1
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Franz M, Neese F, Richert S. Elucidation of the exchange interaction in photoexcited three-spin systems - a second-order perturbational approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:25005-25020. [PMID: 39301612 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp03402c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Photogenerated three-spin systems show great potential for applications in the field of molecular spintronics. In these systems, the exchange interaction in the electronically excited state dictates their magnetic properties. To design such molecules for specific applications, it is thus important to understand how the sign and magnitude of the exchange interaction can be controlled. For this purpose, we developed a perturbational approach, based on previous work by the groups of de Loth and Malrieu, that allows for the direct calculation of the exchange interaction and its individual contributions up to the second order and implemented it within the ORCA program package. Within this manuscript, we present the derivation of the individual second-order contributions, provide an overview of the implementation of the code and illustrate its performance. We show that, using this perturbational approach in combination with state-averaged orbitals from minimal active space calculations, accurate values for the exchange interaction can be computed for organic nitroxides. Further, we demonstrate that the weight of the ionic determinants in the orbital optimisation of the CASSCF procedure is crucial for the computation of accurate exchange couplings. In the case of photoexcited chromophore-radical systems, we find that the dynamic spin polarisation effect constitutes the most important contribution to the exchange interaction, whereby the sign of this contribution determines the sign of the exchange interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Franz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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2
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Kopp SM, Nakamura S, Phelan BT, Poh YR, Tyndall SB, Brown PJ, Huang Y, Yuen-Zhou J, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Luminescent Organic Triplet Diradicals as Optically Addressable Molecular Qubits. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39332019 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c11116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Optical-spin interfaces that enable the photoinitialization, coherent microwave manipulation, and optical read-out of ground state spins have been studied extensively in solid-state defects such as diamond nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers and are promising for quantum information science applications. Molecular quantum bits (qubits) offer many advantages over solid-state spin centers through synthetic control of their optical and spin properties and their scalability into well-defined multiqubit arrays. In this work, we report an optical-spin interface in an organic molecular qubit consisting of two luminescent tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radicals connected via the meta-positions of a phenyl linker. The triplet ground state of this system can be photoinitialized in its |T0⟩ state by shelving triplet populations as singlets through spin-selective excited-state intersystem crossing with 80% selectivity from |T+⟩ and |T-⟩. The fluorescence intensity in the triplet manifold is determined by the ground-state polarization, and we show successful optical read-out of the ground-state spin following microwave manipulations by fluorescence-detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy. At 85 K, the lifetime of the polarized ground state is 45 ± 3 μs, and the ground state phase memory time is Tm = 5.9 ± 0.1 μs, which increases to 26.8 ± 1.6 μs at 5 K. These results show that luminescent diradicals with triplet ground states can serve as optically addressable molecular qubits with long spin coherence times, which marks an important step toward the rational design of spin-optical interfaces in organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Kopp
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Shunta Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Yong Rui Poh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 United States
| | - Samuel B Tyndall
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Paige J Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Yuheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
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3
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Sentyurin VV, Levitskiy OA, Yankova TS, Grishin YK, Lyssenko KA, Goloveshkin AS, Alabugin IV, Magdesieva TV. Double Spin with a Twist: Synthesis and Characterization of a Neutral Mixed-Valence Organic Stable Diradical. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26261-26274. [PMID: 39259835 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
A convenient design strategy opens access to neutral open-shell mixed-valence species via the redox transformation of charged stable precursors, i.e., the spiro-fused borate anions. We have implemented this strategy for the synthesis of the first neutral mixed-valence diradical: two neutral mixed-valence radical fragments were assembled via a twisted biphenyl bridge. The diradical is a crystalline solid obtained in almost quantitative yield by using a facile synthetic procedure. It is stable at room temperature in the triplet ground state with a very small singlet/triplet gap. This metal-free diradical can reversibly form five redox states. The diradical exhibits an intense IVCT band in the NIR region and can be assigned as a Class 2 Robin-Day MV (mixed valence) system with weakly interacting redox centers. Computations suggest that this diradical finds itself in a unique tug-of-war between two electron delocalization patterns, Kekulé and non-Kekulé, which gives rise to two geometric isomers that are close in energy but drastically different in spin distribution and polarity. Such bistable spin-systems should be intrinsically switchable and promising for the design of functional spin devices. The scope and limitations of the new redox-strategy for the neutral MV radicals were also tested on other types of spiro-fused borates, revealing structural factors responsible for the evolution from transient to persistent and then to stable radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V Sentyurin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oleg A Levitskiy
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Yankova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri K Grishin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Lyssenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander S Goloveshkin
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow 119934, Russia
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Tatiana V Magdesieva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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4
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Ishii W, Fuki M, Bu Ali EM, Sato S, Parmar B, Yamauchi A, Mulyadi CH, Uji M, Medina Rivero S, Watanabe G, Clark J, Kobori Y, Yanai N. Macrocyclic Parallel Dimer Showing Quantum Coherence of Quintet Multiexcitons at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25527-25535. [PMID: 39248728 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a promising approach in quantum information science because it can generate spin-entangled quintet triplet pairs by photoexcitation independent of temperature. However, it is still challenging to rationally achieve quantum coherence at room temperature, which requires precise control of the orientation and dynamics of triplet pairs. Here we show that the quantum coherence of quintet multiexcitons can be achieved at room temperature by arranging two pentacene chromophores in parallel and in close proximity within a macrocycle. By making dynamic covalent Schiff-base bonds between aldehyde-modified pentacene derivatives, macrocyclic parallel dimer-1 (MPD-1) can be selectively synthesized in a high yield. MPD-1 exhibits fast subpicosecond SF in polystyrene film and generates spin-polarized quintet multiexcitons. Furthermore, the coherence time T2 of the MPD-1 quintet is as long as 648 ns, even at room temperature. This macrocyclic parallel dimer strategy opens up new possibilities for future quantum applications using molecular multilevel qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fuki
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Eman M Bu Ali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shunsuke Sato
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Bhavesh Parmar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akio Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Catherine Helenna Mulyadi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Go Watanabe
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
- Department of Data Science, School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), 705-1 Shimoimaizumi, Ebina, Kanagawa 243-0435, Japan
| | - Jenny Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Guo Z, Bian Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Sun C, Cui D, Lv W, Zheng C, Huang W, Chen R. Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Carbon Dots with Intrinsic Photochromism and In Situ Radical Afterglow. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2409361. [PMID: 39267460 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202409361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
The combination of advanced photoluminescence characteristics to photochromism is highly attractive in preparing high-performance multifunctional photo-responsive materials for optoelectronic applications. However, this is rather challenging in material design owing to the limited mechanism understanding and construction principles. Here, an effective strategy to integrate photochromism and afterglow emission in carbon dots (CDs) is proposed through embedding naphthaleneimide (NI) structure in CDs followed by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) encapsulation. The NI-structured CDs-PVP shows intrinsic photochromism owing to the in situ formation of NI-radical anions and controllable multi-stimuli-responsive afterglow behaviors related to the oxygen-trigged triplet exciton quenching and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the pristine CDs to the photoactivated CDs radicals. Notably, a wide range of appearance colors from colorless to brown, luminescence color transition from blue to yellow, and much elongated afterglow lifetime up to 253 ms are observed. With the extraordinary stimuli-chromic and stimuli-luminescent CDs-PVP film dynamically responsive to multiple external stimuli, reversible secure snapchat, data encryption/decryption and synaptic imaging recognition are realized. These findings demonstrate a fundamental principle to design multi-stimuli-responsive photochromic CDs with afterglow, providing important understandings on the synergic mechanism of dynamic photochromism and emission behaviors and thereby expanding their applications in advanced information anti-counterfeiting and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenli Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanfang Bian
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Longyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chengxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dongyue Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenzhen Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, China
| | - Runfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
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6
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Zhou A, Sun Z, Sun L. Stable organic radical qubits and their applications in quantum information science. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100662. [PMID: 39091459 PMCID: PMC11292369 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The past century has witnessed the flourishing of organic radical chemistry. Stable organic radicals are highly valuable for quantum technologies thanks to their inherent room temperature quantum coherence, atomic-level designability, and fine tunability. In this comprehensive review, we highlight the potential of stable organic radicals as high-temperature qubits and explore their applications in quantum information science, which remain largely underexplored. Firstly, we summarize known spin dynamic properties of stable organic radicals and examine factors that influence their electron spin relaxation and decoherence times. This examination reveals their design principles and optimal operating conditions. We further discuss their integration in solid-state materials and surface structures, and present their state-of-the-art applications in quantum computing, quantum memory, and quantum sensing. Finally, we analyze the primary challenges associated with stable organic radical qubits and provide tentative insights to future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhecheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
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7
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Zhang C, Ye C, Yao J, Wu LZ. Spin-related excited-state phenomena in photochemistry. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae244. [PMID: 39211835 PMCID: PMC11360185 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The spin of electrons plays a vital role in chemical reactions and processes, and the excited state generated by the absorption of photons shows abundant spin-related phenomena. However, the importance of electron spin in photochemistry studies has been rarely mentioned or summarized. In this review, we briefly introduce the concept of spin photochemistry based on the spin multiplicity of the excited state, which leads to the observation of various spin-related photophysical properties and photochemical reactivities. Then, we focus on the recent advances in terms of light-induced magnetic properties, excited-state magneto-optical effects and spin-dependent photochemical reactions. The review aims to provide a comprehensive overview to utilize the spin multiplicity of the excited state in manipulating the above photophysical and photochemical processes. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges in the emerging field of spin photochemistry and future opportunities such as smart magnetic materials, optical information technology and spin-enhanced photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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8
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Dai D, Zhan Q, Shi T, Wang D, Zheng Y. Spin characteristics in conjugated stable diradicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8997-9006. [PMID: 39081131 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Spin properties are intrinsic characters of electrons. Radical molecules contain unpaired electron(s), and their unique chemical and physical properties make them an ideal platform for investigating spin properties in molecular systems. Among them, the burgeoning interest in stable conjugated diradicals is attributed to their distinctive characteristics, notably the dynamic resonance structures between open-shell and closed-shell forms, the malleability of their spin states, and the profound influence of intermolecular spin-spin interactions. A deep understanding of the spin characteristics of unpaired electrons in stable conjugated diradicals provides guidance for the design, synthesis, and characterization of radical-based materials. In this review, we discuss the unique spin delocalization, spin states, and spin-spin coupling characteristics of conjugated diradicals and emphasize how to precisely control these spin characteristics to understand their role in the molecules and as functional radical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Dai
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Zhan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianfang Shi
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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9
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Lv L, Zhang Y, Ning Z. Deciphering the doublet luminescence mechanism in neutral organic radicals: spin-exchange coupling, reversed-quartet mechanism, excited-state dynamics. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23987-23999. [PMID: 39086516 PMCID: PMC11289762 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03566f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutral organic radical molecules have recently attracted considerable attention as promising luminescent and quantum-information materials. However, the presence of a radical often shortens their excited-state lifetime and results in fluorescence quenching due to enhanced intersystem crossing (EISC). Recently, an experimental report introduced an efficient luminescent radical molecule, tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl-carbazole-anthracene (TTM-1Cz-An). In this study, we systematically performed quantum theoretical calculations combined with the path integral approach to quantitatively calculate the excited-state dynamics processes and spectral characteristics. Our theoretical findings suggest that the sing-doublet D1 state, originating from the anthracene excited singlet state, is quickly converted to the doublet (trip-doublet) state via EISC, facilitated by a significant nonequivalence exchange interaction, with ΔJ ST = 0.174 cm-1. The formation of the quartet state (Q1, trip-quartet) was predominantly dependent on the exchange coupling 3/2J TR = 0.086 cm-1 between the triplet spin electrons of anthracene and the TTM-1Cz radical. Direct spin-orbit coupling ISC to the Q1 state was minimal due to the nearly identical spatial wavefunctions of the and Q1 levels. The effective occurrence of reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) from the Q1 to D1 state is a critical step in controlling the luminescence of TTM-1Cz-An. The calculated RISC rate k RISC, including the Herzberg-Teller effect, was 3.64 × 105 s-1 at 298 K, significantly exceeding the phosphorescence and nonradiative rates of the Q1 state, thus enabling the D1 repopulation. Subsequently, a strong electronic coupling of 37.4 meV was observed between the D1 and D2 states, along with a dense manifold of doublet states near the D1 state energy, resulting in a larger reverse internal conversion rate k RIC of 9.26 × 1010 s-1. Distributed to the D2 state, the obtained emission rate of k f = 2.98-3.18 × 107 s-1 was in quite good agreement with the experimental value of 1.28 × 107 s-1, and its temperature effect was not remarkable. Our study not only provides strong support for the experimental findings but also offers valuable insights for the molecular design of high-efficiency radical emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- LingLing Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University Tianshui Gansu 741001 China /
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Gansu Province, Tianshui Normal University Tianshui Gansu 741001 China
| | - YanYing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University Tianshui Gansu 741001 China /
| | - ZiYe Ning
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University Tianshui Gansu 741001 China /
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10
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Chang X, Arnold ME, Blinder R, Zolg J, Wischnat J, van Slageren J, Jelezko F, Kuehne AJC, von Delius M. A Stable Chichibabin Diradicaloid with Near-Infrared Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404853. [PMID: 38695271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated molecules with multiple radical centers such as the iconic Chichibabin diradicaloid hold promise as building blocks in materials for quantum sensing and quantum information processing. However, it is a considerable challenge to design simple analogues of the Chichibabin hydrocarbon that are chemically inert, exhibit high diradical character and emit light at a distinct wavelength that may offer an optical readout of the spin state in functional ensembles. Here we describe the serendipitous discovery of the stable TTM-TTM diradicaloid, which exhibits high diradical character, a striking sky-blue color and near-infrared (NIR) emission (in solution). This combination of properties is unique among related diradicaloids and is due to the presence of hydrogen and chlorine atoms in "just the right positions", allowing a perfectly planar, yet predominantly benzenoid bridge to connect the two sterically stabilized radical centers. In-depth studies of the optical and magnetic properties suggest that this structural motif could become a mainstay building block of organic spin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mona E Arnold
- Institute of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rémi Blinder
- Institute of Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Zolg
- Institute of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wischnat
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Sil A, Hamilton L, Morris JMF, Daaoub AHS, Burrows JHH, Robertson CM, Luzyanin K, Higgins SJ, Sadeghi H, Nichols RJ, Sangtarash S, Vezzoli A. Zero-Bias Anti-Ohmic Behaviour in Diradicaloid Molecular Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202410304. [PMID: 39003723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Open-shell materials bearing multiple spin centres provide a key route to efficient charge transport in single-molecule electronic devices. They have narrow energy gaps, and their molecular orbitals align closely to the Fermi level of the metallic electrodes, thus allowing efficient electronic transport and higher conductance. Maintaining and stabilising multiple open-shell states-especially in contact with metallic electrodes-is however very challenging, generally requiring a continuous chemical or electrochemical potential to avoid self-immolation of the open-shell character. To overcome this issue, we designed, synthesised, and measured the conductance of a series of bis(indeno) fused acenes, where stability is imparted by a close-shell quinoidal conformation in resonance with the diradical electronic configuration. We show here that these compounds have anti-ohmic behaviour, with conductance increasing with increasing molecular length, at an unprecedented rate and across the entire bias window (± 1 . 3 V ${\pm 1.3\ V}$ ). Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations support our findings, showing the rapidly narrowing HOMO-LUMO gap, unique to these diradicaloid structures, is responsible for the observed behaviour. Our results provide a framework for achieving efficient transport in neutral compounds and demonstrate the promise that diradicaloid materials have in single-molecule electronics, owing to their great stability and unique electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Lewis Hamilton
- Device Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - James M F Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Abdalghani H S Daaoub
- Device Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - James H H Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Craig M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Konstantin Luzyanin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Simon J Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Device Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- Device Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Vezzoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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12
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Liu X, Shi C, Zhao M, Li F, Zhang J, Jiang Z, Li Q, Yuan A, Yan H. Robust Radicals Featuring B- and N-Embedded Dioxygen-Bridged Units: Synthesis, Structures, and Optical Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400927. [PMID: 38773816 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) group has been widely used for constructing organic radicals, but the poor optical stabilities limit the application prospects of the TTM radicals. In this work, the rigid B- and N-embedded dioxygen-bridged (BO and NO) units were attached to the TTM skeleton as the strong electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups, respectively. The rigidity and strong electronic effect of the BO and NO units contribute to the high chemical and optical stability of BO-TTM and NO-TTM radicals. Notably, NO-TTM exhibits near-infrared emission at 830 nm with a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 55 nm (100 meV), while BO-TTM shows blue-shifted luminescence at 635 nm and a narrower FWHM of merely 43 nm (130 meV). This study has developed a methodology to produce highly efficient and enduring luminescent radicals, which could tune emission properties such as wavelength and FWHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chao Shi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Meng Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feiyang Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, P. R. China
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13
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Mizuno A, Matsuoka R, Kimura S, Ochiai K, Kusamoto T. Spin-Correlated Luminescence of a Carbazole-Containing Diradical Emitter: Single-Molecule Magnetoluminescence and Thermally Activated Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18470-18483. [PMID: 38921686 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent radicals have been intensively studied as a new class of materials exhibiting novel photofunctions unique to open-shell systems. When luminescent radicals are assembled, intriguing spin-correlated luminescence phenomena emerge, including excimer-like emission and magnetic-field effects on luminescence (i.e., magnetoluminescence, MagLum). However, the underlying mechanisms of these phenomena arising from spin multiplicity and spin-dependent excited-state dynamics are poorly understood due to the limited number of luminescent polyradical systems available for study. In particular, the correlation between stronger intramolecular exchange interactions (|2J/kB| > ∼10 K, where J and kB are the intramolecular exchange coupling constant and the Boltzmann constant, respectively) and luminescence properties has not been fully explained. In this study, a novel carbazole-containing diradical emitter (1) and the corresponding monoradical (2) were prepared for the in-depth study of spin-correlated luminescence properties, with luminescence measurements under magnetic fields of up to 18 T. Diradical 1 has a negative 2J/kB value of several tens of kelvin and exhibits a single-molecule MagLum and thermally activated luminescence, whereas 2 does not. Detailed quantitative analyses revealed that both the spin-correlated luminescence properties of 1 are strongly dominated by ground-state spin statistics based on the Boltzmann distribution (i.e., 2J/kB values). Furthermore, diradical 1 exhibits external heavy-atom effects in heavy-atom-containing solvents such as iodobenzene, whereas monoradical 2 does not. This is the first experimental verification of external heavy-atom effects in polyradical emitters. This work demonstrates that polyradical emitters can be designed based on spin degrees of freedom in both ground and excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asato Mizuno
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Shojiro Kimura
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ochiai
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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14
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Cho HH, Gorgon S, Londi G, Giannini S, Cho C, Ghosh P, Tonnelé C, Casanova D, Olivier Y, Baikie TK, Li F, Beljonne D, Greenham NC, Friend RH, Evans EW. Efficient near-infrared organic light-emitting diodes with emission from spin doublet excitons. NATURE PHOTONICS 2024; 18:905-912. [PMID: 39247521 PMCID: PMC11374703 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of luminescent organic radicals has resulted in materials with excellent optical properties for near-infrared emission. Applications of light generation in this range span from bioimaging to surveillance. Although the unpaired electron arrangements of radicals enable efficient radiative transitions within the doublet-spin manifold in organic light-emitting diodes, their performance is limited by non-radiative pathways introduced in electroluminescence. Here we present a host-guest design for organic light-emitting diodes that exploits energy transfer with up to 9.6% external quantum efficiency for 800 nm emission. The tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl-triphenyl-amine radical guest is energy-matched to the triplet state in a charge-transporting anthracene-derivative host. We show from optical spectroscopy and quantum-chemical modelling that reversible host-guest triplet-doublet energy transfer allows efficient harvesting of host triplet excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Hee Cho
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Samuele Giannini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Present Address: Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, National Research Council (ICCOM-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Changsoon Cho
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pratyush Ghosh
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia International Physics Centre, Donostia, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Centre, Donostia, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Tomi K Baikie
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Emrys W Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Centre for Integrative Semiconductor Materials, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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15
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Gou Q, Guan J, Zhang L, Ai X. Phenyl Derivatives Modulate the Luminescent Properties and Stability of CzBTM-Type Radicals. Molecules 2024; 29:2900. [PMID: 38930965 PMCID: PMC11206717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The distinctive electron structures of luminescent radicals offer considerable potential for a diverse array of applications. Up to now, the luminescent properties of radicals have been modulated through the introduction of electron-donating substituents, predominantly derivatives of carbazole and polyaromatic amines with more and more complicated structures and redshifted luminescent spectra. Herein, four kinds of (N-carbazolyl)bis(2,4,6-tirchlorophenyl)-methyl (CzBTM) radicals, Ph2CzBTM, Mes2CzBTM, Ph2PyIDBTM, and Mes2PyIDBTM, were synthesized and characterized by introducing simple phenyl and 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl groups to CzBTM and PyIDBTM. These radicals exhibit rare blueshifted emission spectra compared to their parent radicals. Furthermore, modifications to CzBTM significantly enhanced the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs), with a highest PLQY of 21% for Mes2CzBTM among CzBTM-type radicals. Additionally, the molecular structures, photophysical properties of molecular orbitals, and stability of the four radicals were systematically investigated. This study provides a novel strategy for tuning the luminescent color of radicals to shorter wavelengths and improving thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanquan Gou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, No 58, Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiahao Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, No 58, Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lintao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, No 58, Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, No 58, Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xin Ai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, No 58, Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, No 58, Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Technology, Hainan University, No 58, Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
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16
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Inoue M, Yamauchi A, Parmar B, Orihashi K, Singh M, Asada M, Nakamura T, Yanai N. Guest-responsive coherence time of radical qubits in a metal-organic framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6130-6133. [PMID: 38770580 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) integrated with molecular qubits are promising for quantum sensing. In this study, a new UiO-type MOF with a 5,12-diazatetracene (DAT)-containing ligand is synthesized, and the radicals generated in the MOF exhibit high stability and a relatively long coherence time (T2) responsive to the introduction of various guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Akio Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Bhavesh Parmar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Kana Orihashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Mizue Asada
- Institute for Molecular Science, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Nakamura
- Institute for Molecular Science, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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17
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Mayländer M, Khariushin IV, Vargas Jentzsch A, Richert S. Correlation between Radical and Quartet State Coherence Times in Photogenerated Triplet-Radical Conjugates. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5935-5938. [PMID: 38809777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Molecular quartet states, generated by photoexcitation of chromophore-radical conjugates, have been shown to exhibit attractive properties for applications in the field of molecular spintronics. Many of these applications, such as quantum sensing, require a coherent manipulation of the spin system, implying the need to control the quartet state spin coherence properties. By examining the influence of structural and matrix-related factors, we demonstrate a correlation between the coherence decay of the photogenerated quartet state and that of the tethered stable radical, paving the way for a rational design of photogenerated molecular three-spin systems with optimized coherence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ivan V Khariushin
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Andreas Vargas Jentzsch
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Poh YR, Morozov D, Kazmierczak NP, Hadt RG, Groenhof G, Yuen-Zhou J. Alternant Hydrocarbon Diradicals as Optically Addressable Molecular Qubits. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15549-15561. [PMID: 38798142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
High-spin molecules allow for bottom-up qubit design and are promising platforms for magnetic sensing and quantum information science. Optical addressability of molecular electron spins has also been proposed in first-row transition-metal complexes via optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) mechanisms analogous to the diamond-nitrogen-vacancy color center. However, significantly less progress has been made on the front of metal-free molecules, which can deliver lower costs and milder environmental impacts. At present, most luminescent open-shell organic molecules are π-diradicals, but such systems often suffer from poor ground-state open-shell characters necessary to realize a stable ground-state molecular qubit. In this work, we use alternancy symmetry to selectively minimize radical-radical interactions in the ground state, generating π-systems with high diradical characters. We call them m-dimers, referencing the need to covalently link two benzylic radicals at their meta carbon atoms for the desired symmetry. Through a detailed electronic structure analysis, we find that the excited states of alternant hydrocarbon m-diradicals contain important symmetries that can be used to construct ODMR mechanisms leading to ground-state spin polarization. The molecular parameters are set in the context of a tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radical dimer covalently tethered at the meta position, demonstrating the feasibility of alternant m-diradicals as molecular color centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Rui Poh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, St. Gallen 9000, Switzerland
| | - Nathanael P Kazmierczak
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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19
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Li P, Bai F. A Thorough Examination of the Variables Affecting the Quantum Efficiency of Radiative Decay of Trichlorotriphenylmethyl Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4279-4287. [PMID: 38752807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence quantum efficiency is determined by the competition between radiation and nonradiation processes of the excited states. Understanding the factors affecting the radiation and nonradiative decay rates is of great significance for the design of luminescent materials. The excitation state deactivation mechanisms of singlet and triplet states have been extensively studied, providing a comprehensive understanding of the processes involved in the relaxation of these states. However, research on free radical systems involving doublet states is relatively scarce. Therefore, in this study, radiation and nonradiative decay rates and the mechanism of a series of trichlorotriphenylmethyl-based radicals were investigated theoretically. The results indicate that the relative rotations of electron donor and acceptor, as well as the internal rotations of trichlorotriphenylmethyl moiety, play important roles in energy dissipation through nonradiative channels. The effect of a solid-state environment on the radiation and nonradiative decay rates of radicals was investigated using a combination of quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics methods. The results indicate that the solid-state environment restricts the expansion of the conjugated system in the excited state of radicals, leading to a slight decrease in radiative decay rate. In addition, the solid-state environment reduces the reorganization energy and also affects the adiabatic excitation energy of radicals. The reduction in reorganization energy results in a decrease in nonradiative rate, while the opposite effect is observed for adiabatic excitation energy. The nonradiative rate of radicals in a solid-state environment is thus inflected by a combination of molecular geometric structure relaxation and ground-excited state energy gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Fuquan Bai
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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20
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She P, Qin Y, Zhou Y, Zheng X, Li F, Liu S, Ma Y, Zhao Q, Wong WY. Photoactivated Circularly Polarized Luminescent Organic Radicals in Doped Amorphous Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403660. [PMID: 38465907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent organic radicals, especially those with photoactivated circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) features, hold great significance for cutting-edge optoelectronic applications, but their development still remains a challenge. In this study, we propose a novel strategy to achieve photoactivated CPL radicals by bonding two phosphine centers within an axial chiral system, yielding a compound of R/S-5,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4,4'-bibenzo[d][1,3]dioxole (R/S-BDP). The photoactivated R/S-BDP molecules in polymer matrix display a robust quantum yield of 19.8 % and a dissymmetry factor (glum) of 1.2×10-4, marking this work as the first example of photoactivated CPL radicals. Furthermore, the glum is improved to 1.0×10-2 by using a liquid crystal as host. Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that R/S-BDP molecules, endowed with double phosphine cores in axial chirality, offer a direct way for intramolecular electron transfer upon photoirradiation. This leads to the generation of radical ionic pairs, which subsequently trigger the donor-acceptor arrangement through intermolecular electron transfer, thereby resulting in stable radical emission. The extended photoactivated BDP-F exhibits a remarkably high quantum efficiency of 57.8%. Ultimately, the distinctive photo-responsive CPL radical luminescence has been successfully used for information displays and anti-counterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei She
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Research Institute for Smart Energy., The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Qin
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Research Institute for Smart Energy., The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays &, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) &, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokang Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Research Institute for Smart Energy., The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Feiyang Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, P. R. China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays &, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) &, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays &, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) &, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays &, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) &, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Research Institute for Smart Energy., The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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21
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Thielert P, El Bitar Nehme M, Mayländer M, Franz M, Zimmermann SL, Fisch F, Gilch P, Vargas Jentzsch A, Rickhaus M, Richert S. Influence of the substitution position on spin communication in photoexcited perylene-nitroxide dyads. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7515-7523. [PMID: 38784753 PMCID: PMC11110163 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
By virtue of the modularity of their structures, their tunable optical and magnetic properties, and versatile applications, photogenerated triplet-radical systems provide an ideal platform for the study of the factors controlling spin communication in molecular frameworks. Typically, these compounds consist of an organic chromophore covalently attached to a stable radical. After formation of the chromophore triplet state by photoexcitation, two spin centres are present in the molecule that will interact. The nature of their interaction is governed by the magnitude of the exchange interaction between them and can be studied by making use of transient electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Here, we investigate three perylene-nitroxide dyads that only differ with respect to the position where the nitroxide radical is attached to the perylene core. The comparison of the results from transient UV-vis and EPR experiments reveals major differences in the excited state properties of the three dyads, notably their triplet state formation yield, excited state deactivation kinetics, and spin coherence times. Spectral simulations and quantum chemical calculations are used to rationalise these findings and demonstrate the importance of considering the structural flexibility and the contribution of rotational conformers for an accurate interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Thielert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Mélissa El Bitar Nehme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Franz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Simon L Zimmermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Fabienne Fisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Andreas Vargas Jentzsch
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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22
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Murto P, Li B, Fu Y, Walker LE, Brown L, Bond AD, Zeng W, Chowdhury R, Cho HH, Yu CP, Grey CP, Friend RH, Bronstein H. Steric Control of Luminescence in Phenyl-Substituted Trityl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13133-13141. [PMID: 38695282 PMCID: PMC11099960 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Triphenylmethyl (trityl) radicals have shown potential for use in organic optoelectronic applications, but the design of practical trityl structures has been limited to donor/radical charge-transfer systems due to the poor luminescence of alternant symmetry hydrocarbons. Here, we circumvent the symmetry-forbidden transition of alternant hydrocarbons via excited-state symmetry breaking in a series of phenyl-substituted tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radicals. We show that 3-fold phenyl substitution enhances the emission of the TTM radical and that steric control modulates the optical properties in these systems. Simple ortho-methylphenyl substitution boosts the photoluminescence quantum efficiency from 1% (for TTM) to 65% at a peak wavelength of 612 nm (for 2-T3TTM) in solution. In the crystalline solid state, the neat 2-T3TTM radical shows a remarkably high photoluminescence quantum efficiency of 25% for emission peaking at 706 nm. This has implications in the design of aryl-substituted radical structures where the electronic coupling of the substituents influences variables such as emission, charge transfer, and spin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Murto
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Biwen Li
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Yao Fu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Lucy E. Walker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Laura Brown
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Bond
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Weixuan Zeng
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | | | - Hwan-Hee Cho
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Craig P. Yu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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23
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Bian K, Zheng W, Chen X, Zhang S, Stöhr R, Denisenko A, Yang S, Wrachtrup J, Jiang Y. A scanning probe microscope compatible with quantum sensing at ambient conditions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:053707. [PMID: 38819258 DOI: 10.1063/5.0202756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We designed and built up a new type of ambient scanning probe microscope (SPM), which is fully compatible with state-of-the-art quantum sensing technology based on the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We chose a qPlus-type tuning fork (Q up to ∼4400) as the current/force sensor of SPM for its high stiffness and stability under various environments, which yields atomic resolution under scanning tunneling microscopy mode and 1.2-nm resolution under atomic force microscopy mode. The tip of SPM can be used to directly image the topography of nanoscale targets on diamond surfaces for quantum sensing and to manipulate the electrostatic environment of NV centers to enhance their sensitivity up to a single proton spin. In addition, we also demonstrated scanning magnetometry and electrometry with a spatial resolution of ∼20 nm. Our new system not only paves the way for integrating atomic/molecular-scale color-center qubits onto SPM tips to produce quantum tips but also provides the possibility of fabricating color-center qubits with nanoscale or atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Bian
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wentian Zheng
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiakun Chen
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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24
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Hudson JM, Evans EW. Radical Spin Polarization and Magnetosensitivity from Reversible Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4130-4135. [PMID: 38593182 PMCID: PMC11033935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Molecular spins provide potential building units for future quantum information science and spintronic technologies. In particular, doublet (S = 1/2) and triplet (S = 1) molecular spin states have the potential for excellent optical and spin properties for these applications if useful photon-spin mechanisms at room temperature can be devised. Here we explore the potential of exploiting reversible energy transfer between triplet and doublet states to establish magnetosensitive luminescence and spin polarization. We investigate the dependence of the photon-spin mechanism on the magnitude and sign of the exchange interaction between the doublet and triplet spin components in amorphous and crystalline model systems. The design of a magnetic field inclination sensor is proposed from understanding the required "structure" (spin interactions) to "function" (magnetosensitivity).
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Hudson
- Department
of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Integrative Semiconductor Materials, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Emrys W. Evans
- Department
of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Integrative Semiconductor Materials, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
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25
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Zhang Y, Oberg CP, Hu Y, Xu H, Yan M, Scholes GD, Wang M. Molecular and Supramolecular Materials: From Light-Harvesting to Quantum Information Science and Technology. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:3294-3316. [PMID: 38497707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed immense advances in quantum information technology (QIT), benefited by advances in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science and engineering. It is intriguing to consider whether these diverse molecular and supramolecular structures and materials, partially inspired by quantum effects as observed in sophisticated biological systems such as light-harvesting complexes in photosynthesis and the magnetic compass of migratory birds, might play a role in future QIT. If so, how? Herein, we review materials and specify the relationship between structures and quantum properties, and we identify the challenges and limitations that have restricted the intersection of QIT and chemical materials. Examples are broken down into two categories: materials for quantum sensing where nonclassical function is observed on the molecular scale and systems where nonclassical phenomena are present due to intermolecular interactions. We discuss challenges for materials chemistry and make comparisons to related systems found in nature. We conclude that if chemical materials become relevant for QIT, they will enable quite new kinds of properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Catrina P Oberg
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hongxue Xu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Mengwen Yan
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
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26
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Song J, Lv X, Gu J, Yam C, Meng L. Designing thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters with through-space charge transfer: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6420-6428. [PMID: 38317611 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05495k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Recently, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules with through-space charge transfer (TSCT) features have been widely applied in developing organic light-emitting diodes with high luminescence efficiencies. The performance of TSCT-TADF molecules depends highly on their molecular structures. Therefore, theoretical investigation plays a significant role in designing novel highly efficient TSCT-TADF molecules. Herein, we theoretically investigate two recently reported TSCT-TADF molecules, 1'-(2,12-di-t-butyl[1,4]benzoxaborinino[2,3,4-kl]phenoxaborinin-7-yl)-10-phenyl-10H-spiro[acridine-9,9'-fluorene] (AC-BO) and 1-(2,12-di-t-butyl[1,4]benzoxaborinino[2,3,4-kl]phenoxaborinin-7-yl)-9',9'-dimethyl-9'H-spiro [fluorene-9,5'-quinolino[3,2,1-de]acridine](QAC-BO). The calculated photophysical properties (e.g. excited state energy levels and luminescence properties) for these two compounds are in good agreement with experimental data. Based on the systematic analysis of structure-performance relationships, we design three novel TSCT-TADF molecules with high molecular rigidity and evident TSCT features, i.e., DQAC-DBO, DQAC-SBO, and DQAC-NBO. They exhibit deep-blue light emissions and fast reverse intersystem crossing rates (KRISCs). Our calculations demonstrate that the nearly coplanar orientation of the donor and acceptor is critical to achieve remarkable KRISCs and fluorescence efficiencies in TSCT-TADF molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Junjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - ChiYung Yam
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Lingyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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27
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Mizuno A, Matsuoka R, Mibu T, Kusamoto T. Luminescent Radicals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1034-1121. [PMID: 38230673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Organic radicals are attracting increasing interest as a new class of molecular emitters. They demonstrate electronic excitation and relaxation dynamics based on their doublet or higher multiplet spin states, which are different from those based on singlet-triplet manifolds of conventional closed-shell molecules. Recent studies have disclosed luminescence properties and excited state dynamics unique to radicals, such as highly efficient electron-photon conversion in OLEDs, NIR emission, magnetoluminescence, an absence of heavy atom effect, and spin-dependent and spin-selective dynamics. These are difficult or sometimes impossible to achieve with closed-shell luminophores. This review focuses on luminescent organic radicals as an emerging photofunctional molecular system, and introduces the material developments, fundamental properties including luminescence, and photofunctions. Materials covered in this review range from monoradicals, radical oligomers, and radical polymers to metal complexes with radical ligands demonstrating radical-involved emission. In addition to stable radicals, transiently formed radicals generated in situ by external stimuli are introduced. This review shows that luminescent organic radicals have great potential to expand the chemical and spin spaces of luminescent molecular materials and thus broaden their applicability to photofunctional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asato Mizuno
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takuto Mibu
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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28
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Kandrashkin YE. Estimation of Heisenberg exchange interaction in rigid photoexcited chromophore-radical compound by transient EPR. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:044306. [PMID: 38284654 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The magnetic field dependence of the spin polarization in a photoexcited rigid chromophore-radical conjugate is theoretically investigated. The excitation of the chromophore-radical conjugate often populates the metastable doublet and quartet states formed by the interactions of the unpaired electrons of the triplet chromophore and the radical. The intensities of the +1/2 ↔ - 1/2 transitions of the doublet and quartet manifolds are sensitive to the ratio jω = 3J/ω0 between the triplet-doublet exchange interaction J and the Zeeman energy ω0. It is shown that the analytical expressions of these intensities previously found for the triplet mechanism of the initial spin polarization can be expanded and applied to a broader class of compounds that may have other intersystem crossing pathways of the depopulation of the excited singlet state of the chromophore. It is also shown that the exchange interaction can be evaluated not only by comparing the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra obtained in different microwave frequency bands but also by comparing the data obtained in the same microwave band but with a shift of the frequency of the resonator. The results obtained broaden the potential applications of the previously proposed approach for analyzing the correlation between the exchange coupling and the distance separating the radical and the chromophore spins, as well as the structure of the bridge connecting their fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia
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29
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Palmer JR, Williams ML, Young RM, Peinkofer KR, Phelan BT, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Oriented Triplet Excitons as Long-Lived Electron Spin Qutrits in a Molecular Donor-Acceptor Single Cocrystal. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1089-1099. [PMID: 38156609 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The photogeneration of multiple unpaired electron spins within molecules is a promising route to applications in quantum information science because they can be initialized into well-defined, multilevel quantum states (S > 1/2) and reproducibly fabricated by chemical synthesis. However, coherent manipulation of these spin states is difficult to realize in typical molecular systems due to the lack of selective addressability and short coherence times of the spin transitions. Here, these challenges are addressed by using donor-acceptor single cocrystals composed of pyrene and naphthalene dianhydride to host spatially oriented triplet excitons, which exhibit promising photogenerated qutrit properties. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy demonstrates that spatially orienting triplet excitons in a single crystal platform imparts narrow, well-resolved, tunable resonances in the triplet EPR spectrum, allowing selective addressability of the spin sublevel transitions. Pulse-EPR spectroscopy reveals that at temperatures above 30 K, spin decoherence of these triplet excitons is driven by exciton diffusion. However, coherence is limited by electronic spin dipolar coupling below 30 K, where T2 varies nonlinearly with the optical excitation density due to exciton annihilation. Overall, an optimized coherence time of T2 = 7.1 μs at 20 K is achieved. These results provide important insights into designing solid-state molecular excitonic materials with improved spin qutrit properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kathryn R Peinkofer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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30
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Mariano L, Mondal S, Lunghi A. Spin-Vibronic Dynamics in Open-Shell Systems beyond the Spin Hamiltonian Formalism. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:323-332. [PMID: 38153836 PMCID: PMC10782446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Vibronic coupling has a dramatic influence over a large number of molecular processes, ranging from photochemistry to spin relaxation and electronic transport. The simulation of vibronic coupling with multireference wave function methods has been largely applied to organic compounds, and only early efforts are available for open-shell systems such as transition metal and lanthanide complexes. In this work, we derive a numerical strategy to differentiate the molecular electronic Hamiltonian in the context of multireference ab initio methods and inclusive of spin-orbit coupling effects. We then provide a formulation of open quantum system dynamics able to predict the time evolution of the electron density matrix under the influence of a Markovian phonon bath up to fourth-order perturbation theory. We apply our method to Co(II) and Dy(III) molecular complexes exhibiting long spin relaxation times and successfully validate our strategy against the use of an effective spin Hamiltonian. Our study sheds light on the nature of vibronic coupling, the importance of electronic excited states in spin relaxation, and the need for high-level computational chemistry to quantify it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo
A. Mariano
- School of Physics, AMBER and CRANN
Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sourav Mondal
- School of Physics, AMBER and CRANN
Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Lunghi
- School of Physics, AMBER and CRANN
Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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31
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Feng Z, Zhou J, He X, Wang B, Xie G, Qiao X, Liu L, Xie Z, Ma Y. Extremely Stable Perylene Bisimide-Bridged Regioisomeric Diradicals and Their Redox Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302943. [PMID: 37803935 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Excellent stability is an essential premise for organic diradicals to be used in organic electronic and spintronic devices. We have attached two tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radical building blocks to the two sides of perylene bisimide (PBI) bridges and obtained two regioisomeric diradicals (1,6-TTM-PBI and 1,7-TTM-PBI). Both of the isomers show super stability rather than the monomeric TTM under ambient conditions, due to the increased conjugation and the electron-withdrawing effects of the PBI bridges. The diradicals show distinct and reversible multistep redox processes, and a spectro-electrochemistry investigation revealed the generation of organic mixed-valence (MV) species during reduction processes. The two diradicals have singlet ground states, very small singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔES-T ) and a pure open-shell character (with diradical character y0 =0.966 for 1,6-TTM-PBI and 0.967 for 1,7-TTM-PBI). This work opens a window to developing very stable diradicals and offers the opportunity of their further application in optical, electronic and magnetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Feng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiandong He
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Bohan Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guojing Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Qiao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zengqi Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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