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Rashamuse TJ, Coyanis EM, Erasmus R, Magwa NP. Novel Fluorescent Tetrahedral Zinc (II) Complexes Derived from 4-Phenyl-1-octyl-1 H-imidazole Fused with Aryl-9 H-Carbazole and Triarylamine Donor Units: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Photophysical Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12260. [PMID: 37569639 PMCID: PMC10418610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We present here the design, synthesis, and photophysical properties of two novel fluorescent zinc (II) complexes, ZnCl2(ImL1)2 and ZnCl2(ImL2)2, containing 4-(1-octyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4-yl)-4-amine ImL1 and 9-(4-(1-octyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-[1,1-biphenyl]-4-yl)-9H-carbazole ImL2 ligands. The newly synthesized free ligands and their zinc (II) complexes were characterized using several spectroscopic techniques; their structures were identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction; and their photophysical properties have been studied in the context of their chemical structure. The ZnCl2(ImL1)2 and ZnCl2(ImL2)2 complexes showed good thermal stability at 341 °C and 365 °C, respectively. Photophysical properties, including UV-Vis absorption spectra in ethanol solution and photoluminescence (PL) in both solid state and ethanol solution, were determined. UV-Vis adsorption data indicated that both free ligands had similar UV-Vis absorption properties, while their Zn (II) complexes had distinctive absorption characteristics. The fluorescence spectra show that both ligands and their corresponding Zn (II) complexes emit violet to cyan luminescence in the solid state at room temperature, while in ethanol solution at the same temperature, they exhibit efficient photoluminescence properties in the UV-A emission spectral region. Because of these photophysical properties, the synthesized ligands and their cognate Zn (II) complexes can be used as scaffolds for the potential development of optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thompho Jason Rashamuse
- Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Health Platform, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa;
| | - Elena Mabel Coyanis
- Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Health Platform, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa;
| | - Rudolph Erasmus
- Materials for Energy Research Group, Material Physics Research Institute, School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
| | - Nomampondo Penelope Magwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa;
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Zaboli M, Shariatinia Z. Highly efficient hole transport derivatives based on fluoranthene core for application in perovskite solar cells. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Caselli V, Savenije T. Quantifying Charge Carrier Recombination Losses in MAPbI 3/C60 and MAPbI 3/Spiro-OMeTAD with and without Bias Illumination. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7523-7531. [PMID: 35947433 PMCID: PMC9393883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To increase the open-circuit voltage in perovskite-based solar cells, recombination processes at the interface with transport layers (TLs) should be identified and reduced. We investigated the charge carrier dynamics in bilayers of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) with C60 or Spiro-OMeTAD using time-resolved microwave conductance (TRMC) measurements with and without bias illumination (BI). By modeling the results, we quantified recombination losses in bare MAPbI3 and extraction into the TLs. Only under BI did we find that the density of deep traps increases in bare MAPbI3, substantially enhancing trap-mediated losses. This reversible process is prevented in a bilayer with C60 but not with Spiro-OMeTAD. While under BI extraction rates reduce significantly in both bilayers, only in MAPbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD does interfacial recombination also increases, substantially reducing the quasi Fermi level splitting. This work demonstrates the impact of BI on charge dynamics and shows that adjusting the Fermi level of TLs is imperative to reduce interfacial recombination losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.M. Caselli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - T.J. Savenije
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Keremane KS, Rao R, Adhikari AV. Simple 3,6-disubstituted Carbazoles as Potential Hole Transport Materials: Photophysical, Electrochemical and Theoretical Studies. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:289-300. [PMID: 33000869 DOI: 10.1111/php.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Developing effective and low-cost organic hole-transporting materials (HTMs) is crucial for the construction of high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and to promote their production in commercial ventures. In this context, we herein report the molecular design, synthesis and characterization of two novel D-A-D-A-D architectured 9-(2-ethylhexyl)-9H-carbazoles, connecting the mono/dimethoxyphenyl substituted cyanovinylene sidearms symmetrically at 3rd and 6th positions of the carbazole heterocycle (CZ1-2 ), as potential hole-transporting materials (HTMs). The current work highlights their structural, photophysical, thermal, electrochemical and theoretical investigations, including their structure-property correlation studies. Evidently, the optical studies showcased their excellent fluorescence ability due to their push-pull natured structure with extended π-conjugation. Further, in-depth solvatochromic studies demonstrated their intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT)-dominated optoelectronic behavior, supported by various correlation studies. Also, the optical results revealed that CZ1 and CZ2 display λabs and λemi in the order of 410-430 nm and 530-560 nm, respectively, with a bandgap in the range of 2.5-2.6 eV. Finally, their quantum chemical simulations have provided an insight into the predictions of their structural, molecular, electronic and optical parameters. Conclusively, the study furnishes a deeper understanding of the intricacies involved in the structural modification of carbazole-based HTMs for achieving better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya S Keremane
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, India
| | - Rathnamala Rao
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, India
| | - Airody Vasudeva Adhikari
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, India.,Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya deemed to be University, Mangalore, India
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Theoretical design and simulations of hole transporting materials based on 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9′-spirobifluorene for organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lin YS, Abate SY, Lai KW, Chu CW, Lin YD, Tao YT, Sun SS. New Helicene-Type Hole-Transporting Molecules for High-Performance and Durable Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41439-41449. [PMID: 30406998 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three azahelicene derivatives with electron-rich bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino or bis( p-methoxyphenyl)aminophenyl groups at the terminals were deliberately designed, synthesized, and characterized as hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Optical and thermal properties, energy level alignments, film morphologies, hole extraction ability, and hole mobility were studied in detail. PSCs using the newly synthesized molecules as HTMs were fabricated. A maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.34% was observed for the bis( p-methoxyphenyl)amino-substituted derivative (SY1) and 16.10% for the bis( p-methoxyphenyl)aminophenyl-substituted derivative (SY2). Longer-chain substituent such as hexyloxy group greatly diminishes the efficiency. In addition, the dopant-free devices fabricated with SY1 as the HTM shows an average PCE of 12.13%, which is significantly higher than that of spiro-OMeTAD (7.61%). The ambient long-term stability test revealed that after 500 h, the devices prepared from SY1 and SY2 retained more than 96% of its initial performance, which is much improved than the reference device with standard spiro-OMeTAD as the HTM under the same conditions. Detailed material cost analysis reveals that the material cost for SY1 is less than 8% of that for spiro-OMeTAD. These results provide a useful direction for designing a new class of HTMs to prepare highly efficient and more durable PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seid Yimer Abate
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao-Tung University , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Kuan-Wen Lai
- Research Center for Applied Sciences , Academia Sinica , Nankang, Taipei 11529 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Chih-Wei Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences , Academia Sinica , Nankang, Taipei 11529 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Yan-Duo Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiayi University , Chiayi 600 , Taiwan , Republic of China
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Raza E, Aziz F, Ahmad Z. Stability of organometal halide perovskite solar cells and role of HTMs: recent developments and future directions. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20952-20967. [PMID: 35557744 PMCID: PMC9092397 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03477j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently emerged as one of the most exciting fields of research of our time, and the World Economic Forum in 2016 recognized them as one of the top 10 technologies in 2016. With 22.7% power conversion efficiency, PSCs are poised to revolutionize the way power is produced, stored and consumed. However, the widespread use of PSCs requires addressing the stability issue. Therefore, it is now time to focus on the critical step i.e. stability under the operating conditions for the development of a sustainable and durable PV technology based on PSCs. In order to improve the stability of PSCs, hole transport materials (HTMs) have been considered as the paramount components. This is due to the fact that most of the organic HTMs possess a hygroscopic and acidic nature that leads to poor stability of the PSCs. This article reviews briefly but comprehensively the environmental stability issues of PSCs, fundamentals, strategies for improvement, the role of HTMs towards stability and various types of HTMs. Also the environmental parameters affecting the performance of perovskite solar cells including temperature, moisture and light soaking environment have been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Raza
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Physical and Numerical Sciences, University of Peshawar Peshawar 25120 Pakistan
| | - Fakhra Aziz
- Department of Electronics, Jinnah College for Women, University of Peshawar Peshawar 25120 Pakistan
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University 2713 Doha Qatar
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Klein JR, Scholz M, Oum K, Lenzer T. Intramolecular and interfacial dynamics of triarylamine-based hole transport materials. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:722-733. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hole injection across interfaces is fast but critically depends on good contact between the hole transfer and light-harvesting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirko Scholz
- Universität Siegen
- Physikalische Chemie
- 57076 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Kawon Oum
- Universität Siegen
- Physikalische Chemie
- 57076 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Lenzer
- Universität Siegen
- Physikalische Chemie
- 57076 Siegen
- Germany
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Ameen S, Akhtar MS, Shin HS, Nazeeruddin MK. Charge-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vivo P, Salunke JK, Priimagi A. Hole-Transporting Materials for Printable Perovskite Solar Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1087. [PMID: 28914823 PMCID: PMC5615741 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent undoubtedly the most significant breakthrough in photovoltaic technology since the 1970s, with an increase in their power conversion efficiency from less than 5% to over 22% in just a few years. Hole-transporting materials (HTMs) are an essential building block of PSC architectures. Currently, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N'-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene), better known as spiro-OMeTAD, is the most widely-used HTM to obtain high-efficiency devices. However, it is a tremendously expensive material with mediocre hole carrier mobility. To ensure wide-scale application of PSC-based technologies, alternative HTMs are being proposed. Solution-processable HTMs are crucial to develop inexpensive, high-throughput and printable large-area PSCs. In this review, we present the most recent advances in the design and development of different types of HTMs, with a particular focus on mesoscopic PSCs. Finally, we outline possible future research directions for further optimization of the HTMs to achieve low-cost, stable and large-area PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vivo
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Jagadish K Salunke
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
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