, Li X, Zong G, Wang H, Shears SB. IP8: A quantitatively minor inositol pyrophosphate signaling molecule that punches above its weight. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:101002. [PMID: 38064879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The inositol pyrophosphates (PP-IPs) are specialized members of the wider inositol phosphate signaling family that possess functionally significant diphosphate groups. The PP-IPs exhibit remarkable functionally versatility throughout the eukaryotic kingdoms. However, a quantitatively minor PP-IP - 1,5 bisdiphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate (1,5-IP8) - has received considerably less attention from the cell signalling community. The main purpose of this review is to summarize recently-published data which have now brought 1,5-IP8 into the spotlight, by expanding insight into the molecular mechanisms by which this polyphosphate regulates many fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Gu
- Inositol signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - Xingyao Li
- Inositol signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - Guangning Zong
- Inositol signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - Huanchen Wang
- Inositol signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA.
| | - Stephen B Shears
- Inositol signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA.
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9
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Wang Q, Yang L, Tian T, Sun Y, Dong H, Gong J, Hou Y. Proteomic Analysis of the Midgut Contents of Silkworm in the Pupal Stage. INSECTS 2023; 14:953. [PMID: 38132625 PMCID: PMC10743435 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori, a lepidopteran insect, possesses an 8-10-day pupal stage, during which significant changes occur in the midgut, where it first condenses into the yellow body, and then undergoes decomposition. To gain insights into this transformation process, proteomics was performed on Bombyx mori midgut contents on day 2 and day 7 after pupation. The results revealed the identification of 771 proteins with more than one unique peptide. An analysis using AgriGO demonstrated that these proteins were predominantly associated with catalytic activity. Among the identified proteins, a considerable number were found to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleic acid degradation, and energy support. Additionally, variations in the levels of certain proteases were observed between the midgut contents on day 2 and day 7 after pupation. An in-depth analysis of the two-dimensional electrophoresis of the midgut contents on day 7 after pupation led to the identification of twelve protein spots with potential gelatinolytic activity. Among these, six proteases were identified through mass spectrometry, including the p37k protease, vitellin-degrading protease, chymotrypsin-2, etc. These proteases may be responsible for the digestion of the yellow body during the later stages of pupal development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Hou
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Q.W.); (L.Y.); (T.T.); (Y.S.); (H.D.); (J.G.)
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10
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Borghi F, Saiardi A. Evolutionary perspective on mammalian inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) biology. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1947-1956. [PMID: 37844192 PMCID: PMC10657179 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), the polymeric form of phosphate, is attracting ever-growing attention due to the many functions it appears to perform within mammalian cells. This essay does not aim to systematically review the copious mammalian polyP literature. Instead, we examined polyP synthesis and functions in various microorganisms and used an evolutionary perspective to theorise key issues of this field and propose solutions. By highlighting the presence of VTC4 in distinct species of very divergent eucaryote clades (Opisthokonta, Viridiplantae, Discoba, and the SAR), we propose that whilst polyP synthesising machinery was present in the ancestral eukaryote, most lineages subsequently lost it during evolution. The analysis of the bacteria-acquired amoeba PPK1 and its unique polyP physiology suggests that eukaryote cells must have developed mechanisms to limit cytosolic polyP accumulation. We reviewed the literature on polyP in the mitochondria from the perspective of its endosymbiotic origin from bacteria, highlighting how mitochondria could possess a polyP physiology reminiscent of their 'bacterial' beginning that is not yet investigated. Finally, we emphasised the similarities that the anionic polyP shares with the better-understood negatively charged polymers DNA and RNA, postulating that the nucleus offers an ideal environment where polyP physiology might thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipy Borghi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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Mace ML, Lewin E. Frontiers in Bone Metabolism and Disorder in Chronic Kidney Disease. Metabolites 2023; 13:1034. [PMID: 37887359 PMCID: PMC10608583 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that affects 10-15% of the adult population, a prevalence expected to increase worldwide [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Mace
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Lewin
- Department of Nephrology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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12
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Siuzdak G. Subcellular quantitative imaging of metabolites at the organelle level. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1446-1448. [PMID: 37679555 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Siuzdak
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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