1
|
Ding M, Heydarpour M, Gomez DH, Aljaibeji H, Parksook WW, Peng L, Pojoga LH, Romero JR, Williams GH. ERAP1 Shows Distinct Regulatory Mechanisms on Blood Pressure Modulation Between Males and Females. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.544152. [PMID: 37333240 PMCID: PMC10274870 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The authors have withdrawn their manuscript owing to editing error. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is considered the commonest cause of secondary hypertension. In affected individuals, aldosterone is produced in an at least partially autonomous fashion in adrenal lesions (adenomas, [micro]nodules or diffuse hyperplasia). Over the past decade, next-generation sequencing studies have led to the insight that primary aldosteronism is largely a genetic disorder. Sporadic cases are due to somatic mutations, mostly in ion channels and pumps, and rare cases of familial hyperaldosteronism are caused by germline mutations in an overlapping set of genes. More than 90% of aldosterone-producing adenomas carry somatic mutations in K+ channel Kir3.4 (KCNJ5), Ca2+ channel CaV1.3 (CACNA1D), alpha-1 subunit of the Na+/K+ ATPase (ATP1A1), plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting ATPase 3 (ATP2B3), Ca2+ channel CaV3.2 (CACNA1H), Cl− channel ClC-2 (CLCN2), β-catenin (CTNNB1), and/or G-protein subunits alpha q/11 (GNAQ/11). Mutations in some of these genes have also been identified in aldosterone-producing (micro)nodules, suggesting a disease continuum from a single cell, acquiring a somatic mutation, via a nodule to adenoma formation, and from a healthy state to subclinical to overt primary aldosteronism. Individual glands can have multiple such lesions, and they can occur on both glands in bilateral disease. Familial hyperaldosteronism, typically with early onset, is caused by germline mutations in steroid 11-beta hydroxylase/ aldosterone synthase (CYP11B1/2), CLCN2, KCNJ5, CACNA1H, and CACNA1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute I Scholl
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Functional Genomics, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
DNA Methylation of the Angiotensinogen Gene, AGT, and the Aldosterone Synthase Gene, CYP11B2 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094587. [PMID: 33925539 PMCID: PMC8123855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) and aldosterone play key roles in the regulation of blood pressure and are implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription. The aldosterone synthase gene CYP11B2 is regulated by angiotensin II and potassium. DNA methylation negatively regulates AGT and CYP11B2 expression and dynamically changes in response to continuous promoter stimulation of each gene. High salt intake and excess circulating aldosterone cause DNA demethylation around the CCAAT-enhancer-binding-protein (CEBP) sites of the ATG promoter region, thereby converting the phenotype of AGT expression from an inactive to an active state in visceral adipose tissue and heart. A close association exists between low DNA methylation at CEBP-binding sites and increased AGT expression in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Salt-dependent hypertension may be partially affected by increased cardiac AGT expression. CpG dinucleotides in the CYP11B2 promoter are hypomethylated in aldosterone-producing adenomas. Methylation of recognition sequences of transcription factors, including CREB1, NGFIB (NR4A1), and NURR1 (NR4A2) diminish their DNA-binding activity. The methylated CpG-binding protein MECP2 interacts directly with the methylated CYP11B2 promoter. Low salt intake and angiotensin II infusion lead to upregulation of CYP11B2 expression and DNA hypomethylation in the adrenal gland. Treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist decreases CYP11B2 expression and leads to DNA hypermethylation. A close association between low DNA methylation and increased CYP11B2 expression are seen in the hearts of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These results indicate that epigenetic regulation of both AGT and CYP11B2 contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Taylor MJ, Ullenbruch MR, Frucci EC, Rege J, Ansorge MS, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Begum S, Laufer E, Breault DT, Rainey WE. Chemogenetic activation of adrenocortical Gq signaling causes hyperaldosteronism and disrupts functional zonation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:83-93. [PMID: 31738186 DOI: 10.1172/jci127429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is produced in the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) under the control of the renin-angiotensin II (AngII) system. Primary aldosteronism (PA) results from renin-independent production of aldosterone and is a common cause of hypertension. PA is caused by dysregulated localization of the enzyme aldosterone synthase (Cyp11b2), which is normally restricted to the ZG. Cyp11b2 transcription and aldosterone production are predominantly regulated by AngII activation of the Gq signaling pathway. Here, we report the generation of transgenic mice with Gq-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) specifically in the adrenal cortex. We show that adrenal-wide ligand activation of Gq DREADD receptors triggered disorganization of adrenal functional zonation, with induction of Cyp11b2 in glucocorticoid-producing zona fasciculata cells. This result was consistent with increased renin-independent aldosterone production and hypertension. All parameters were reversible following termination of DREADD-mediated Gq signaling. These findings demonstrate that Gq signaling is sufficient for adrenocortical aldosterone production and implicate this pathway in the determination of zone-specific steroid production within the adrenal cortex. This transgenic mouse also provides an inducible and reversible model of hyperaldosteronism to investigate PA therapeutics and the mechanisms leading to the damaging effects of aldosterone on the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew R Ullenbruch
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily C Frucci
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark S Ansorge
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Salma Begum
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward Laufer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mopidevi B, Sivankutty I, Hao S, Ferreri NR, Kumar A. Effects of intron conversion in the human CYP11B2 gene on its transcription and blood pressure regulation in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11068-11081. [PMID: 32540969 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B member 2 (hCYP11B2) gene encodes aldosterone synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of aldosterone. In some humans, hCYP11B2 undergoes a unique intron conversion whose function is largely unclear. The intron conversion is formed by a replacement of the segment of DNA within intron 2 of hCYP11B2 with the corresponding region of the hCYP11B1 gene. We show here that the intron conversion is located in an open chromatin form and binds more strongly to the transcriptional regulators histone acetyltransferase P300 (p300), NFκB, and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α (CEBPα). Reporter constructs containing the intron conversion had increased promoter activity on transient transfection in H295R cells compared with WT intron 2. We generated humanized transgenic (TG) mice containing all the introns, exons, and 5'- and 3'-flanking regions of the hCYP11B2 gene containing either the intron conversion or WT intron 2. We found that TG mice containing the intron conversion have (a) increased plasma aldosterone levels, (b) increased hCYP11B2 mRNA and protein levels, and (c) increased blood pressure compared with TG mice containing WT intron 2. Results of a ChIP assay showed that chromatin obtained from the adrenals of TG mice containing the intron conversion binds more strongly to p300, NFκB, and CEBPα than to WT intron 2. These results uncover a functional role of intron conversion in hCYP11B2 and suggest a new paradigm in blood pressure regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Indu Sivankutty
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Shoujin Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas R Ferreri
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park M, Miyoshi C, Fujiyama T, Kakizaki M, Ikkyu A, Honda T, Choi J, Asano F, Mizuno S, Takahashi S, Yanagisawa M, Funato H. Loss of the conserved PKA sites of SIK1 and SIK2 increases sleep need. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8676. [PMID: 32457359 PMCID: PMC7250853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sleep is one of the most conserved behaviors, the intracellular mechanism regulating sleep/wakefulness remains unknown. We recently identified a protein kinase, SIK3, as a sleep-regulating molecule. Mice that lack a well-conserved protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site, S551, showed longer non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and increased NREMS delta density. S551 of SIK3 is conserved in other members of the SIK family, such as SIK1 (S577) and SIK2 (S587). Here, we examined whether the PKA phosphorylation sites of SIK1 and SIK2 are involved in sleep regulation by generating Sik1S577A and Sik2S587A mice. The homozygous Sik1S577A mice showed a shorter wake time, longer NREMS time, and higher NREMS delta density than the wild-type mice. The heterozygous and homozygous Sik2S587A mice showed increased NREMS delta density. Both the Sik1S577A and Sik2S587A mice exhibited proper homeostatic regulation of sleep need after sleep deprivation. Despite abundant expression of Sik1 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the Sik1S577A mice showed normal circadian behavior. Although Sik2 is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue, the male and female Sik2S587A mice that were fed either a chow or high-fat diet showed similar weight gain as the wild-type littermates. These results suggest that PKA-SIK signaling is involved in the regulation of sleep need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Park
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chika Miyoshi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujiyama
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Miyo Kakizaki
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Aya Ikkyu
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takato Honda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Jinhwan Choi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Asano
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. .,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lerman LO, Kurtz TW, Touyz RM, Ellison DH, Chade AR, Crowley SD, Mattson DL, Mullins JJ, Osborn J, Eirin A, Reckelhoff JF, Iadecola C, Coffman TM. Animal Models of Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2019; 73:e87-e120. [PMID: 30866654 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the world, yet the precise cause of elevated blood pressure often cannot be determined. Animal models have been useful for unraveling the pathogenesis of hypertension and for testing novel therapeutic strategies. The utility of animal models for improving the understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hypertension and its comorbidities depends on their validity for representing human forms of hypertension, including responses to therapy, and on the quality of studies in those models (such as reproducibility and experimental design). Important unmet needs in this field include the development of models that mimic the discrete hypertensive syndromes that now populate the clinic, resolution of ongoing controversies in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and the development of new avenues for preventing and treating hypertension and its complications. Animal models may indeed be useful for addressing these unmet needs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Schewe J, Seidel E, Forslund S, Marko L, Peters J, Muller DN, Fahlke C, Stölting G, Scholl U. Elevated aldosterone and blood pressure in a mouse model of familial hyperaldosteronism with ClC-2 mutation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5155. [PMID: 31727896 PMCID: PMC6856192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the chloride channel ClC-2 were recently described as a cause of familial hyperaldosteronism type II (FH-II). Here, we report the generation of a mouse model carrying a missense mutation homologous to the most common FH-II-associated CLCN2 mutation. In these Clcn2R180Q/+ mice, adrenal morphology is normal, but Cyp11b2 expression and plasma aldosterone levels are elevated. Male Clcn2R180Q/+ mice have increased aldosterone:renin ratios as well as elevated blood pressure levels. The counterpart knockout model (Clcn2−/−), in contrast, requires elevated renin levels to maintain normal aldosterone levels. Adrenal slices of Clcn2R180Q/+ mice show increased calcium oscillatory activity. Together, our work provides a knockin mouse model with a mild form of primary aldosteronism, likely due to increased chloride efflux and depolarization. We demonstrate a role of ClC-2 in normal aldosterone production beyond the observed pathophysiology. Mutations in the chloride channel ClC-2 have been associated with familial forms of hyperaldosteronism. Here, Schewe et al. generated a mouse model carrying the most common mutation found in patients and find it recapitulates key features of the disease, providing a unique tool for future studies on its pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schewe
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Föhrer Str. 15, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric Seidel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Föhrer Str. 15, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sofia Forslund
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, Berlin, 13125, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lajos Marko
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, Berlin, 13125, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Peters
- Department of Physiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15a, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dominik N Muller
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, Berlin, 13125, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Fahlke
- Institute of Complex Systems, Zelluläre Biophysik (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gabriel Stölting
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Föhrer Str. 15, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,Institute of Complex Systems, Zelluläre Biophysik (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ute Scholl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany. .,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Föhrer Str. 15, Berlin, 13353, Germany. .,Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Genetic causes of primary aldosteronism. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-12. [PMID: 31695023 PMCID: PMC6834635 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is characterized by at least partially autonomous production of the adrenal steroid hormone aldosterone and is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. The most frequent subforms are idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and aldosterone-producing adenoma. Rare causes include unilateral hyperplasia, adrenocortical carcinoma and Mendelian forms (familial hyperaldosteronism). Studies conducted in the last eight years have identified somatic driver mutations in a substantial portion of aldosterone-producing adenomas, including the genes KCNJ5 (encoding inwardly rectifying potassium channel GIRK4), CACNA1D (encoding a subunit of L-type voltage-gated calcium channel CaV1.3), ATP1A1 (encoding a subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase), ATP2B3 (encoding a Ca2+-ATPase), and CTNNB1 (encoding ß-catenin). In addition, aldosterone-producing cells were recently reported to form small clusters (aldosterone-producing cell clusters) beneath the adrenal capsule. Such clusters accumulate with age and appear to be more frequent in individuals with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. The fact that they are associated with somatic mutations implicated in aldosterone-producing adenomas also suggests a precursor function for adenomas. Rare germline variants of CYP11B2 (encoding aldosterone synthase), CLCN2 (encoding voltage-gated chloride channel ClC-2), KCNJ5, CACNA1H (encoding a subunit of T-type voltage-gated calcium channel CaV3.2), and CACNA1D have been reported in different subtypes of familial hyperaldosteronism. Collectively, these studies suggest that primary aldosteronism is largely due to genetic mutations in single genes, with potential implications for diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
|
10
|
Loss of secretin results in systemic and pulmonary hypertension with cardiopulmonary pathologies in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14211. [PMID: 31578376 PMCID: PMC6775067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 1 billion people globally are suffering from hypertension, which is a long-term incurable medical condition that can further lead to dangerous complications and death if left untreated. In earlier studies, the brain-gut peptide secretin (SCT) was found to be able to control blood pressure by its cardiovascular and pulmonary effects. For example, serum SCT in patients with congestive heart failure was one-third of the normal level. These observations strongly suggest that SCT has a causal role in blood pressure control, and in this report, we used constitutive SCT knockout (SCT−/−) mice and control C57BL/6N mice to investigate differences in the morphology, function, underlying mechanisms and response to SCT treatment. We found that SCT−/− mice suffer from systemic and pulmonary hypertension with increased fibrosis in the lungs and heart. Small airway remodelling and pulmonary inflammation were also found in SCT−/− mice. Serum NO and VEGF levels were reduced and plasma aldosterone levels were increased in SCT−/− mice. Elevated cardiac aldosterone and decreased VEGF in the lungs were observed in the SCT−/− mice. More interestingly, SCT replacement in SCT−/− mice could prevent the development of heart and lung pathologies compared to the untreated group. Taken together, we comprehensively demonstrated the critical role of SCT in the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems and provide new insight into the potential role of SCT in the pathological development of cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Allingham MJ, Mettu PS, Cousins SW. Aldosterone as a mediator of severity in retinal vascular disease: Evidence and potential mechanisms. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107788. [PMID: 31479654 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) are the two most common retinal vascular diseases and are major causes of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Recent and ongoing development of medical therapies including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and corticosteroid drugs for treatment of these diseases have greatly improved the care of afflicted patients. However, severe manifestations of retinal vascular disease result in persistent macular edema, progressive retinal ischemia and incomplete visual recovery. Additionally, choroidal vascular diseases including neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) cause vision loss for which current treatments are incompletely effective in some cases and highly burdensome in others. In recent years, aldosterone has gained attention as a contributor to the various deleterious effects of retinal and choroidal vascular diseases via a variety of mechanisms in several retinal cell types. The following is a review of the role of aldosterone in retinal and choroidal vascular diseases as well as our current understanding of the mechanisms by which aldosterone mediates these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Priyatham S Mettu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Scott W Cousins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghadiri R, Alimohammadi M, Majdabadi HA. Determination of the psychometric properties of the Patients' Self-Efficacy Scale in blood pressure patients. Interv Med Appl Sci 2018; 10:87-94. [PMID: 30363355 PMCID: PMC6167625 DOI: 10.1556/1646.10.2018.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study was designed to determine self-efficacy and its related factors in patients with hypertension. Materials and methods This study is descriptive-sectional from the correlation. A total of 250 patients from a blood pressure clinic of Semnan city (in Iran) completed Medication Understanding and Use Self-Efficacy Scale were randomly selected in 2017. Data were analyzed using variance, Pearson’s Correlation, and χ2 using the LISREL 8.8 software. Results The items 1, 6, 7, and 8 have high correlation (at least higher than 0.60), indicating the possibility of aggregation of these four variables in the first factor (taking medication), and the four items 2, 3, 4, and 5 are highly correlated with each other, which are the second factor (learning about medication). In addition, Cronbach’s α of reliability (taking medication) for the first factor was 0.67 and 0.63 for the second factor (learning about medication) and 0.69 for the whole scale. Conclusion The effectiveness of blood pressure self-efficacy is an appropriate tool for measure-taking responsibility for the time and taking medications by patients, and researchers can use it as a valid tool in therapeutic, psychological, and health research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Ghadiri
- Semnan Health Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Alimohammadi
- Psychology Unit, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aragao-Santiago L, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mulatero P, Spyroglou A, Reincke M, Williams TA. Mouse Models of Primary Aldosteronism: From Physiology to Pathophysiology. Endocrinology 2017; 158:4129-4138. [PMID: 29069360 PMCID: PMC5711388 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a common form of endocrine hypertension that is characterized by the excessive production of aldosterone relative to suppressed plasma renin levels. PA is usually caused by either a unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Somatic mutations have been identified in several genes that encode ion pumps and channels that may explain the aldosterone excess in over half of aldosterone-producing adenomas, whereas the pathophysiology of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia is largely unknown. A number of mouse models of hyperaldosteronism have been described that recreate some features of the human disorder, although none replicate the genetic basis of human PA. Animal models that reproduce the genotype-phenotype associations of human PA are required to establish the functional mechanisms that underlie the endocrine autonomy and deregulated cell growth of the affected adrenal and for preclinical studies of novel therapeutics. Herein, we discuss the differences in adrenal physiology across species and describe the genetically modified mouse models of PA that have been developed to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Aragao-Santiago
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrinology Division, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Ariadni Spyroglou
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Tracy Ann Williams
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|