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Chen J, Pang M, Yang M, Gao F, Zhang B, Zang L, Li Z, Guo P. Chiral Effect on the Electrochemistry of Magnetic Ferrite Colloidal Nanocrystal Assembly Modified by Amino Acids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38980828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Chirality on the molecular or nanometer scale is particularly significant in chemistry, materials science, and biomedicine. Chiral electrochemical reactions on solid surfaces are currently a hot research topic. Herein, a chiral solid surface is constructed in aqueous solutions by mixing chiral molecules, d- and l-glutamic, with γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and MnFe2O4 colloidal nanocrystal assembly (CNA). Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry measurements are conducted in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS) containing ascorbic acid (AA) or isoascorbic acid (IAA), and a chiral effect appears on the electroreduction of ferric ions of amino acid-modified magnetic samples. A negative or positive potential shift is observed, respectively, for magnetic structures modified by l- and d-glutamic acid in aqueous AA electrolyte, while the opposite is observed for these samples in IAA electrolyte. The reduction peak current increases by 0.8-1.2 times for the electrodes modified with l- and d-glutamate molecules, improving the electron transport efficiency. The chiral effect is absent when the electrolytes contain achiral uric acid or dopamine, or even chiral l-/d-/ld-tartaric acid. The chiral recognition between d-/l-glutamic acid and AA/IAA at the electrochemical interface is suggested to be related to their spinal configurations. These observations will be helpful for the rational design of inorganic functional chiral micro/nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Chen
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Pang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Min Yang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Fahui Gao
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Ze Li
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Peizhi Guo
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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2
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Ansari S, Suárez-López YDC, Thersleff T, Häggström L, Ericsson T, Katsaros I, Åhlén M, Karlgren M, Svedlindh P, Rinaldi-Ramos CM, Teleki A. Pharmaceutical Quality by Design Approach to Develop High-Performance Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15284-15302. [PMID: 38814737 PMCID: PMC11171760 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia holds significant therapeutic potential, yet its clinical adoption faces challenges. One obstacle is the large-scale synthesis of high-quality superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) required for inducing hyperthermia. Robust and scalable manufacturing would ensure control over the key quality attributes of SPIONs, and facilitate clinical translation and regulatory approval. Therefore, we implemented a risk-based pharmaceutical quality by design (QbD) approach for SPION production using flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), a scalable technique with excellent batch-to-batch consistency. A design of experiments method enabled precise size control during manufacturing. Subsequent modeling linked the SPION size (6-30 nm) and composition to intrinsic loss power (ILP), a measure of hyperthermia performance. FSP successfully fine-tuned the SPION composition with dopants (Zn, Mn, Mg), at various concentrations. Hyperthermia performance showed a strong nonlinear relationship with SPION size and composition. Moreover, the ILP demonstrated a stronger correlation to coercivity and remanence than to the saturation magnetization of SPIONs. The optimal operating space identified the midsized (15-18 nm) Mn0.25Fe2.75O4 as the most promising nanoparticle for hyperthermia. The production of these nanoparticles on a pilot scale showed the feasibility of large-scale manufacturing, and cytotoxicity investigations in multiple cell lines confirmed their biocompatibility. In vitro hyperthermia studies with Caco-2 cells revealed that Mn0.25Fe2.75O4 nanoparticles induced 80% greater cell death than undoped SPIONs. The systematic QbD approach developed here incorporates process robustness, scalability, and predictability, thus, supporting the clinical translation of high-performance SPIONs for magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaquib
Rahman Ansari
- Department
of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Thersleff
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Häggström
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tore Ericsson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Katsaros
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala
University, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michelle Åhlén
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala
University, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Karlgren
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Svedlindh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala
University, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos M. Rinaldi-Ramos
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of
Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6005, United
States
| | - Alexandra Teleki
- Department
of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Gimeno-Ferrero R, de Jesús JR, Leal MP. Efficient Strategy to Synthesize Tunable pH-Responsive Hybrid Micelles Based on Iron Oxide and Gold Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11775-11784. [PMID: 38769025 PMCID: PMC11155236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The preparation of multifunctional nanomaterials based on inorganic nanoparticles with organic materials has emerged as a promising strategy for the development of new nanomedicines for in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications. Here, we synthesized pH-responsive hybrid inorganic micelles by combining a novel pH-responsive amphiphilic molecule with hydrophobic payloads. This amphiphile was synthesized in a one-pot reaction and self-assembled readily into micelles under acidic pH conditions. In the presence of hydrophobic NP payloads such as AuNPs or IONPs, the amphiphile self-organized around them through hydrophobic interactions, resulting in the formation of colloidally stable hybrid micelles. The size of the hydrophobic NPs determined the pH-response of the inorganic hybrid micelles, which is tuned from pH 7 to 11 for our pH-responsive amphiphilic molecule. This achievement represents a novel approach for the synthesis of tunable pH-responsive hybrid micelles based on inorganic NPs for biomedical imaging, hyperthermia treatment, and also drug delivery nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Gimeno-Ferrero
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez de Jesús
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Pernia Leal
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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4
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Wu WS, Yan X, Chen S, Du Y, Hu J, Song Y, Zha Z, Xu YJ, Cao B, Xuan SH, Liu X, Chen B, Dong L, Lu Y, Yu SH. Minimally Invasive Delivery of Percutaneous Ablation Agent via Magnetic Colloidal Hydrogel Injection for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309770. [PMID: 38447017 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Percutaneous thermotherapy, a minimally invasive operational procedure, is employed in the ablation of deep tumor lesions by means of target-delivering heat. Conventional thermal ablation methods, such as radiofrequency or microwave ablation, to a certain extent, are subjected to extended ablation time as well as biosafety risks of unwanted overheating. Given its effectiveness and safety, percutaneous thermotherapy gains a fresh perspective, thanks to magnetic hyperthermia. In this respect, an injectable- and magnetic-hydrogel-construct-based thermal ablation agent is likely to be a candidate for the aforementioned clinical translation. Adopting a simple and environment-friendly strategy, a magnetic colloidal hydrogel injection is introduced by a binary system comprising super-paramagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and gelatin nanoparticles. The colloidal hydrogel constructs, unlike conventional bulk hydrogel, can be easily extruded through a percutaneous needle and then self-heal in a reversible manner owing to the unique electrostatic cross-linking. The introduction of magnetic building blocks is exhibited with a rapid magnetothermal response to an alternating magnetic field. Such hydrogel injection is capable of generating heat without limitation of deep penetration. The materials achieve outstanding therapeutic results in mouse and rabbit models. These findings constitute a new class of locoregional interventional thermal therapies with minimal collateral damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yaxin Du
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jinlong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Ultrasonics, Department of Interventional Radiology, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, 230041, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Song
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhengbao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yun-Jun Xu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Baoqiang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Ultrasonics, Department of Interventional Radiology, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, 230041, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Hu Xuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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5
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Tiryaki E, Zorlu T, Alvarez-Puebla RA. Magnetic-Plasmonic Nanocomposites as Versatile Substrates for Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303987. [PMID: 38294096 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, a highly sensitive technique for detecting trace-level analytes, relies on plasmonic substrates. The choice of substrate, its morphology, and the excitation wavelength are crucial in SERS applications. To address advanced SERS requirements, the design and use of efficient nanocomposite substrates have become increasingly important. Notably, magnetic-plasmonic (MP) nanocomposites, which combine magnetic and plasmonic properties within a single particle system, stand out as promising nanoarchitectures with versatile applications in nanomedicine and SERS spectroscopy. In this review, we present an overview of MP nanocomposite fabrication methods, explore surface functionalization strategies, and evaluate their use in SERS. Our focus is on how different nanocomposite designs, magnetic and plasmonic properties, and surface modifications can significantly influence their SERS-related characteristics, thereby affecting their performance in specific applications such as separation, environmental monitoring, and biological applications. Reviewing recent studies highlights the multifaceted nature of these materials, which have great potential to transform SERS applications across a range of fields, from medical diagnostics to environmental monitoring. Finally, we discuss the prospects of MP nanocomposites, anticipating favorable developments that will make substantial contributions to various scientific and technological areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Tiryaki
- Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Geneva, 16163, Geneve, Italy
| | - Tolga Zorlu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 42, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramon A Alvarez-Puebla
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Ye Z, Tai Y, Han Z, Liu S, Etheridge ML, Pasek-Allen JL, Shastry C, Liu Y, Li Z, Chen C, Wang Z, Bischof JC, Nam J, Yin Y. Engineering Magnetic Nanoclusters for Highly Efficient Heating in Radio-Frequency Nanowarming. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4588-4594. [PMID: 38587406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Effective thawing of cryopreserved samples requires rapid and uniform heating. This is achievable through nanowarming, an approach that heats magnetic nanoparticles by using alternating magnetic fields. Here we demonstrate the synthesis and surface modification of magnetic nanoclusters for efficient nanowarming. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoclusters with an optimal diameter of 58 nm exhibit a high specific absorption rate of 1499 W/g Fe under an alternating magnetic field at 43 kA/m and 413 kHz, more than twice that of commercial iron oxide cores used in prior nanowarming studies. Surface modification with a permeable resorcinol-formaldehyde resin (RFR) polymer layer significantly enhances their colloidal stability in complex cryoprotective solutions, while maintaining their excellent heating capacity. The Fe3O4@RFR nanoparticles achieved a high average heating rate of 175 °C/min in cryopreserved samples at a concentration of 10 mg Fe/mL and were successfully applied in nanowarming porcine iliac arteries, highlighting their potential for enhancing the efficacy of cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Youyi Tai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sangmo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael L Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jacqueline L Pasek-Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Chaitanya Shastry
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zhongxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jin Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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7
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Wang Y, Chen Z, Li J, Wen Y, Li J, Lv Y, Pei Z, Pei Y. A Paramagnetic Metal-Organic Framework Enhances Mild Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy by Downregulating Heat Shock Proteins and Promoting Ferroptosis via Aggravation of Two-Way Regulated Redox Dyshomeostasis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306178. [PMID: 38161219 PMCID: PMC10953551 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Mild magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MMHT) holds great potential in treating deep-seated tumors, but its efficacy is impaired by the upregulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) during the treatment process. Herein, Lac-FcMOF, a lactose derivative (Lac-NH2 ) modified paramagnetic metal-organic framework (FcMOF) with magnetic hyperthermia property and thermal stability, has been developed to enhance MMHT therapeutic efficacy. In vitro studies showed that Lac-FcMOF aggravates two-way regulated redox dyshomeostasis (RDH) via magnetothermal-accelerated ferricenium ions-mediated consumption of glutathione and ferrocene-catalyzed generation of ∙OH to induce oxidative damage and inhibit heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) synthesis, thus significantly enhancing the anti-cancer efficacy of MMHT. Aggravated RDH promotes glutathione peroxidase 4 inactivation and lipid peroxidation to promote ferroptosis, which further synergizes with MMHT. H22-tumor-bearing mice treated with Lac-FcMOF under alternating magnetic field (AMF) demonstrated a 90.4% inhibition of tumor growth. This work therefore provides a new strategy for the simple construction of a magnetic hyperthermia agent that enables efficient MMHT by downregulating HSPs and promoting ferroptosis through the aggravation of two-way regulated RDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100P. R. China
| | - Zelong Chen
- College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Li
- College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100P. R. China
| | - Yafei Wen
- College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100P. R. China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Lv
- College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Pei
- College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Pei
- College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100P. R. China
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8
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Liu H, He L, Kuzmanović M, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Ren Y, Dong Y, Cardon L, Gou M. Advanced Nanomaterials in Medical 3D Printing. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301121. [PMID: 38009766 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is now recognized as a significant tool for medical research and clinical practice, leading to the emergence of medical 3D printing technology. It is essential to improve the properties of 3D-printed products to meet the demand for medical use. The core of generating qualified 3D printing products is to develop advanced materials and processes. Taking advantage of nanomaterials with tunable and distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties, integrating nanotechnology into 3D printing creates new opportunities for advancing medical 3D printing field. Recently, some attempts are made to improve medical 3D printing through nanotechnology, providing new insights into developing advanced medical 3D printing technology. With high-resolution 3D printing technology, nano-structures can be directly fabricated for medical applications. Incorporating nanomaterials into the 3D printing material system can improve the properties of the 3D-printed medical products. At the same time, nanomaterials can be used to expand novel medical 3D printing technologies. This review introduced the strategies and progresses of improving medical 3D printing through nanotechnology and discussed challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liming He
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Maja Kuzmanović
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yiting Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ya Ren
- Huahang Microcreate Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610042, China
| | - Yinchu Dong
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chengdu OrganoidMed Medical Laboratory, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, 9159052, Belgium
| | - Maling Gou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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9
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Benassai E, Hortelao AC, Aygun E, Alpman A, Wilhelm C, Saritas EU, Abou-Hassan A. High-throughput large scale microfluidic assembly of iron oxide nanoflowers@PS- b-PAA polymeric micelles as multimodal nanoplatforms for photothermia and magnetic imaging. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 6:126-135. [PMID: 38125604 PMCID: PMC10729915 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00700f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles have been extensively explored as theranostic agents both in academic and clinical settings. Their self-assembly into nanohybrids using block copolymers can lead to new nanostructures with high functionalities and performances. Herein, we demonstrate a high-throughput and scalable method to elaborate magnetic micelles by the assembly of iron oxide magnetite nanoflowers, an efficient nanoheater, and the block copolymer Poly(styrene)-block-poly(acrylic acid) via a microfluidic-assisted nanoprecipitation method. We show that the size and shape of the magnetomicelles can be easily tuned by modulating the residence time in the microfluidic channel. In addition to their biocompatibility, we demonstrate the potential of these magnetic nanohybrids as multimodal theranostic platforms capable of generating heat by photothermia and functioning as negative contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging and as imaging tracers in magnetic particle imaging. Notably, they outperform currently commercially available particles in terms of imaging functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Benassai
- Sorbonne Université, PHysico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX) UMR CNRS 8234 F-75005 Paris France
| | - Ana C Hortelao
- Sorbonne Université, PHysico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX) UMR CNRS 8234 F-75005 Paris France
| | - Elif Aygun
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University Ankara 06800 Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Asli Alpman
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University Ankara 06800 Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, PCC, Institut Curie, Sorbonne University, PSL University CNRS UMR168 Paris 75005 France
| | - Emine Ulku Saritas
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University Ankara 06800 Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Ali Abou-Hassan
- Sorbonne Université, PHysico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX) UMR CNRS 8234 F-75005 Paris France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) 75231 Cedex 05 Paris France
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10
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Gomes P, Costa B, Carvalho JPF, Soares PIP, Vieira T, Henriques C, Valente MA, Teixeira SS. Cobalt Ferrite Synthesized Using a Biogenic Sol-Gel Method for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7737. [PMID: 38067467 PMCID: PMC10708217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have limitations and severe side effects. Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) is an alternative method that can be used alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiotherapy to treat cancer. Cobalt ferrite particles were synthesized using an innovative biogenic sol-gel method with powder of coconut water (PCW). The obtained powders were subjected to heat treatments between 500 °C and 1100 °C. Subsequently, they were characterized by thermal, structural, magnetic, and cytotoxic analyses to assess their suitability for MH applications. Through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, it was possible to confirm the presence of the pure phase of CoFe2O4 in the sample treated at 1100 °C, exhibiting a saturation magnetization of 84 emu/g at 300 K and an average grain size of 542 nm. Furthermore, the sample treated at 1100 °C showed a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 3.91 W/g, and at concentrations equal to or below 5 mg/mL, is non-cytotoxic, being the most suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gomes
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Bárbara Costa
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - João P. F. Carvalho
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Paula I. P. Soares
- CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Tânia Vieira
- CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (T.V.); (C.H.)
| | - Célia Henriques
- CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (T.V.); (C.H.)
| | - Manuel Almeida Valente
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Sílvia Soreto Teixeira
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
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11
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Hermann KE. Nanoparticles with cubic symmetry: classification of polyhedral shapes. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 36:045303. [PMID: 37813105 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Structural studies of polyhedral bodies can help to analyze geometric details of observed crystalline nanoparticles (NP) where we consider compact polyhedra of cubic point symmetry as simple models. Their surfaces are described by facets with normal vectors along selected Cartesian directions (a, b, c) together with their symmetry equivalents forming a direction family {abc}. Here we focus on polyhedra with facets of families {100}, {110}, and {111}, suggested for metal and oxide NPs with cubic lattices. Resulting generic polyhedra, cubic, rhombohedral, octahedral, and tetrahexahedral, have been observed as NP shapes by electron microscopy. They can serve for a complete description of non-generic polyhedra as intersections of corresponding generic species, not studied by experiment so far. Their structural properties are shown to be fully determined by only three parameters, facet distancesR100,R110, andR111of the three facet types. This provides a novel phase diagram to systematically classify all corresponding polyhedra. Their structural properties, such as shape, size, and facet geometry, are discussed in analytical and numerical detail with visualization of typical examples. The results may be used for respective NP simulations but also as a repository stimulating the structural interpretation of new NP shapes to be observed by experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus E Hermann
- Theory Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Khonina TG, Demin AM, Tishin DS, Germov AY, Uimin MA, Mekhaev AV, Minin AS, Karabanalov MS, Mysik AA, Bogdanova EA, Krasnov VP. Magnetic Nanocomposite Materials Based on Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles with Iron and Silica Glycerolates Shell: Synthesis and Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12178. [PMID: 37569552 PMCID: PMC10419229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel magnetic nanocomposite materials based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with iron and silica glycerolates (MNP@Fe(III)Glyc and MNP@Fe(III)/SiGlyc) were obtained. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using TEM, XRD, TGA, VMS, Mössbauer and IR spectroscopy. The amount of iron and silica glycerolates in the nanocomposites was calculated from the Mössbauer spectroscopy, ICP AES and C,H-elemental analysis. Thus, it has been shown that the distribution of Fe in the shell and core for MNP@Fe(III)Glyc and MNP@Fe(III)/SiGlyc is 27:73 and 32:68, respectively. The synthesized nanocomposites had high specific magnetization values and a high magnetic response to the alternating magnetic field. The hydrolysis of shells based on Fe(III)Glyc and Fe(III)/SiGlyc in aqueous media has been studied. It has been demonstrated that, while the iron glycerolates shell of MNP@Fe(III)Glyc is resistant to hydrolysis, the silica glycerolates shell of MNP@Fe(III)/SiGlyc is rather labile and hydrolyzed by 76.4% in 24 h at 25 °C. The synthesized materials did not show cytotoxicity in in vitro experiments (MTT-assay). The data obtained can be used in the design of materials for controlled-release drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat’yana G. Khonina
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (T.G.K.); (A.V.M.); (V.P.K.)
| | - Alexander M. Demin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (T.G.K.); (A.V.M.); (V.P.K.)
| | - Denis S. Tishin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (T.G.K.); (A.V.M.); (V.P.K.)
| | - Alexander Yu. Germov
- Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (A.Y.G.); (M.A.U.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Mikhail A. Uimin
- Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (A.Y.G.); (M.A.U.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Alexander V. Mekhaev
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (T.G.K.); (A.V.M.); (V.P.K.)
| | - Artem S. Minin
- Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (A.Y.G.); (M.A.U.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Maxim S. Karabanalov
- Institute of New Materials and Technologies, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Alexey A. Mysik
- Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (A.Y.G.); (M.A.U.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Bogdanova
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Victor P. Krasnov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (T.G.K.); (A.V.M.); (V.P.K.)
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13
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Zhang R, Qin C, Bala H, Wang Y, Cao J. Recent Progress in Spinel Ferrite (MFe 2O 4) Chemiresistive Based Gas Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2188. [PMID: 37570506 PMCID: PMC10421214 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Gas-sensing technology has gained significant attention in recent years due to the increasing concern for environmental safety and human health caused by reactive gases. In particular, spinel ferrite (MFe2O4), a metal oxide semiconductor with a spinel structure, has emerged as a promising material for gas-sensing applications. This review article aims to provide an overview of the latest developments in spinel-ferrite-based gas sensors. It begins by discussing the gas-sensing mechanism of spinel ferrite sensors, which involves the interaction between the target gas molecules and the surface of the sensor material. The unique properties of spinel ferrite, such as its high surface area, tunable bandgap, and excellent stability, contribute to its gas-sensing capabilities. The article then delves into recent advancements in gas sensors based on spinel ferrite, focusing on various aspects such as microstructures, element doping, and heterostructure materials. The microstructure of spinel ferrite can be tailored to enhance the gas-sensing performance by controlling factors such as the grain size, porosity, and surface area. Element doping, such as incorporating transition metal ions, can further enhance the gas-sensing properties by modifying the electronic structure and surface chemistry of the sensor material. Additionally, the integration of spinel ferrite with other semiconductors in heterostructure configurations has shown potential for improving the selectivity and overall sensing performance. Furthermore, the article suggests that the combination of spinel ferrite and semiconductors can enhance the selectivity, stability, and sensing performance of gas sensors at room or low temperatures. This is particularly important for practical applications where real-time and accurate gas detection is crucial. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential of spinel-ferrite-based gas sensors and provides insights into the latest advancements in this field. The combination of spinel ferrite with other materials and the optimization of sensor parameters offer opportunities for the development of highly efficient and reliable gas-sensing devices for early detection and warning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; (R.Z.); (H.B.)
| | - Cong Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China;
| | - Hari Bala
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; (R.Z.); (H.B.)
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
- State Collaborative Innovation Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean-Efficiency Utilization, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Jianliang Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China;
- State Collaborative Innovation Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean-Efficiency Utilization, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
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14
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Han G, Li M, He L, Xu A, Chen X, Yang W, Liu Y, Yu Y. In situ annealing achieves an ultrafast synthesis of high coercive strontium ferrite foams and beyond. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7466-7471. [PMID: 37016770 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00633f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Strontium ferrite nanostructures have attracted intensive interest recently due to the increasing demand for cost-effective features and good chemical corrosion resistance of magnetic materials, yet the ultrafast synthesis of strontium ferrite with desired coercivity is still experiencing a severe challenge. Herein, porous strontium ferrite foams with a coercivity up to 23.35 kOe were prepared by ultrafast in situ annealing for 1 min based on an auto-combustion strategy. The high coercivity of strontium ferrite benefits from the increasing magnetocrystalline anisotropy caused by the ion substitution and the appropriate grain size close to the critical single-domain size of strontium ferrite. In addition, this ultrafast synthesis can be extended to prepare a series of porous spinel, lanthanide-based perovskites, and their high-entropy counterpart foams. We also demonstrate that this strategy is feasible for preparing biphasic composite oxide foams. Furthermore, this work provides important guidance for the design of porous permanent magnet materials and the efficient preparation of porous oxide foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Han
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Menggang Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Lin He
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Ao Xu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Weiwei Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Yequn Liu
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
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15
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Bigall N, Rodio M, Avugadda S, Leal MP, Di Corato R, Conteh JS, Intartaglia R, Pellegrino T. Scaling Up Magnetic Nanobead Synthesis with Improved Stability for Biomedical Applications. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9605-9617. [PMID: 36524393 PMCID: PMC9806829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in multifunctional nano-objects based on polymers and magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications motivated us to develop a scale-up protocol to increase the yield of polymeric magnetic nanobeads while aiming at keeping the structural features at optimal conditions. The protocol was applied to two different types of magnetic ferrite nanoparticles: the Mn-ferrite selected for their properties as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging and iron oxide nanostar shaped nanoparticles chosen for their heat performance in magnetic hyperthermia. At the same time, some experiments on surface functionalization of nanobeads with amino modified polyethyelene glycol (PEG) molecules have provided further insight into the formation mechanism of magnetic nanobeads and the need to cross-link the polymer shell to improve the stability of the beads, making them more suitable for further manipulation and use. The present work summarizes the most important parameters required to be controlled for the upscaling of nanobead synthesis in a bench protocol and proposes an alternative cross-linking strategy based on prefunctionalization of the polymer prior to the nanobead formation as a key parameter to improve the nanobead structural stability in solutions at different pHs and during surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja
C. Bigall
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy,Leibniz
Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Rodio
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sahitya Avugadda
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Manuel Pernia Leal
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy,Universidad
de Sevilla, Facultad de Farmacia,
Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, c/Profesor García González,
2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Riccardo Di Corato
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy,CNR,
Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - John S. Conteh
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Pellegrino
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy,E-mail:
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