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Le Compte M, De La Hoz EC, Peeters S, Fortes FR, Hermans C, Domen A, Smits E, Lardon F, Vandamme T, Lin A, Vanlanduit S, Roeyen G, Van Laere S, Prenen H, Peeters M, Deben C. Single-organoid analysis reveals clinically relevant treatment-resistant and invasive subclones in pancreatic cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:128. [PMID: 38066116 PMCID: PMC10709344 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal diseases, characterized by a treatment-resistant and invasive nature. In line with these inherent aggressive characteristics, only a subset of patients shows a clinical response to the standard of care therapies, thereby highlighting the need for a more personalized treatment approach. In this study, we comprehensively unraveled the intra-patient response heterogeneity and intrinsic aggressive nature of PDAC on bulk and single-organoid resolution. We leveraged a fully characterized PDAC organoid panel (N = 8) and matched our artificial intelligence-driven, live-cell organoid image analysis with retrospective clinical patient response. In line with the clinical outcomes, we identified patient-specific sensitivities to the standard of care therapies (gemcitabine-paclitaxel and FOLFIRINOX) using a growth rate-based and normalized drug response metric. Moreover, the single-organoid analysis was able to detect resistant as well as invasive PDAC organoid clones, which was orchestrates on a patient, therapy, drug, concentration and time-specific level. Furthermore, our in vitro organoid analysis indicated a correlation with the matched patient progression-free survival (PFS) compared to the current, conventional drug response readouts. This work not only provides valuable insights on the response complexity in PDAC, but it also highlights the potential applications (extendable to other tumor types) and clinical translatability of our approach in drug discovery and the emerging era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Le Compte
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Sofía Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Felicia Rodrigues Fortes
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Hermans
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andreas Domen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Timon Vandamme
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abraham Lin
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine ANTwerp (PLASMANT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Geert Roeyen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Hepatobiliary Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Vazana-Netzarim R, Elmalem Y, Sofer S, Bruck H, Danino N, Sarig U. Distinct HAND2/HAND2-AS1 Expression Levels May Fine-Tune Mesenchymal and Epithelial Cell Plasticity of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16546. [PMID: 38003736 PMCID: PMC10672054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously developed several successful decellularization strategies that yielded porcine cardiac extracellular matrices (pcECMs) exhibiting tissue-specific bioactivity and bioinductive capacity when cultured with various pluripotent and multipotent stem cells. Here, we study the tissue-specific effects of the pcECM on seeded human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) phenotypes using reverse transcribed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) arrays for cardiovascular related gene expression. We further corroborated interesting findings at the protein level (flow cytometry and immunological stains) as well as bioinformatically using several mRNA sequencing and protein databases of normal and pathologic adult and embryonic (organogenesis stage) tissue expression. We discovered that upon the seeding of hMSCs on the pcECM, they displayed a partial mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) toward endothelial phenotypes (CD31+) and morphologies, which were preceded by an early spike (~Day 3 onward after seeding) in HAND2 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels compared to that in plate controls. The CRISPR-Cas9 knockout (KO) of HAND2 and its associated antisense long non-coding RNA (HAND2-AS1) regulatory region resulted in proliferation arrest, hypertrophy, and senescent-like morphology. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that HAND2 and HAND2-AS1 are highly correlated in expression and are expressed in many different tissue types albeit at distinct yet tightly regulated expression levels. Deviation (downregulation or upregulation) from these basal tissue expression levels is associated with a long list of pathologies. We thus suggest that HAND2 expression levels may possibly fine-tune hMSCs' plasticity through affecting senescence and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition states, through yet unknown mechanisms. Targeting this pathway may open up a promising new therapeutic approach for a wide range of diseases, including cancer, degenerative disorders, and aging. Nevertheless, further investigation is required to validate these findings and better understand the molecular players involved, potential inducers and inhibitors of this pathway, and eventually potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Vazana-Netzarim
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon Adelson School of Medicine, Department of Morphological Sciences and Teratology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (R.V.-N.); (N.D.)
| | - Yishay Elmalem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel (S.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Shachar Sofer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel (S.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Hod Bruck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel (S.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Naama Danino
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon Adelson School of Medicine, Department of Morphological Sciences and Teratology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (R.V.-N.); (N.D.)
| | - Udi Sarig
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon Adelson School of Medicine, Department of Morphological Sciences and Teratology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (R.V.-N.); (N.D.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel (S.S.); (H.B.)
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3
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Kröhn L, Azabdaftari A, Heuberger J, Hudert C, Zilbauer M, Breiderhoff T, Bufler P. Modulation of intestinal IL-37 expression and its impact on the epithelial innate immune response and barrier integrity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1261666. [PMID: 37799712 PMCID: PMC10548260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1261666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Intestinal epithelial cells separate the luminal flora from lamina propria immune cells and regulate innate immune responses in the gut. An imbalance of the mucosal immune response and disrupted intestinal barrier integrity contribute to the evolution of inflammatory bowel diseases. Interleukin (IL)-37 has broad anti- inflammatory activity and is expressed by the human intestinal epithelium. Mice ectopically expressing human IL-37 show reduced epithelial damage and inflammation after DSS-induced colitis. Here, we investigated the impact of IL-37 on the innate immune response and tight junction protein expression of mouse intestinal organoids and the modulation of IL37 expression in human intestinal organoids. Methods Murine intestinal organoids were generated from IL-37tg and wildtype mice. Human ileal organoids were generated from healthy young donors. Results Expression of transgene IL-37 or recombinant IL-37 protein did not significantly reduce overall proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in murine intestinal organoids. However, higher IL37 expression correlated with a reduced proinflammatory cytokine response in murine colonic organoids. IL37 mRNA expression in human ileal organoids was modulated by proinflammatory cytokines showing an increased expression upon TNF-α-stimulation and decreased expression upon IFN-gamma stimulation. Transgene IL-37 expression did not rescue TNF-α-induced changes in morphology as well as ZO-1, occludin, claudin-2, and E-cadherin expression patterns of murine jejunal organoids. Conclusions We speculate that the anti-inflammatory activity of IL-37 in the intestine is mainly mediated by lamina propria immune cells protecting intestinal epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kröhn
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aline Azabdaftari
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hudert
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Bufler
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Tian CM, Yang MF, Xu HM, Zhu MZ, Yue NN, Zhang Y, Shi RY, Yao J, Wang LS, Liang YJ, Li DF. Stem cell-derived intestinal organoids: a novel modality for IBD. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:255. [PMID: 37479716 PMCID: PMC10362068 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The organoids represent one of the greatest revolutions in the biomedical field in the past decade. This three-dimensional (3D) micro-organ cultured in vitro has a structure highly similar to that of the tissue and organ. Using the regeneration ability of stem cells, a 3D organ-like structure called intestinal organoids is established, which can mimic the characteristics of real intestinal organs, including morphology, function, and personalized response to specific stimuli. Here, we discuss current stem cell-based organ-like 3D intestinal models, including understanding the molecular pathophysiology, high-throughput screening drugs, drug efficacy testing, toxicological evaluation, and organ-based regeneration of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We summarize the advances and limitations of the state-of-the-art reconstruction platforms for intestinal organoids. The challenges, advantages, and prospects of intestinal organs as an in vitro model system for precision medicine are also discussed. Key applications of stem cell-derived intestinal organoids. Intestinal organoids can be used to model infectious diseases, develop new treatments, drug screens, precision medicine, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Mei Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei-Feng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Yantian District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Min-Zheng Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Ning-Ning Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Administration, Huizhou Institute of Occupational Diseases Control and Prevention, Huizhou, 516000, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui-Yue Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yu-Jie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - De-Feng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Qin L, Liu N, Bao CLM, Yang DZ, Ma GX, Yi WH, Xiao GZ, Cao HL. Mesenchymal stem cells in fibrotic diseases-the two sides of the same coin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:268-287. [PMID: 35896695 PMCID: PMC9326421 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is caused by extensive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which play a crucial role in injury repair. Fibrosis attributes to ~45% of all deaths worldwide. The molecular pathology of different fibrotic diseases varies, and a number of bioactive factors are involved in the pathogenic process. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of multipotent stem cells that have promising therapeutic effects in the treatment of different diseases. Current updates of fibrotic pathogenesis reveal that residential MSCs may differentiate into myofibroblasts which lead to the fibrosis development. However, preclinical and clinical trials with autologous or allogeneic MSCs infusion demonstrate that MSCs can relieve the fibrotic diseases by modulating inflammation, regenerating damaged tissues, remodeling the ECMs, and modulating the death of stressed cells after implantation. A variety of animal models were developed to study the mechanisms behind different fibrotic tissues and test the preclinical efficacy of MSC therapy in these diseases. Furthermore, MSCs have been used for treating liver cirrhosis and pulmonary fibrosis patients in several clinical trials, leading to satisfactory clinical efficacy without severe adverse events. This review discusses the two opposite roles of residential MSCs and external MSCs in fibrotic diseases, and summarizes the current perspective of therapeutic mechanism of MSCs in fibrosis, through both laboratory study and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Nian Liu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Chao-le-meng Bao
- CASTD Regengeek (Shenzhen) Medical Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Da-zhi Yang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Gui-xing Ma
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Wei-hong Yi
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Guo-zhi Xiao
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Hui-ling Cao
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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Nash TJ, Morris KM, Mabbott NA, Vervelde L. Temporal transcriptome profiling of floating apical out chicken enteroids suggest stability and reproducibility. Vet Res 2023; 54:12. [PMID: 36793124 PMCID: PMC9933378 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroids are miniature self-organising three-dimensional (3D) tissue cultures which replicate much of the complexity of the intestinal epithelium. We recently developed an apical-out leukocyte-containing chicken enteroid model providing a novel physiologically relevant in vitro tool to explore host-pathogen interactions in the avian gut. However, the replicate consistency and culture stability have not yet been fully explored at the transcript level. In addition, causes for the inability to passage apical-out enteroids were not determined. Here we report the transcriptional profiling of chicken embryonic intestinal villi and chicken enteroid cultures using bulk RNA-seq. Comparison of the transcriptomes of biological and technical replicate enteroid cultures confirmed their high level of reproducibility. Detailed analysis of cell subpopulation and function markers revealed that the mature enteroids differentiate from late embryonic intestinal villi to recapitulate many digestive, immune and gut-barrier functions present in the avian intestine. These transcriptomic results demonstrate that the chicken enteroid cultures are highly reproducible, and within the first week of culture they morphologically mature to appear similar to the in vivo intestine, therefore representing a physiologically-relevant in vitro model of the chicken intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J. Nash
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katrina M. Morris
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Edinburgh, UK.
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Kakni P, Truckenmüller R, Habibović P, van Griensven M, Giselbrecht S. A Microwell-Based Intestinal Organoid-Macrophage Co-Culture System to Study Intestinal Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315364. [PMID: 36499691 PMCID: PMC9736416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestinal epithelium contains more immune cells than any other tissue, and this is largely because of its constant exposure to pathogens. Macrophages are crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, but they also play a central role in chronic pathologies of the digestive system. We developed a versatile microwell-based intestinal organoid-macrophage co-culture system that enables us to recapitulate features of intestinal inflammation. This microwell-based platform facilitates the controlled positioning of cells in different configurations, continuous in situ monitoring of cell interactions, and high-throughput downstream applications. Using this novel system, we compared the inflammatory response when intestinal organoids were co-cultured with macrophages versus when intestinal organoids were treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the tissue-specific response differs according to the physical distance between the organoids and the macrophages and that the intestinal organoids show an immunomodulatory competence. Our novel microwell-based intestinal organoid model incorporating acellular and cellular components of the immune system can pave the way to unravel unknown mechanisms related to intestinal homeostasis and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Kakni
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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8
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Noltes ME, Sondorp LH, Kracht L, Antunes IF, Wardenaar R, Kelder W, Kemper A, Szymanski W, Zandee WT, Jansen L, Brouwers AH, Coppes RP, Kruijff S. Patient-derived parathyroid organoids as a tracer and drug-screening application model. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2518-2530. [PMID: 36306782 PMCID: PMC9669499 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid diseases are characterized by dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and alterations in parathyroid hormone (PTH) excretion. The development of parathyroid-targeted treatment and imaging tracers could benefit from in vitro models. Therefore, we aim to establish a patient-derived parathyroid organoid model representing human parathyroid tissue. Hyperplastic parathyroid tissue was dispersed, and parathyroid organoids (PTOs) were cultured and characterized. PTO-derived cells exhibited self-renewal over several passages, indicative of the presence of putative stem cells. Immunofluorescence and RNA sequencing confirmed that PTOs phenocopy hyperplastic parathyroid tissue. Exposure of PTOs to increasing calcium concentrations and PTH-lowering drugs resulted in significantly reduced PTH excretion. PTOs showed specific binding of the imaging tracers 11C-methionine and 99mTc-sestamibi. These data show the functionality of PTOs resembling the parathyroid. This PTO model recapitulates the originating tissue on gene and protein expression and functionality, paving the way for future physiology studies and therapeutic target and tracer discovery.
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9
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Pathogenesis of Fistulating Crohn's Disease: A Review. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:1-11. [PMID: 36184031 PMCID: PMC9667304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Sustained, transmural inflammation of the bowel wall may result in the development of a fistula in Crohn's disease (CD). Fistula formation is a recognized complication and cause of morbidity, occurring in 40% of patients with CD. Despite advanced treatment, one-third of patients experience recurrent fistulae. Development of targeting treatment for fistulae will be dependent on a more in depth understanding of its pathogenesis. Presently, pathogenesis of CD-associated fistulae remains poorly defined, in part due to the lack of accepted in vitro tissue models recapitulating the pathogenic cellular lesions linked to fistulae and limited in vivo models. This review provides a synthesis of the existing knowledge of the histopathological, immune, cellular, genetic, and microbial contributions to the pathogenesis of CD-associated fistulae including the widely accredited contribution of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases, and overexpression of invasive molecules, resulting in tissue remodeling and subsequent fistula formation. We conclude by exploring how we might utilize advancing technologies to verify and broaden our current understanding while exploring novel causal pathways to provide further inroads to future therapeutic targets.
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10
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Yao H, Tang G. Macrophages in intestinal fibrosis and regression. Cell Immunol 2022; 381:104614. [PMID: 36182587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages are heterogenous cell populations with different developmental ontogeny and tissue anatomy. The concerted actions of intestinal macrophage subsets are critical to maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, the dysregulation of macrophages following tissue injury or chronic inflammation could also lead to intestinal fibrosis, with few treatment options in the clinic. In this review, we will characterize the features of intestinal macrophages in light of the latest advances in lineage tracing and single-cell sequencing technology. The roles of macrophages in distinct stages of intestinal fibrosis would be also elaborated. Finally, based on the reciprocal interaction between macrophages and intestinal fibrosis, we will propose the potential macrophage targeting anti-intestinal fibrosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Guoyao Tang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
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11
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Estrada HQ, Patel S, Rabizadeh S, Casero D, Targan SR, Barrett RJ. Development of a Personalized Intestinal Fibrosis Model Using Human Intestinal Organoids Derived From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:667-679. [PMID: 34918082 PMCID: PMC9074870 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis is a serious complication of Crohn's disease. Numerous cell types including intestinal epithelial and mesenchymal cells are implicated in this process, yet studies are hampered by the lack of personalized in vitro models. Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) contain these cell types, and our goal was to determine the feasibility of utilizing these to develop a personalized intestinal fibrosis model. METHODS iPSCs from 2 control individuals and 2 very early onset inflammatory bowel disease patients with stricturing complications were obtained and directed to form HIOs. Purified populations of epithelial and mesenchymal cells were derived from HIOs, and both types were treated with the profibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and RNA sequencing analysis were used to assay their responses. RESULTS In iPSC-derived mesenchymal cells, there was a significant increase in the expression of profibrotic genes (Col1a1, Col5a1, and TIMP1) in response to TGFβ. RNA sequencing analysis identified further profibrotic genes and demonstrated differential responses to this cytokine in each of the 4 lines. Increases in profibrotic gene expression (Col1a1, FN, TIMP1) along with genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (vimentin and N-cadherin) were observed in TGFβ -treated epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing iPSC-HIO technology to model intestinal fibrotic responses in vitro. This now permits the generation of near unlimited quantities of patient-specific cells that could be used to reveal cell- and environmental-specific mechanisms underpinning intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Q Estrada
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shachi Patel
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shervin Rabizadeh
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USAand
| | - David Casero
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephan R Targan
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Barrett
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Wang Y, Huang B, Jin T, Ocansey DKW, Jiang J, Mao F. Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Prospects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835005. [PMID: 35370998 PMCID: PMC8971815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is an important complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the course of the development of fibrosis, certain parts of the intestine become narrowed, significantly destroying the structure and function of the intestine and affecting the quality of life of patients. Chronic inflammation is an important initiating factor of fibrosis. Unfortunately, the existing anti-inflammatory drugs cannot effectively prevent and alleviate fibrosis, and there is no effective anti-fibrotic drug, which makes surgical treatment the mainstream treatment for intestinal fibrosis and stenosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of tissue regeneration and repair through their self-differentiation, secretion of cytokines, and secretion of extracellular vesicles. MSCs have been shown to play an important therapeutic role in the fibrosis of many organs. However, the role of MSC in intestinal fibrosis largely remained unexplored. This review summarizes the mechanism of intestinal fibrosis, including the role of immune cells, TGF-β, and the gut microbiome and metabolites. Available treatment options for fibrosis, particularly, MSCs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
- General Surgery Department, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Endoscopy, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Jiajia Jiang
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jiajia Jiang, ; Fei Mao,
| | - Fei Mao
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jiajia Jiang, ; Fei Mao,
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13
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Challenges to, and prospects for, reverse engineering the gastrointestinal tract using organoids. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:932-944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Chen R, Lv C, Zhao X, Ma D, Lai D, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Tou J. Expression and possible role of Smad3 in postnecrotizing enterocolitis stricture. WORLD JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY 2022; 5:e000289. [DOI: 10.1136/wjps-2021-000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of Smad3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3) protein in postnecrotizing enterocolitis stricture and its possible mechanism of action.MethodsWe used immunohistochemistry to detect the expression characteristics of Smad3 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) proteins in human postnecrotizing enterocolitis stricture. We cultured IEC-6 (crypt epithelial cells of rat small intestine) in vitro and inhibited the expression of Smad3 using siRNA technique. Quantitative PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were used to detect the changes in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions in IEC-6 cells. CCK8 kit and Transwell cellular migration were used to detect cell proliferation and migration. Changes in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E-cadherin and vimentin) in IEC-6 cells were detected by immunofluorescence technique.ResultsThe results showed that Smad3 protein and NF-κB protein were overexpressed in narrow intestinal tissues and that Smad3 protein expression was positively correlated with NF-κB protein expression. After inhibiting the expression of Smad3 in IEC-6 cells, the mRNA expressions of NF-κB, TGF-β1, ZO-1, and VEGF decreased, whereas the mRNA expression of TNF-α did not significantly change. TGF-β1, NF-κB, and TNF-α protein expressions in IEC-6 cells decreased, whereas ZO-1 and intracellular VEGF protein expressions increased. IEC-6 cell proliferation and migration capacity decreased. There was no significant change in protein expression levels of EMT markers E-cadherin and vimentin and also extracellular VEGF protein expression.ConclusionsWe suspect that the high expression of Smad3 protein in postnecrotizing enterocolitis stricture may promote the occurrence and development of secondary intestinal stenosis. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of TGF-β1, NF-κB, TNF-α, ZO-1, and VEGF mRNA and protein expression. This may also be related to the ability of Smad3 to promote epithelial cell proliferation and migration.
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15
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Zullo KM, Douglas B, Maloney NM, Ji Y, Wei Y, Herbine K, Cohen R, Pastore C, Cramer Z, Wang X, Wei W, Somsouk M, Hung LY, Lengner C, Kohanski MH, Cohen NA, Herbert DR. LINGO3 regulates mucosal tissue regeneration and promotes TFF2 dependent recovery from colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:791-805. [PMID: 33941035 PMCID: PMC8647134 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1917650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Recovery of damaged mucosal surfaces following inflammatory insult requires diverse regenerative mechanisms that remain poorly defined. Previously, we demonstrated that the reparative actions of Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3) depend upon the enigmatic receptor, leucine rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain containing nogo receptor 2 (LINGO2). This study examined the related orphan receptor LINGO3 in the context of intestinal tissue damage to determine whether LINGO family members are generally important for mucosal wound healing and maintenance of the intestinal stem cell (ISC) compartment needed for turnover of mucosal epithelium.Methods and Results: We find that LINGO3 is broadly expressed on human enterocytes and sparsely on discrete cells within the crypt niche, that contains ISCs. Loss of function studies indicate that LINGO3 is involved in recovery of normal intestinal architecture following dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, and that LINGO3 is needed for therapeutic action of the long acting TFF2 fusion protein (TFF2-Fc), including a number of signaling pathways critical for cell proliferation and wound repair. LINGO3-TFF2 protein-protein interactions were relatively weak however and LINGO3 was only partially responsible for TFF2 induced MAPK signaling suggesting additional un-identified components of a receptor complex. However, deficiency in either TFF2 or LINGO3 abrogated budding/growth of intestinal organoids and reduced expression of the intestinal ISC gene leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), indicating homologous roles for these proteins in tissue regeneration, possibly via regulation of ISCs in the crypt niche.Conclusion: We propose that LINGO3 serves a previously unappreciated role in promoting mucosal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Zullo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Bonnie Douglas
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nicole M. Maloney
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yingbiao Ji
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yun Wei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Karl Herbine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rachel Cohen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christopher Pastore
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Zvi Cramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wenjie Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19147
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Li Yin Hung
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christopher Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael H. Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,The Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center Surgical Service, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,The Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center Surgical Service, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - De’Broski R. Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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16
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Onozato D, Ogawa I, Kida Y, Mizuno S, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Generation of Budding-Like Intestinal Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2637-2650. [PMID: 33794275 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived intestinal organoids have low invasiveness; however, the current differentiation method does not reflect the crypt-villus-like structure due to structural immaturity. Here, we generated budding-like organoids that formed epithelial tissue-like structures and had the characteristics of the mature small intestine from human iPS cells. They showed a high expression of drug transporters and induced the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein. When treated with tumor necrosis factor-α and/or transforming growth factor-β, the budding-like organoids replicated the pathogenesis of mucosal damage or intestinal fibrosis. Upon dissociation and seeding on cell culture inserts, the organoids retained intestinal characteristics, forming polarized intestinal folds with approximately 400 Ω × cm2 transepithelial electrical resistance. This novel method has great potential for disease modeling and drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Onozato
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Isamu Ogawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kida
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Shota Mizuno
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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17
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Sanman LE, Chen IW, Bieber JM, Steri V, Trentesaux C, Hann B, Klein OD, Wu LF, Altschuler SJ. Transit-Amplifying Cells Coordinate Changes in Intestinal Epithelial Cell-Type Composition. Dev Cell 2021; 56:356-365.e9. [PMID: 33484640 PMCID: PMC7917018 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Renewing tissues have the remarkable ability to continually produce both proliferative progenitor and specialized differentiated cell types. How are complex milieus of microenvironmental signals interpreted to coordinate tissue-cell-type composition? Here, we investigate the responses of intestinal epithelium to individual and paired perturbations across eight epithelial signaling pathways. Using a high-throughput approach that combines enteroid monolayers and quantitative imaging, we identified conditions that enrich for specific cell types as well as interactions between pathways. Importantly, we found that modulation of transit-amplifying cell proliferation changes the ratio of differentiated secretory to absorptive cell types. These observations highlight an underappreciated role for transit-amplifying cells in the tuning of differentiated cell-type composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Sanman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ina W Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jake M Bieber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Veronica Steri
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Coralie Trentesaux
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Byron Hann
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lani F Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Steven J Altschuler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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18
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Epithelium-autonomous NAIP/NLRC4 prevents TNF-driven inflammatory destruction of the gut epithelial barrier in Salmonella-infected mice. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:615-629. [PMID: 33731826 PMCID: PMC8075861 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gut epithelium is a critical protective barrier. Its NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome senses infection by Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) and promotes expulsion of infected enterocytes. During the first ~12-24 h, this reduces mucosal S.Tm loads at the price of moderate enteropathy. It remained unknown how this NAIP/NLRC4-dependent tradeoff would develop during subsequent infection stages. In NAIP/NLRC4-deficient mice, S.Tm elicited severe enteropathy within 72 h, characterized by elevated mucosal TNF (>20 pg/mg) production from bone marrow-derived cells, reduced regeneration, excessive enterocyte loss, and a collapse of the epithelial barrier. TNF-depleting antibodies prevented this destructive pathology. In hosts proficient for epithelial NAIP/NLRC4, a heterogeneous enterocyte death response with both apoptotic and pyroptotic features kept S.Tm loads persistently in check, thereby preventing this dire outcome altogether. Our results demonstrate that immediate and selective removal of infected enterocytes, by locally acting epithelium-autonomous NAIP/NLRC4, is required to avoid a TNF-driven inflammatory hyper-reaction that otherwise destroys the epithelial barrier.
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19
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DeHaan RK, Sarvestani SK, Huang EH. Organoid Models of Colorectal Pathology: Do They Hold the Key to Personalized Medicine? A Systematic Review. Dis Colon Rectum 2020; 63:1559-1569. [PMID: 32868555 PMCID: PMC7547902 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer and IBD account for a large portion of the practice of colorectal surgery. Historical research models have provided insights into the underlying causes of these diseases but come with many limitations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding the advantage of organoid models in modeling benign and malignant colorectal pathology. DATA SOURCES Sources included PubMed, Ovid-Medline, and Ovid Embase STUDY SELECTION:: Two reviewers completed a systematic review of the literature between January 2006 and January of 2020 for studies related to colon and intestinal organoids. Reviews, commentaries, protocols, and studies not performed in humans or mice were excluded. RESULTS A total of 73 articles were included. Organoid models of colorectal disease have been rising in popularity to further elucidate the genetic, transcriptomic, and treatment response of these diseases at the individual level. Increasingly complex models utilizing coculture techniques are being rapidly developed that allow in vitro recapitulation of the disease microenvironment. LIMITATIONS This review is only qualitative, and the lack of well utilized nomenclature in the organoid community may have resulted in the exclusion of articles. CONCLUSIONS Historical disease models including cell lines, patient-derived tumor xenografts, and animal models have created a strong foundation for our understanding of colorectal pathology. Recent advances in 3-dimensional cell cultures, in the form of patient-derived epithelial organoids and induced human intestinal organoids have opened a new avenue for high-resolution analysis of pathology at the level of an individual patient. Recent research has shown the potential of organoids as a tool for personalized medicine with their ability to retain patient characteristics, including treatment response.
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20
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Mikuda N, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Kärgel E, Golusda L, Wolf J, Höpken UE, Scheidereit C, Kühl AA, Kolesnichenko M. Deficiency in IκBα in the intestinal epithelium leads to spontaneous inflammation and mediates apoptosis in the gut. J Pathol 2020; 251:160-174. [PMID: 32222043 DOI: 10.1002/path.5437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The IκB kinase (IKK)-NF-κB signaling pathway plays a multifaceted role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): on the one hand, it protects from apoptosis; on the other, it activates transcription of numerous inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Although several murine models of IBD rely on disruption of IKK-NF-κB signaling, these involve either knockouts of a single family member of NF-κB or of upstream kinases that are known to have additional, NF-κB-independent, functions. This has made the distinct contribution of NF-κB to homeostasis in intestinal epithelium cells difficult to assess. To examine the role of constitutive NF-κB activation in intestinal epithelial cells, we generated a mouse model with a tissue-specific knockout of the direct inhibitor of NF-κB, Nfkbia/IκBα. We demonstrate that constitutive activation of NF-κB in intestinal epithelial cells induces several hallmarks of IBD including increased apoptosis, mucosal inflammation in both the small intestine and the colon, crypt hyperplasia, and depletion of Paneth cells, concomitant with aberrant Wnt signaling. To determine which NF-κB-driven phenotypes are cell-intrinsic, and which are extrinsic and thus require the immune compartment, we established a long-term organoid culture. Constitutive NF-κB promoted stem-cell proliferation, mis-localization of Paneth cells, and sensitization of intestinal epithelial cells to apoptosis in a cell-intrinsic manner. Increased number of stem cells was accompanied by a net increase in Wnt activity in organoids. Because aberrant Wnt signaling is associated with increased risk of cancer in IBD patients and because NFKBIA has recently emerged as a risk locus for IBD, our findings have critical implications for the clinic. In a context of constitutive NF-κB, our findings imply that general anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive therapies should be supplemented with direct targeting of NF-κB within the epithelial compartment in order to attenuate apoptosis, inflammation, and hyperproliferation. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Mikuda
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Cells, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Cells, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Kärgel
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Cells, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Golusda
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, iPATH.Berlin - Core Unit for Immunopathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Wolf
- Mathematical Modelling of Cellular Processes, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Microenvironmental Regulation in Autoimmunity and Cancer, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Cells, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, iPATH.Berlin - Core Unit for Immunopathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Kolesnichenko
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Cells, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Capeling M, Huang S, Mulero-Russe A, Cieza R, Tsai YH, Garcia A, Hill DR. Generation of small intestinal organoids for experimental intestinal physiology. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 159:143-174. [PMID: 32586441 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) derived from pluripotent stem cells were first described almost a decade ago as a method to differentiate intestinal tissue containing both epithelium and supporting mesenchymal cells. The original protocol documents a directed differentiation approach to first induce definitive endoderm from pluripotent stem cells, followed by hindgut specification, resulting in the self-organization of 3D hindgut spheroids. These hindgut spheroids are then embedded in a basement membrane extracellular matrix (ECM) such as Matrigel and mature into HIOs over about 4 weeks in culture. Since the initial HIO protocol was published, the methods to generate HIOs have been updated over time including revisions to the directed differentiation protocol and implementation of new culture methods for spheroids such as embedding in alginate or polyethylene glycol hydrogels as defined alternatives to Matrigel. Additionally, HIOs have been utilized for new applications such as co-culture with bacteria. This protocol compiles the most up to date information on HIO generation and presents alternative experimental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Capeling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Adriana Mulero-Russe
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Roberto Cieza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andres Garcia
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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22
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Lau HCH, Kranenburg O, Xiao H, Yu J. Organoid models of gastrointestinal cancers in basic and translational research. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:203-222. [PMID: 32099092 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. Gastrointestinal cancers account for approximately one-third of the total global cancer incidence and mortality. Historically, the mechanisms of tumour initiation and progression in the gastrointestinal tract have been studied using cancer cell lines in vitro and animal models. Traditional cell culture methods are associated with a strong selection of aberrant genomic variants that no longer reflect the original tumours in terms of their (metastatic) behaviour or response to therapy. Organoid technology has emerged as a powerful alternative method for culturing gastrointestinal tumours and the corresponding normal tissues in a manner that preserves their genetic, phenotypic and behavioural traits. Importantly, accumulating evidence suggests that organoid cultures have great value in predicting the outcome of therapy in individual patients. Herein, we review the current literature on organoid models of the most common gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, oesophageal cancer, liver cancer and pancreatic cancer, and their value in modelling tumour initiation, metastatic progression and therapy response. We also explore the limitations of current organoid models and discuss how they could be improved to maximally benefit basic and translational research in the future, especially in the fields of drug discovery and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Cheuk Hay Lau
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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23
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Gao J, Cui J, Zhong H, Li Y, Liu W, Jiao C, Gao J, Jiang C, Guo W, Xu Q. Andrographolide sulfonate ameliorates chronic colitis induced by TNBS in mice via decreasing inflammation and fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106426. [PMID: 32220806 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease could result in diarrhea and abdominal pain, as well as potential complications such as tissue fibrosis. The therapeutic effect of andrographolide sulfonate on acute murine experimental colitis induced by 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) has been confirmed. In the study here, chronic colitis triggered by repeated intrarectal administration of TNBS was established and the effect of andrographolide sulfonate was examined. Repeated TNBS administration induced substantial mice death, which was significantly decreased by andrographolide sulfonate treatment. The elevation of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α as well as IFN-γ in colonic tissues levels were decreased after administration of andrographolide sulfonate. Next, CD4+ T cell and macrophage infiltration was found to descend. The subset of pathogenic CD4+ T cell subset including CD4+IFN-γ+ (Th1) and CD4+IL-17A+ (Th17) were also suppressed by andrographolide sulfonate. Further, the restrain of p38 and p65 activation were also observed after andrographolide sulfonate administration. Finally, TNBS-induced colonic epithelial damage as well as fibrosis were significantly mitigated by andrographolide sulfonate. Based on the results got here, we can make a conclusion that andrographolide sulfonate could decrease inflammation and epithelial damage as well as fibrosis thus ameliorating chronic colitis in mice. Our study suggest the possible use of andrographolide sulfonate for chronic colitis treatment in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Innovative Nature Medicine and TCM Injections, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haiqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenyang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunhong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Nature Medicine and TCM Injections, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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24
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Yoo JH, Donowitz M. Intestinal enteroids/organoids: A novel platform for drug discovery in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4125-4147. [PMID: 31435168 PMCID: PMC6700704 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of biologics such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibodies followed by anti-integrins has dramatically changed the therapeutic paradigm of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Furthermore, a newly developed anti-p40 subunit of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 (ustekinumab) has been recently approved in the United States for patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease who have failed treatment with anti-TNFs. However, these immunosuppressive therapeutics which focus on anti-inflammatory mechanisms or immune cells still fail to achieve long-term remission in a significant percentage of patients. This strongly underlines the need to identify novel treatment targets beyond immune suppression to treat IBD. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in the pathogenesis of IBD. Physical, biochemical and immunologic driven barrier dysfunctions of epithelial cells contribute to the development of IBD. In addition, the recent establishment of adult stem cell-derived intestinal enteroid/organoid culture technology has allowed an exciting opportunity to study human IECs comprising all normal epithelial cells. This long-term epithelial culture model can be generated from endoscopic biopsies or surgical resections and recapitulates the tissue of origin, representing a promising platform for novel drug discovery in IBD. This review describes the advantages of intestinal enteroids/organoids as a research tool for intestinal diseases, introduces studies with these models in IBD, and gives a description of the current status of therapeutic approaches in IBD. Finally, we provide an overview of the current endeavors to identify a novel drug target for IBD therapy based on studies with human enteroids/organoids and describe the challenges in using enteroids/organoids as an IBD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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25
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Development of Collagen-Based 3D Matrix for Gastrointestinal Tract-Derived Organoid Culture. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8472712. [PMID: 31312220 PMCID: PMC6595382 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8472712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoid is a cell organization grown in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system which represents all characteristics of its origin. However, this organ-like structure requires supporting matrix to maintain its characteristics and functions. Matrigel, derived from mouse sarcoma, has often been used as the supporting matrix for organoids, but the result may not be desirable for clinical applications because of the unidentified components from the mouse sarcoma. On the other hand, natural characteristics of collagen emphasize toxic-free friendly niche to both organoid and normal tissue. Hence, this study attempts to develop a new, collagen-based matrix that may substitute Matrigel in organoid culture. Collagen-based matrix was made, using type 1 collagen, Ham's F12 nutrient mixture, and bicarbonate. Then, characteristics of mouse colon organoids were analyzed by morphology and quantitative messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, revealing that the mouse colon organoids grown in the collagen-based matrix and in Matrigel had quite similar morphology, specific markers, and proliferative rates. Mouse small intestine–derived organoids, stomach-derived organoids, and human colon–derived organoids were also cultured, all of which were successfully grown in the collagen-based matrix and had similar properties compared to those cultured in Matrigel. Furthermore, possibility of organoid transplantation was observed. When mouse colon organoids were transplanted with collagen matrix into the EDTA-colitis mouse model, colon organoids were successfully engrafted in damaged tissue. For that reason, the use of collagen-based matrix in organoid culture will render organoid cultivation less expensive and clinically applicable.
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26
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Wu LJ, Chen ZY, Wang Y, Zhao JG, Xie XZ, Chen G. Organoids of liver diseases: From bench to bedside. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1913-1927. [PMID: 31086460 PMCID: PMC6487380 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i16.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the occurrence, development, and treatment of liver diseases is the main goal of hepatopathology research. Liver diseases are not only diverse but also highly heterogeneous among individuals. At present, research on liver diseases is conducted mainly through cell culture, animal models, pathological specimens, etc. However, these methods cannot fully reveal the pathogenic mechanism and therapeutic characteristics of individualized liver diseases. Recent advances in three-dimensional cell culture technology (organoid culture techniques) include pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells that are cultured in vitro to form self-organizing properties, making it possible to achieve individualized liver disease research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development of liver organoids, the existing and potential applications of liver regenerative medicine, the pathogenesis of liver disease heterogeneity, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zi-Yan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research Center of Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun-Gang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Zai Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
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27
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Lovisa S, Genovese G, Danese S. Role of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:659-668. [PMID: 30520951 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is an inevitable complication in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], occurring in its two major clinical manifestations: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Fibrosis represents the final outcome of the host reaction to persistent inflammation, which triggers a prolonged wound healing response resulting in the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, eventually leading to intestinal dysfunction. The process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [EMT] represents an embryonic program relaunched during wound healing, fibrosis and cancer. Here we discuss the initial observations and the most recent findings highlighting the role of EMT in IBD-associated intestinal fibrosis and fistulae formation. In addition, we briefly review knowledge on the cognate process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition [EndMT]. Understanding EMT functionality and the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of this mesenchymal programme will permit designing new therapeutic strategies to halt the fibrogenic response in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lovisa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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28
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Intestinal Organoids as a Novel Complementary Model to Dissect Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8010645. [PMID: 31015842 PMCID: PMC6444246 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8010645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) include colitis ulcerosa and Crohn's disease, besides the rare microscopic colitis. Both diseases show a long-lasting, relapsing-remitting, or even chronic active course with tremendous impact on quality of life. IBDs frequently cause disability, surgical interventions, and high costs; as in other autoimmune diseases, their prevalent occurrence at an early phase of life raises the burden on health care systems. Unfortunately, our understanding of the pathogenesis is still incomplete and treatment therefore largely focuses on suppressing the resulting excessive inflammation. One obstacle for deciphering the causative processes is the scarcity of models that parallel the development of the disease, since intestinal inflammation is mostly induced artificially; moreover, the intestinal epithelium, which strongly contributes to IBD pathogenesis, is difficult to assess. Recently, the development of intestinal epithelial organoids has overcome many of those problems. Here, we give an overview on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IBDs with reference to the limitations of previous well-established experimental models. We highlight the advantages and detriments of recent organoid-based experimental setups within the IBD field and suggest possible future applications.
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29
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Intestinal organoids: A new paradigm for engineering intestinal epithelium in vitro. Biomaterials 2019; 194:195-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Dotti I, Salas A. Potential Use of Human Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Organoids to Study Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:2501-2509. [PMID: 30169820 PMCID: PMC6262197 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic remitting disorder with increasing incidence worldwide. The intestinal epithelial barrier plays a major role in IBD, contributing to its pathogenesis, evolution, and perpetuation over time. Until recently, studies focused on exploring the role of the intestinal epithelium in IBD were hampered by the lack of techniques for the long-term culturing of human primary epithelial cells ex vivo. Recently, however, a methodology for generating stable human 3D epithelial cultures directly from adult intestinal stem cells was established. These long-term cultures, called organoids, mimic the tissue of origin and can be generated from small-size intestinal tissue samples, making it a promising tool for modeling the course of IBD.In this review, we provide an overview of the versatility of human organoid cultures in IBD modeling. We discuss recent advances and current limitations in the application of this tool for modeling the contribution of the intestinal epithelium alone and in combination with other key cellular and molecular players in the context of IBD pathophysiology. Finally, we outline the pressing need for technically standardizing the laboratory manipulation of human epithelial organoids for their broader implementation in clinically oriented IBD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dotti
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Filidou E, Valatas V, Drygiannakis I, Arvanitidis K, Vradelis S, Kouklakis G, Kolios G, Bamias G. Cytokine Receptor Profiling in Human Colonic Subepithelial Myofibroblasts: A Differential Effect of Th Polarization-Associated Cytokines in Intestinal Fibrosis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:2224-2241. [PMID: 29860326 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (cSEMFs) are mesenchymal cells with a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease (CD) fibrosis. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a complete expression mapping of cytokine receptors, implicated in inflammatory bowel diseases, in primary human cSEMFs and how pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate this expression. Furthermore, we show the effect of Th1-, Th2-, Th17- and Treg-related cytokines on a fibrosis-related phenotype of cSEMFs. METHODS Colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts were isolated from healthy individuals' colonic biopsies. Interleukin (IL)-1α- and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced mRNA and protein expression of cytokine receptors was assayed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence, respectively. Th-related cytokine effects on mRNA and protein profibrotic factor expression were analyzed by qRT-PCR and/or colorimetric assays and on the wound-healing capacity of cSEMFs by scratch test. RESULTS In cSEMFs, we observed basal cytokine receptor expression, which was modified by IL-1α and TNF-α. Th1-related cytokines upregulated tissue factor (TF), collagen, fibronectin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and downregulated α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), MMP-9, and wound healing rate. Th2-related cytokines upregulated collagen, TF, α-SMA, MMP-1, and wound healing rate and downregulated fibronectin and MMP-9. IL-17 and IL-23 upregulated fibronectin, and IL-22 downregulated TF. IL-17 and IL-22 decreased wound healing rate. Similar to TGF-β, IL-23 upregulated MMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, collagen expression, and wound healing rates. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cSEMFs have a central role in inflammation and fibrosis, as they express a great variety of Th-related cytokine receptors, making them responsive to pro-inflammatory cytokines, abundant in the inflamed mucosa of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vasilis Valatas
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - Stergios Vradelis
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine of University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Kouklakis
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine of University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- GI Unit, 3rd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
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32
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Man S, Sanchez Duffhues G, Ten Dijke P, Baker D. The therapeutic potential of targeting the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Angiogenesis 2018; 22:3-13. [PMID: 30076548 PMCID: PMC6510911 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) have been found to be capable of acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype through a process known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). First seen in the developing embryo, EndMT can be triggered postnatally under certain pathological conditions. During this process, ECs dedifferentiate into mesenchymal stem-like cells (MSCs) and subsequently give rise to cell types belonging to the mesoderm lineage. As EndMT contributes to a multitude of diseases, pharmacological modulation of the signaling pathways underlying EndMT may prove to be effective as a therapeutic treatment. Additionally, EndMT in ECs could also be exploited to acquire multipotent MSCs, which can be readily re-differentiated into various distinct cell types. In this review, we will consider current models of EndMT, how manipulation of this process might improve treatment of clinically important pathologies and how it could be harnessed to advance regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Man
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez Duffhues
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - David Baker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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33
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Wang JJ, Zhang WX, Wang KF, Zhang S, Han X, Guan WJ, Ma YH. Isolation and biological characteristics of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells derived from chick embryo intestine. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:521-530. [PMID: 29914266 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1490495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Over the past decade, rapid advancement in isolation methods for identifying markers of the once elusive intestinal stem cell (ISC) populations has laid the foundation for unravelling their complex interrelationships during homeostasis. Study on ISC in avian intestinal tissue might play a pivotal foundation for further studies on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in gastrointestinal disease and cell-based therapy as well as intestinal tissue engineering. 2. The following experiment isolated a population of fibroblast-like, plastic adhering cells derived from chick embryo intestine, showing a strong self-renewing and proliferative ability, which was maintained in vitro up to passage 25. The findings included growth characteristics, detected expression of cell surface markers and characterised the capability of these cells to differentiate towards the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. 3. RT-PCR analysis showed that these cells from chick embryos expressed mesenchymal stromal cell markers CD44, CD90 and VIMENTIN as well as ISC-specific genes LGR5, MI1, SMOC2, BMI1, and HOPX. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry confirmed this biology characterisation further. 4. In conclusion, cells were isolated from the intestine of 18-day-old chicken embryos that exhibited the biological characteristics of mesenchymal stromal cells as well as markers of intestinal stem cells. Our findings may provide a novel insight for in vitro cell culture and characteristics of ISCs in avian species, which may also indicate a benefit for obtaining cell source for intestinal tissue engineering as well as cell-based investigation for gastrointestinal disease and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wang
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Department of Kinesiology and Health , Harbin Sport University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - W X Zhang
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - K F Wang
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - S Zhang
- c Research Center for Sports Scientific Experiment , Harbin Sport University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - X Han
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - W J Guan
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Y H Ma
- a Institute of Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
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Zhou J, Wu HG, Shi Y. Roles of TNF-α/NF-κB/Snail pathway in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:441-448. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i7.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process of transformation of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells, and it not only plays an important role in the developmental process, but also participates in tissue healing, organ fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. In recent years, it has been found that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a major inflammatory factor that can induce snail expression by binding to nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), thus mediating EMT. This article briefly introduces the roles of the TNF-α/NF-κB/Snail pathway in mediating EMT, aiming to promote a further understanding of the mechanism of TNF-α in regulating EMT.
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35
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Crohn's disease. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:294-303. [PMID: 29346350 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is often accompanied by the complications of intestinal strictures and fistulas. These complications remain obstacles in CD treatment. In recent years, the importance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of CD-associated fistulas and intestinal fibrosis has become apparent. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition refers to a dynamic change, wherein epithelial cells lose their polarity and adherence and acquire migratory function and fibroblast features. During formation of CD-associated fistulas, intestinal epithelial cells dislocate from the basement membrane and migrate to the lining of the fistula tracts, where they convert into transitional cells as a compensatory response under the insufficient wound healing condition. In CD-associated intestinal fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition may serve as a source of new fibroblasts and consequently lead to overproduction of extracellular matrix. In this review, we present current knowledge of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its role in the pathogenesis of CD in order to highlight new therapy targets for the associated complications.
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36
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Nam MO, Hahn S, Jee JH, Hwang TS, Yoon H, Lee DH, Kwon MS, Yoo J. Effects of a small molecule R-spondin-1 substitute RS-246204 on a mouse intestinal organoid culture. Oncotarget 2017; 9:6356-6368. [PMID: 29464078 PMCID: PMC5814218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids, a multi-cellular and organ-like structure cultured in vitro, can be used in a variety of fields such as disease modeling, drug discovery, or cell therapy development. When organoids derived from Lgr5 stem cells are cultured ex vivo, recombinant R-spondin-1 protein should be added at a high concentration for the initiation and maintenance of the organoids. Because the addition of large amounts of R-spondin-1 greatly increases the cost of organoids, the organoids grown with R-spondin-1 are not practical for large-scale drug screening and for the development of therapeutic agents. In this study, we tried to find a R-spondin-1 substitute compound that is able initiate small intestinal organoids without the use of the R-spondin-1 protein; thus, using organoid media that each included one compound from among an 8,364 compound library instead of R-spondin-1, we observed whether organoids were established from the crypts of the small intestine. As a result, we found one compound that could promote the initial formation and growth of enteroids in the medium without R-spondin-1 and named it RS-246204. The enteroids grown with RS-246204 had a similar differentiation capacity as well as self-renewal capacity as the enteroids grown with R-spondin-1. Furthermore, the RS-246204-derived enteroids could successfully produce the forskolin induced swelling and the organoid based epithelial to mesenchymal transition model. This compound could be used for developing a cost-efficient culturing method for intestinal organoids as well as for exploring Lgr5 signaling, intestinal stem cell physiology and therapeutics for GI tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Ok Nam
- Department of Microbiology and School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Soojung Hahn
- Department of Microbiology and School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Jee
- Department of Microbiology and School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Tae-Sun Hwang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Ho Yoon
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Jongman Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
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Kim YS, Lee HJ, Park JM, Han YM, Kangwan N, Oh JY, Lee DY, Hahm KB. Targeted molecular ablation of cancer stem cells for curing gastrointestinal cancers. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:1059-1070. [PMID: 28707966 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1356224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abundance of the ATPase-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and deranged self-renewal pathways characterize the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in gastrointestinal cancers (GI cancers), which play crucial roles in tumorigenesis, chemotherapy resistance, tumor recurrence, and cancer metastasis. Therefore, in order to ensure high cure rates, chemoquiescence, CSCs should be ablated. Recent advances in either understanding CSCs or biomarker identification enable scientists to develop techniques for ablating CSCs and clinicians to provide cancer cure, especially in GI cancers characterized by inflammation-driven carcinogenesis. Areas covered: A novel approach to ablate CSCs in GI cancers, including esophageal, gastric, and colon cancers, is introduced along with explored underlying molecular mechanisms. Expert commentary: Though CSC ablation is still in the empirical stages and not in clinical practice, several strategies for ablating CSCs in GI cancers had been published, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) that regulate the membrane-bound ABC transporters, which underlie drug resistance; chloroquine (CQ) that inhibits autophagy, which is responsible for tumor survival; Hedgehog/Wnt/Notch inhibitors that influence the underlying stem-cell growth, and some natural products including Korean red ginseng, cancer-preventive kimchi, Artemisia extract, EGCG from green tea, and walnut extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Seok Kim
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Hanyang University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Ho Jae Lee
- b Department of Biochemistry , Gachon University College of Medicine , Incheon , Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- c CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center , CHA University , Seongnam , Korea
| | - Young-Min Han
- c CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center , CHA University , Seongnam , Korea
| | - Napapan Kangwan
- d Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences , University of Phayao , Phayao , Thailand
| | | | | | - Ki Baik Hahm
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Hanyang University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,c CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center , CHA University , Seongnam , Korea.,f Digestive Disease Center , CHA University Bundang Medical Center , Seongnam , Korea
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