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Yu N, Cui H, Jin S, Liu P, Fang Y, Sun F, Cao Y, Yuan B, Xie Y, Duan W, Ma C. IL-6 from cerebrospinal fluid causes widespread pain via STAT3-mediated astrocytosis in chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:60. [PMID: 38419042 PMCID: PMC10900663 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spinal inflammatory signal often spreads to distant segments, accompanied by widespread pain symptom under neuropathological conditions. Multiple cytokines are released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), potentially inducing the activation of an inflammatory cascade at remote segments through CSF flow. However, the detailed alteration of CSF in neuropathic pain and its specific role in widespread pain remain obscure. METHODS A chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) model was constructed, and pain-related behavior was observed on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days post surgery, in both vibrissa pads and hind paws. CSF from CCI-ION rats was transplanted to naïve rats through intracisternal injection, and thermal and mechanical allodynia were measured in hind paws. The alteration of inflammatory cytokines in CCI-ION's CSF was detected using an antibody array and bioinformatic analysis. Pharmacological intervention targeting the changed cytokine in the CSF and downstream signaling was performed to evaluate its role in widespread pain. RESULTS CCI-ION induced local pain in vibrissa pads together with widespread pain in hind paws. CCI-ION's CSF transplantation, compared with sham CSF, contributed to vibrissa pad pain and hind paw pain in recipient rats. Among the measured cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leptin were increased in CCI-ION's CSF, while interleukin-13 (IL-13) was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the concentration of CSF IL-6 was correlated with nerve injury extent, which gated the occurrence of widespread pain. Both astrocytes and microglia were increased in remote segments of the CCI-ION model, while the inhibition of astrocytes in remote segments, but not microglia, significantly alleviated widespread pain. Mechanically, astroglial signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in remote segments were activated by CSF IL-6, the inhibition of which significantly mitigated widespread pain in CCI-ION. CONCLUSION IL-6 was induced in the CSF of the CCI-ION model, triggering widespread pain via activating astrocyte STAT3 signal in remote segments. Therapies targeting IL-6/STAT3 signaling might serve as a promising strategy for the widespread pain symptom under neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Huan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Sixuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Penghao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Yehong Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengrun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yikuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wanru Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
- National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Li Y, Chen Y, Hu X, Ouyang F, Li J, Huang J, Ye J, Shan F, Luo Y, Yu S, Li Z, Yao F, Liu Y, Shi Y, Zheng M, Cheng L, Jing J. Fingolimod (FTY720) Hinders Interferon-γ-Mediated Fibrotic Scar Formation and Facilitates Neurological Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2580-2595. [PMID: 36879472 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), fibrotic scar inhibits axon regeneration and impairs neurological function recovery. It has been reported that T cell-derived interferon (IFN)-γ plays a pivotal role in promoting fibrotic scarring in neurodegenerative disease. However, the role of IFN-γ in fibrotic scar formation after SCI has not been declared. In this study, a spinal cord crush injury mouse was established. Western blot and immunofluorescence showed that IFN-γ was surrounded by fibroblasts at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-injury. Moreover, IFN-γ is mainly secreted by T cells after SCI. Further, in situ injection of IFN-γ into the normal spinal cord resulted in fibrotic scar formation and inflammation response at 7 days post-injection. After SCI, the intraperitoneal injection of fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) modulator and W146, an S1PR1 antagonist, significantly reduced T cell infiltration, attenuating fibrotic scarring via inhibiting IFN-γ/IFN-γR pathway, while in situ injection of IFN-γ diminished the effect of FTY720 on reducing fibrotic scarring. FTY720 treatment inhibited inflammation, decreased lesion size, and promoted neuroprotection and neurological recovery after SCI. These findings demonstrate that the inhibition of T cell-derived IFN-γ by FTY720 suppressed fibrotic scarring and contributed to neurological recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiteng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuyang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangru Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianjian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jinxin Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianan Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangli Shan
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Scientific Research and Experiment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuisheng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanchang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Lin IT, Lin YH, Lian WS, Wang FS, Wu RW. MicroRNA-29a Mitigates Laminectomy-Induced Spinal Epidural Fibrosis and Gait Dysregulation by Repressing TGF-β1 and IL-6. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119158. [PMID: 37298111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal epidural fibrosis is one of the typical features attributable to failed back surgery syndrome, with excessive scar development in the dura and nerve roots. The microRNA-29 family (miR-29s) has been found to act as a fibrogenesis-inhibitory factor that reduces fibrotic matrix overproduction in various tissues. However, the mechanistic basis of miRNA-29a underlying the overabundant fibrotic matrix synthesis in spinal epidural scars post-laminectomy remained elusive. This study revealed that miR-29a attenuated lumbar laminectomy-induced fibrogenic activity, and epidural fibrotic matrix formation was significantly lessened in the transgenic mice (miR-29aTg) as compared with wild-type mice (WT). Moreover, miR-29aTg limits laminectomy-induced damage and has also been demonstrated to detect walking patterns, footprint distribution, and moving activity. Immunohistochemistry staining of epidural tissue showed that miR-29aTg was a remarkably weak signal of IL-6, TGF-β1, and DNA methyltransferase marker, Dnmt3b, compared to the wild-type mice. Taken together, these results have further strengthened the evidence that miR-29a epigenetic regulation reduces fibrotic matrix formation and spinal epidural fibrotic activity in surgery scars to preserve the integrity of the spinal cord core. This study elucidates and highlights the molecular mechanisms that reduce the incidence of spinal epidural fibrosis, eliminating the risk of gait abnormalities and pain associated with laminectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Lin
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Lian
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics & Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics & Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Re-Wen Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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Wu B, Cao Y, Meng M, Jiang Y, Tao H, Zhang Y, Huang C, Li R. Gabapentin alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by increasing the protein expression of GABA ARδ. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 944:175585. [PMID: 36791842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Gabapentin is a commonly used analgesic in the clinic to reduce opioid consumption. It is well known that gabapentin can reduce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). However, it remains unclear whether gabapentin can reduce myocardial IRI. Before the performance of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), rats received gabapentin without or with an intravenous injection of PI3K inhibitor (LY294002), or an intraspinal injection of lentivirus-mediated GABAARδ-shRNA. The myocardial IRI were evaluated by calculating the infarction area, arrhythmia score and myocardial apoptosis. The activity of PI3K/Akt and the expression of GABAARδ were quantified by western blotting. The effect of gabapentin on myocardial I/R was further demonstrated in vitro by establishing oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation in cardiomyocytes. After I/R in vivo, there were significant increases in infarction area, arrhythmia and Bax protein expression in the myocardium, as well as a decrease of GABAARδ in the spinal cord. Meanwhile, I/R also decreased the protein expression of PI3K/Akt and Bcl-2. Gabapentin pretreatment successfully attenuated IRI including reducing the myocardial infarction area and apoptosis. This effect was abolished by both the systemic inhibition of PI3K/Akt and the intraspinal suppression of GABAARδ. However, gabapentin pretreatment failed to prevent cellular injury induced by OGD/R in cardiomyocytes. Therefore, the myocardial protective effect of gabapentin may be attributed to activating PI3K/Akt in the myocardium and upregulating GABAARδ in the spinal cord. Gabapentin achieved a potent protective effect on the myocardium during the course of routine clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Scientific Research and Experiment Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yahong Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Scientific Research and Experiment Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - MingZhu Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Scientific Research and Experiment Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yanwan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Scientific Research and Experiment Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Scientific Research and Experiment Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Scientific Research and Experiment Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Scientific Research and Experiment Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Scientific Research and Experiment Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China.
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Huang Z, Ding Z, Xu Y, Xi C, He L, Luo H, Guo Q, Huang C. Downregulation of nuclear STAT2 protein in the spinal dorsal horn is involved in neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury of the rat sciatic nerve. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1069331. [PMID: 36744245 PMCID: PMC9890072 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1069331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene transcription in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. In this study, we investigated whether the transcription factor STAT2 affects neuropathic pain and evaluated its possible mechanisms. A proteomic analysis showed that the nuclear fraction of STAT2 protein in the SDH was downregulated after chronic constriction injury of the rat sciatic nerve, which was associated with the development of neuropathic pain. Similarly, siRNA-induced downregulation of STAT2 in the SDH of naïve rats also resulted in pain hypersensitivity. Using RNA-sequencing analysis, we showed that reduction of nuclear STAT2 after chronic constriction injury was associated with increased expression of microglial activation markers, including the class II transactivator and major histocompatibility complex class II proteins. In addition, siRNA-induced downregulation of STAT2 promoted microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the SDH. Taken together, these results showed that chronic constriction injury caused downregulation of nuclear STAT2 in the SDH, which may result in microglial activation and development of neuropathic pain. Our findings indicate that restoration of nuclear expression of STAT2 could be a potential pathway for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijing Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangting Xu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Caiyun Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liqiong He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Changsheng Huang,
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Li Z, Yu S, Liu Y, Hu X, Li Y, Xiao Z, Chen Y, Tian D, Xu X, Cheng L, Zheng M, Jing J. SU16f inhibits fibrotic scar formation and facilitates axon regeneration and locomotor function recovery after spinal cord injury by blocking the PDGFRβ pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:95. [PMID: 35429978 PMCID: PMC9013464 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessively deposited fibrotic scar after spinal cord injury (SCI) inhibits axon regeneration. It has been reported that platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ), as a marker of fibrotic scar-forming fibroblasts, can only be activated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B or PDGFD. However, whether the activation of the PDGFRβ pathway can mediate fibrotic scar formation after SCI remains unclear. Methods A spinal cord compression injury mouse model was used. In situ injection of exogenous PDGFB or PDGFD in the spinal cord was used to specifically activate the PDGFRβ pathway in the uninjured spinal cord, while intrathecal injection of SU16f was used to specifically block the PDGFRβ pathway in the uninjured or injured spinal cord. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to explore the distributions and cell sources of PDGFB and PDGFD, and to evaluate astrocytic scar, fibrotic scar, inflammatory cells and axon regeneration after SCI. Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) and footprint analysis were performed to evaluate locomotor function recovery after SCI. Results We found that the expression of PDGFD and PDGFB increased successively after SCI, and PDGFB was mainly secreted by astrocytes, while PDGFD was mainly secreted by macrophages/microglia and fibroblasts. In addition, in situ injection of exogenous PDGFB or PDGFD can lead to fibrosis in the uninjured spinal cord, while this profibrotic effect could be specifically blocked by the PDGFRβ inhibitor SU16f. We then treated the mice after SCI with SU16f and found the reduction of fibrotic scar, the interruption of scar boundary and the inhibition of lesion and inflammation, which promoted axon regeneration and locomotor function recovery after SCI. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that activation of PDGFRβ pathway can directly induce fibrotic scar formation, and specific blocking of this pathway would contribute to the treatment of SCI.
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Deng M, Zhang Z, Xing M, Liang X, Li Z, Wu J, Jiang S, Weng Y, Guo Q, Zou W. LncRNA MRAK159688 facilitates morphine tolerance by promoting REST-mediated inhibition of mu opioid receptor in rats. Neuropharmacology 2022; 206:108938. [PMID: 34982972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Morphine tolerance (MT) caused by the long-term use of morphine is a major medical problem. The molecular mechanism of morphine tolerance remains elusive. Here, we established a morphine tolerance model in rats and verified whether the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MRAK159688 is involved in morphine tolerance and its specific molecular mechanism. We show the significant upregulation of MRAK159688 expression in the spinal cord of morphine-tolerant rats. Overexpression of MRAK159688 by a lentivirus reduces the analgesic efficacy of morphine and induces pain behavior. Downregulation of MRAK159688 using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuates the formation of morphine tolerance, partially reverses the development of morphine tolerance and alleviates morphine-induced hyperalgesia. MRAK159688 is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of neurons, and it colocalizes with repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) in the nucleus. MRAK159688 potentiates the expression and function of REST, thereby inhibiting the expression of mu opioid receptor (MOR) and subsequently inducing morphine tolerance. Moreover, REST overexpression blocks the effects of MRAK159688 siRNA on relieving morphine tolerance. In general, chronic morphine administration-mediated upregulation of MRAK159688 in the spinal cord contributes to morphine tolerance and hyperalgesia by promoting REST-mediated inhibition of MOR. MRAK159688 downregulation may represent a novel RNA-based therapy for morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Manyu Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengyiqi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shasha Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yingqi Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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8
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Federici T, Hardcastle N, Texakalidis P, Tora MS, Wetzel J, Riley JP, Boulis NM. A Stereotactic Device for Intraparenchymal Spinal Cord Injections: Latest Developments for Practical Clinical Use. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2021; 99:322-328. [PMID: 33657550 DOI: 10.1159/000512504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript introduces the latest generation of a patient-mounted platform designed for segmental injections of therapeutics direct into the spinal cord parenchyma. It emphasizes its importance and it presents the rationale for developing this delivery methodology. It compares the newest with the previous generations, detailing how the modifications can streamline transportation, assembly, sterilization, and utilization of the platform by different surgeons. Finally, the illustrations depict the main alterations, as well as a cadaveric assessment of the device prototype in the cervical and thoracolumbar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Federici
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,
| | - Nathan Hardcastle
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pavlos Texakalidis
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Muhibullah S Tora
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy Wetzel
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonathan P Riley
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Zhan H, Wang Y, Yu S, Cai G, Zeng Y, Ma J, Liu W, Wu W. Upregulation of Mlxipl induced by cJun in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury counteracts mechanical allodynia by inhibiting neuroinflammation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11004-11024. [PMID: 32518215 PMCID: PMC7346034 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mlxipl regulates glucose metabolism, lipogenesis and tumorigenesis and has a wide-ranging impact on human health and disease. However, the role of Mlxipl in neuropathic pain remains unknown. In this study, we found that Mlxipl was increased in the ipsilateral L4-L6 spinal dorsal horn after Spared Nerve Injury surgery. Knockdown of Mlxipl in the ipsilateral L4-L6 spinal dorsal horn by intraspinal microinjection aggravated Spared Nerve Injury-induced mechanical allodynia and inflammation in the spinal dorsal horn, on the contrary, overexpression of Mlxipl inhibited mechanical allodynia and inflammation. Subsequently, the rat Mlxipl promoter was analyzed using bioinformatics methods to predict the upstream transcription factor cJun. Luciferase assays and ChIP-qPCR confirmed that cJun bound to the promoter of Mlxipl and enhanced its expression. Finally, we demonstrated that Mlxipl inhibited the inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia and that Mlxipl was regulated by the transcription factor cJun. These findings suggested that cJun-induced Mlxipl upregulation in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury provided a protective mechanism for the development and progression of neuropathic pain by inhibiting microglial-derived neuroinflammation. Targeting Mlxipl in the spinal dorsal horn might represent an effective strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Shi Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Guiyuan Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yanyan Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Junqin Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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10
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Goutman SA, Savelieff MG, Sakowski SA, Feldman EL. Stem cell treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a critical overview of early phase trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:525-543. [PMID: 31189354 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1627324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of cortical, brainstem, and spinal motor neurons; it causes progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, respiratory failure, and death. No currently available treatment either stops or reverses this disease. Therapeutics to slow, stop, and reverse ALS are needed. Stem cells may be a viable solution to sustain and nurture diseased motor neurons. Several early-stage clinical trials have been launched to assess the potential of stem cells for ALS treatment. Areas covered: Expert opinion: AREAS COVERED This review covers the key advances from early phase clinical trials of stem cell therapy for ALS and identifies promising avenues and key challenges. EXPERT OPINION Clinical trials in humans are still in the nascent stages of development. It will be critical to ensure that powered, well-controlled trials are conducted, that optimal treatment windows are identified, and that the ideal cell type, cell dose, and delivery site and method are determined. Several trials have used more invasive procedures, and ethical concerns of sham procedures on patients in the control arm and on their safety should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Goutman
- a Department of Neurology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Program for Neurology Research & Discovery , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Masha G Savelieff
- a Department of Neurology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Program for Neurology Research & Discovery , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Stacey A Sakowski
- a Department of Neurology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Program for Neurology Research & Discovery , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- a Department of Neurology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Program for Neurology Research & Discovery , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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