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Yu F, Deng X, Zhong Y, Guo B, Zhang X, Wu B. Hypoxic papillary thyroid carcinoma cells-secreted exosomes deliver miR-221-3p to normoxic tumor cells to elicit a pro-tumoral effect by regulating the ZFAND5. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113716. [PMID: 37488006 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has seen a worldwide expansion in incidence in the past three decades. Tumor-derived exosomes have been associated with the metastasis of cancer cells and are present within the local hypoxic tumor microenvironment, where they mediate intercellular communication by transferring molecules including microRNAs (miRNAs) between cells. Although miRNAs have been shown to serve as non-invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, the role of hypoxia-induced tumor-derived exosomes in PTC progression remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the differentially expressed miRNA expression profiles from GEO datasets (GSE191117 and GSE151180) by using the DESeq package in R and identified a novel role for miR-221-3p as an oncogene in PTC development. In vivo and in vitro loss and gain assays were used to clarify the mechanism of hypoxic PTC cells derived exosomal-miR-221-3p in PTC. miR-221-3p was upregulated in human PTC plasma exosomes, tissues and cell lines. We found that hypoxic PTC cells derived exosomal-miR-221-3p promoted normoxic PTC cells proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro, while inhibition of miR-221-3p limited PTC tumor growth in our PTC xenograft model in nude mice. We finally identified ZFAND5, to be a miR-221-3p target. Mechanistically, hypoxic PTC cell lines-derived exosomes carrying miR-221-3p promoted PTC tumorigenesis by regulating ZFAND5. Our findings further the understanding of the underlying mechanisms associated with PTC progression and identify exosomal-miR-221-3p as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of PTC patients. Our study also suggests that miR-221-3p inhibitors could be a potential treatment strategy for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xianzhao Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yong Zhong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bomin Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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2
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Lau NCH, Yam JWP. From Exosome Biogenesis to Absorption: Key Takeaways for Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071992. [PMID: 37046653 PMCID: PMC10093369 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are mediators of intercellular communication in normal physiology and diseases. While many studies have emerged on the function of exosomal cargoes, questions remain regarding the origin of these exosomes. The packaging and secretion of exosomes in different contexts modify exosomal composition, which may in turn impact delivery, uptake and cargo function in recipient cells. A mechanistic understanding of exosome biology is therefore crucial to investigating exosomal function in complex biological systems and to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we outline the steps in exosome biogenesis, including endosome formation, MVB formation, cargo sorting and extracellular release, as well as exosome absorption, including targeting, interaction with recipient cells and the fate of internalized exosomes. In addition to providing a framework of exosome dynamics, we summarize current evidence on major pathways and regulatory mechanisms. We also highlight the various mechanisms observed in cancer and point out directions to improve study design in exosome biology. Further research is needed to illuminate the relationship between exosome biogenesis and function, which will aid the development of translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cheuk Hang Lau
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Judy Wai Ping Yam
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-22552681
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3
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Mas-Bargues C, Alique M. Extracellular Vesicles as "Very Important Particles" (VIPs) in Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044250. [PMID: 36835661 PMCID: PMC9964932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, extracellular vesicles have been recognized as "very important particles" (VIPs) associated with aging and age-related disease. During the 1980s, researchers discovered that these vesicle particles released by cells were not debris but signaling molecules carrying cargoes that play key roles in physiological processes and physiopathological modulation. Following the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) recommendation, different vesicle particles (e.g., exosomes, microvesicles, oncosomes) have been named globally extracellular vesicles. These vesicles are essential to maintain body homeostasis owing to their essential and evolutionarily conserved role in cellular communication and interaction with different tissues. Furthermore, recent studies have shown the role of extracellular vesicles in aging and age-associated diseases. This review summarizes the advances in the study of extracellular vesicles, mainly focusing on recently refined methods for their isolation and characterization. In addition, the role of extracellular vesicles in cell signaling and maintenance of homeostasis, as well as their usefulness as new biomarkers and therapeutic agents in aging and age-associated diseases, has also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Grupo de Investigación Freshage, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), Instituto Sanitario de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.M.-B.); (M.A.)
| | - Matilde Alique
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.M.-B.); (M.A.)
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4
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Closa D. Pancreatic cancer, stroma, and exosomes. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:205-211. [PMID: 35644825 PMCID: PMC9905168 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, tumor stroma plays a key role in both aggressiveness, immune evasion, resistance to chemotherapy, and the ability to metastasize. Among the elements that characterize the behavior of the stroma, extracellular vesicles and, in particular, exosomes play an important role. These extracellular vesicles carry a wide range of bioactive molecules, from transcription factors to microRNAs, which can substantially alter the phenotype of the cellular components of the stroma. Exosomes are involved in the exchange of signals between tumor cells, tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and also with the healthy cells surrounding the tumor. They can transfer resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, modify the phenotype of macrophages, or induce the expression of molecules that alter the extracellular matrix to facilitate migration and metastasis. On the other hand, all these characteristics make these vesicles first-rate therapeutic targets, as controlling their functionality could greatly enhance the effectiveness of treatments that, today, are still far from be satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Closa
- Dept. Experimental Pathology, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Ginini L, Billan S, Fridman E, Gil Z. Insight into Extracellular Vesicle-Cell Communication: From Cell Recognition to Intracellular Fate. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091375. [PMID: 35563681 PMCID: PMC9101098 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogamous lipid bilayer-enclosed membranous structures secreted by cells. They are comprised of apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes, and carry a range of nucleic acids and proteins that are necessary for cell-to-cell communication via interaction on the cells surface. They initiate intracellular signaling pathways or the transference of cargo molecules, which elicit pleiotropic responses in recipient cells in physiological processes, as well as pathological processes, such as cancer. It is therefore important to understand the molecular means by which EVs are taken up into cells. Accordingly, this review summarizes the underlying mechanisms involved in EV targeting and uptake. The primary method of entry by EVs appears to be endocytosis, where clathrin-mediated, caveolae-dependent, macropinocytotic, phagocytotic, and lipid raft-mediated uptake have been variously described as being prevalent. EV uptake mechanisms may depend on proteins and lipids found on the surfaces of both vesicles and target cells. As EVs have been shown to contribute to cancer growth and progression, further exploration and targeting of the gateways utilized by EVs to internalize into tumor cells may assist in the prevention or deceleration of cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ginini
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Salem Billan
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Medical Oncology and Radiation Therapy Program, Oncology Section, Rambam Health Care Campus, HaAliya HaShniya Street 8, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Eran Fridman
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Ziv Gil
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-854-2480
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6
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Fraunhoffer NA, Closa D, Folch-Puy E, Abuelafia AM, Calvo EL, Chuluyan E, Iovanna J. Targeting REG3β limits pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression through CTGF downregulation. Cancer Lett 2021; 521:64-70. [PMID: 34450197 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the transformed tumoral cells and their microenvironment is a key aspect for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression. This molecular dialog is intensively studied because it may result in an efficient therapeutic target. Contrary to this near microenvironment, the stromal portion in direct contact with the transformed cells, a far microenvironment, placed at the periphery of the tumor mass, produces factors signaling tumors. Among these factors, REG3β, produced by this part of the pancreas, is an important factor in promoting tumor progression. This paper demonstrated that targeting REG3β protein with specific antibodies limits the PDAC tumor growth in an orthotopic, syngeneic mice model induced by injection of Panc02 cells. Then, we showed that CTGF is over-expressed in response to REG3β in PDAC-derived cells. Moreover, inactivation of REG3β by treating tumors with anti-REG3β antibodies results in a strong decrease of CTGF in PDAC tumors. Lastly, we demonstrated that forced expression of CTGF in xenografted Panc02 cells abolishes the therapeutic effect of the anti-REG3β antibody treatment. Altogether, these results indicate that the effect of REG3β in promoting PDAC progression is mediated by CTGF over-activation. Thus, REG3β is a promising therapeutic target to treat PDAC with an original rationale. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the far microenvironment is essential for PDAC progression by producing active secretory factors, and some of them could be used as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás A Fraunhoffer
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Immunomodulators, School of Medicine, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Closa
- Experimental Pathology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Folch-Puy
- Experimental Pathology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Analía Meilerman Abuelafia
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Ezequiel Luis Calvo
- Centre Génomique du Centre de Recherche du CHUL Research Center, Ville de Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eduardo Chuluyan
- Laboratory of Immunomodulators, School of Medicine, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France.
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7
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Moghadasi S, Elveny M, Rahman HS, Suksatan W, Jalil AT, Abdelbasset WK, Yumashev AV, Shariatzadeh S, Motavalli R, Behzad F, Marofi F, Hassanzadeh A, Pathak Y, Jarahian M. A paradigm shift in cell-free approach: the emerging role of MSCs-derived exosomes in regenerative medicine. J Transl Med 2021; 19:302. [PMID: 34253242 PMCID: PMC8273572 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) due to their pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, and immunoregulatory competencies along with fewer ethical issues are presented as a rational strategy for regenerative medicine. Current reports have signified that the pleiotropic effects of MSCs are not related to their differentiation potentials, but rather are exerted through the release of soluble paracrine molecules. Being nano-sized, non-toxic, biocompatible, barely immunogenic, and owning targeting capability and organotropism, exosomes are considered nanocarriers for their possible use in diagnosis and therapy. Exosomes convey functional molecules such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and micro-RNAs (miRNAs), proteins (e.g., chemokine and cytokine), and lipids from MSCs to the target cells. They participate in intercellular interaction procedures and enable the repair of damaged or diseased tissues and organs. Findings have evidenced that exosomes alone are liable for the beneficial influences of MSCs in a myriad of experimental models, suggesting that MSC- exosomes can be utilized to establish a novel cell-free therapeutic strategy for the treatment of varied human disorders, encompassing myocardial infarction (MI), CNS-related disorders, musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. arthritis), kidney diseases, liver diseases, lung diseases, as well as cutaneous wounds. Importantly, compared with MSCs, MSC- exosomes serve more steady entities and reduced safety risks concerning the injection of live cells, such as microvasculature occlusion risk. In the current review, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of MSC- exosomes as an innovative approach in the context of regenerative medicine and highlight the recent knowledge on MSC- exosomes in translational medicine, focusing on in vivo researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Moghadasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Marischa Elveny
- DS & CI Research Group, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Wanich Suksatan
- Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Siavash Shariatzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roza Motavalli
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Behzad
- Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yashwant Pathak
- Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa Florida, USA
| | - Mostafa Jarahian
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Exosomes as Pleiotropic Players in Pancreatic Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030275. [PMID: 33803470 PMCID: PMC8002012 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) incidence is rising and due to late diagnosis, combined with unsatisfactory response to current therapeutic approaches, this tumor has an extremely high mortality rate. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pancreatic carcinogenesis is of paramount importance for rational diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Multiple lines of evidence have showed that exosomes are actively involved in intercellular communication by transferring their cargos of bioactive molecules to recipient cells within the tumor microenvironment and systemically. Intriguingly, exosomes may exert both protumor and antitumor effects, supporting or hampering processes that play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of PC, including shifts in tumor metabolism, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance. They also have a dual role in PC immunomodulation, exerting immunosuppressive or immune enhancement effects through several mechanisms. PC-derived exosomes also induce systemic metabolic alterations, leading to the onset of diabetes and weight loss. Moreover, exosomes have been described as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PC. Their potential application in PC therapy as drug carriers and therapeutic targets is under investigation. In this review, we provide an overview of the multiple roles played by exosomes in PC biology through their specific cargo biomolecules and of their potential exploitation in early diagnosis and treatment of PC.
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9
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Cao Y, Tian Y, Liu Y, Su Z. Reg3β: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Tissue Injury and Inflammation-Associated Disorders. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:160-170. [PMID: 33426979 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1869731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since regenerating islet-derived 3β (Reg3β) was first reported, various studies have been conducted to explore the involvement of Reg3β in a gamut of maladies, such as diabetes, pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and extrapancreatic maladies such as inflammatory bowel disease, acute liver failure, and myocardial infarction. Surprisingly, there is currently no systematic review of Reg3β. Therefore, we summarize the structural characteristics, transcriptional regulation, putative receptors, and signaling pathways of Reg3β. The exact functional roles in various diseases, especially gastrointestinal and liver diseases, are also discussed. Reg3β plays multiple roles in promoting proliferation, inducing differentiation, preventing apoptosis, and resisting bacteria. The present review may provide new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Cao
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Laboratory Center, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Laboratory Center, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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10
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Polyethylene Glycol 35 (PEG35) Modulates Exosomal Uptake and Function. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123044. [PMID: 33353210 PMCID: PMC7766665 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are neutral polymers widely used in biomedical applications due to its hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by nearly all cell types and play an important role in normal and pathological conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of a 35-kDa molecular weight PEG (PEG35) on the modulation of exosome-mediated inflammation. Human macrophage-like cells THP-1, epithelial BICR-18, and CAPAN-2 cells were exposed to PEG35 prior to incubation with exosomes of different cellular origins. Exosome internalization was evaluated by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. In another set of experiments, macrophages were treated with increasing concentrations of PEG35 prior to exposure with the appropriate stimuli: lipopolysaccharide, BICR-18-derived exosomes, or exosomes from acute pancreatitis-induced rats. Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFκB) and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory Interleukin 1β (IL1β) were determined. PEG35 administration significantly enhanced the internalization of exosomes in both macrophages and epithelial cells. Further, PEG35 ameliorated the inflammatory response induced by acute pancreatitis-derived exosomes by reducing the expression of IL1β and p65 nuclear translocation. Our results revealed that PEG35 promotes the cellular uptake of exosomes and modulates the pro-inflammatory effect of acute pancreatitis-derived vesicles through inhibition of NFκB, thus emphasizing the potential value of PEG35 as an anti-inflammatory agent for biomedical purposes.
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11
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Zhao X, Ren Y, Lu Z. Potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of exosomes in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188414. [PMID: 32866530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is considered an aggressive but still asymptomatic malignancy. Due to the lack of effective diagnostic markers, PaCa is often diagnosed during late metastatic stages. Besides surgical resection, no other treatment appears to be effective during earlier stages of the disease. Exosomes are related to a class of nanovesicles coated by a bilayer lipid membrane and enriched in protein, nucleic acid, and lipid contents. They are widely present in human body fluids, including blood, saliva, and pancreatic duct fluid, with functions in signal transduction and material transport. A large number of studies have suggested for a crucial role for exosomes in PaCa, which may be utilized to improve its future diagnosis and treatment, but the underlying molecular mechanisms as well as their potential clinical applications are largely unknown. By collecting and analyzing the most up-to-date literature, here we summarize the current progress of the clinical applications related to exosomes in PaCa. Therefore, we presently provide some rationale for the potential value of exosomes in PaCa, thereby promoting putative applications in targeted PaCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China.
| | - Ying Ren
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
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12
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Guo W, Li Y, Pang W, Shen H. Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Tool Targeting Communications between Tumor Cells and Macrophages. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1953-1964. [PMID: 32563274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes comprise extracellular vesicles (EVs) with diameters between 30 and 150 nm. They transfer proteins, RNA, and other molecules from cell to cell, playing an important role in the interactions between cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been found to contain various cells and molecules that have an important impact on tumor development. In the TME, macrophages have been found to have an important relationship with tumor cells, with tumors recruiting and inducing macrophages to become tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which promote tumor development. Recently, exosomes have been found to play a critical role in the interaction between tumor cells and macrophages. Thus, in this review, we summarize the roles and mechanisms of exosomes in the interaction between tumor cells and macrophages and the potential methods by which exosomes are used to target the communication between tumor cells and macrophages to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Guo
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yashan Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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13
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Qiu G, Zheng G, Ge M, Wang J, Huang R, Shu Q, Xu J. Functional proteins of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:359. [PMID: 31779700 PMCID: PMC6883709 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain proteins, microRNAs, mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and phospholipids, and are a novel mechanism of intercellular communication. It has been proposed that the immunomodulatory and regenerative effects of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are mainly mediated by soluble paracrine factors and MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs). Recent studies suggest that MSC-EVs may serve as a novel and cell-free alternative to whole-cell therapies. The focus of this review is to discuss the functional proteins which facilitate the effects of MSC-EVs. The first section of the review discusses the general functions of EV proteins. Next, we describe the proteomics of MSC-EVs as compared with their parental cells. Then, the review presents the current knowledge that protein contents of MSC-EVs play an essential role in immunomodulation and treatment of various diseases. In summary, functional protein components are at least partially responsible for disease-modulating capacity of MSC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanguan Qiu
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, 123 Yanan Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, 123 Yanan Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menghua Ge
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, 123 Yanan Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangmei Wang
- The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruoqiong Huang
- The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, 123 Yanan Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Involvement of extracellular vesicles in the macrophage-tumor cell communication in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224710. [PMID: 31697737 PMCID: PMC6837305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles that mediate cellular communication in health and multiple diseases, including cancer. However, its role in head and neck cancer has been poorly defined. Here, we investigated the relevance of exosomes in the signaling between larynx cancer cells and macrophages. Methods Exosomes from THP1 macrophages and BICR18 cells (a larynx squamous cell carcinoma cell line) were purified and their role in the cancer cell migration, macrophage phenotype and immunosuppressive activity was evaluated. The activation of STAT3 signal transduction in macrophages in response to exosomes obtained from cancer cells was also evaluated. Results Macrophages foster the cancer cell migration and this effect is mediated by exosome signaling. On the other hand, exosomes also induce the expression of IL-10 in macrophages and PD-L1 in cancer cells, thus resulting in the promotion of an immunosuppressive environment. Moreover, we observed that the effects induced in cancer cells are mediated by the exosome-depending activation of STAT-3 signal transduction pathway. Conclusions Our study indicates that exosomes released by both macrophages and cancer cells plays a critical role in tumor progression in larynx cancer and might be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in head and neck cancer.
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15
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Chen Z, Downing S, Tzanakakis ES. Four Decades After the Discovery of Regenerating Islet-Derived (Reg) Proteins: Current Understanding and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:235. [PMID: 31696115 PMCID: PMC6817481 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived (Reg) proteins have emerged as multifunctional agents with pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic, differentiation-inducing and bactericidal properties. Over the last 40 years since first discovered, Reg proteins have been implicated in a gamut of maladies including diabetes, various types of cancer of the digestive tract, and Alzheimer disease. Surprisingly though, a consensus is still absent on the regulation of their expression, and molecular underpinning of their function. Here, we provide a critical appraisal of recent findings in the field of Reg protein biology. Specifically, the structural characteristics are reviewed particularly in connection with established or purported functions of different members of the Reg family. Moreover, Reg expression patterns in different tissues both under normal and pathophysiological conditions are summarized. Putative receptors and cascades reported to relay Reg signaling inciting cellular responses are presented aiming at a better appreciation of the biological activities of the distinct Reg moieties. Challenges are also discussed that have hampered thus far the rapid progress in this field such as the use of non-standard nomenclature for Reg molecules among various research groups, the existence of multiple Reg members with significant degree of homology and possibly compensatory modes of action, and the need for common assays with robust readouts of Reg activity. Coordinated research is warranted going forward, given that several research groups have independently linked Reg proteins to diseased states and raised the possibility that these biomolecules can serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Shawna Downing
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Lan B, Zeng S, Grützmann R, Pilarsky C. The Role of Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184332. [PMID: 31487880 PMCID: PMC6770781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers in the world, as a consequence of late diagnosis, early metastasis and limited response to chemotherapy, under which conditions the potential mechanism of pancreatic cancer progression requires further study. Exosomes are membrane vesicles which are important in the progression, metastasis and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Additionally, they have been verified to be potential as biomarkers, targets and drug carriers for pancreatic cancer treatment. Thus, studying the role of exosomes in pancreatic cancer is significant. This paper focuses on the role of exosomes in the proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance, as well as their potential applications for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lan
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Siyuan Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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17
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Analysis of extracellular vesicles generated from monocytes under conditions of lytic cell death. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7538. [PMID: 31101910 PMCID: PMC6525174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an important class of membrane-bound structures that have been widely investigated for their roles in intercellular communication in the contexts of tumor progression, vascular function, immunity and regenerative medicine. Much of the current knowledge on the functions of EVs pertains to those derived from viable cells (e.g. exosomes and microvesicles) or apoptotic cells (e.g. apoptotic bodies) whilst the generation of EVs from dying cells under non-apoptotic conditions remains poorly characterized. Herein, the release of EVs from THP-1 monocytes under conditions of primary necrosis, secondary necrosis and pyroptosis, was investigated. A comprehensive analysis of THP-1-derived EVs revealed that cells undergoing lytic forms of cell death generated a high number of EVs compared with viable or apoptotic cells in vitro. Differential centrifugation via 16,000 g and 100,000 g revealed that dying THP-1 cells release both medium and small EVs, respectively, consistent with the known characteristics of microvesicles and/or exosomes. In addition, large EVs isolated via 2000 g centrifugation were also present in all samples. These findings suggest that lytic cell death under both sterile and non-sterile inflammatory conditions induces monocytes to generate EVs, which could potentially act as mediators of cell-to-cell communication.
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18
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Fang H, Liu Y, He Y, Jiang Y, Wei Y, Liu H, Gong Y, An G. Extracellular vesicle‑delivered miR‑505‑5p, as a diagnostic biomarker of early lung adenocarcinoma, inhibits cell apoptosis by targeting TP53AIP1. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1821-1832. [PMID: 30864684 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LA) is the most commonly occurring histological type of non‑small cell lung cancer. Diagnosis and treatment of LA remain a major clinical challenge. In the present study, to identify early LA biomarkers, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were separated from the plasma samples from 153 patients with LA and 75 healthy controls. microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling was performed at the screening stage (5 patients with LA vs. 5 controls), followed by verification at the validation stage (40 patients with LA vs. 20 controls) using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). The four disordered miRNAs (miR‑505‑5p, miR‑486‑3p, miR‑486‑3p and miR‑382‑3p) identified in the plasma EVs were further evaluated at the testing stage (108 patients with LA vs. 50 controls) by RT‑qPCR. It was revealed that miR‑505‑5p was upregulated, whereas miR‑382‑3p was downregulated, in the EVs from patients with LA. Furthermore, miR‑505‑5p was also upregulated in tumor tissues, compared with adjacent non‑tumor control tissues. Subsequently, the direct targets of miR‑505‑5p were predicted using bioinformatics analyses, and verified by luciferase assay and immunoblotting. The present study determined that miR‑505‑5p functions as an oncogene, promoting lung cancer cell proliferation and inhibiting cancer cell apoptosis via the targeting of tumor protein P53‑regulated apoptosis‑inducing protein 1 (TP53AIP1). Finally, it was confirmed that miR‑505‑5p in plasma EVs could be delivered to lung cancer cells, inhibiting cell apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation by targeting TP53AIP1. In conclusion, the present study indicated that miRNA‑505‑5p functions as an oncogene that may be used as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao‑Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Yaohong He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fuxing Hospital, The Eighth Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fuxing Hospital, The Eighth Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Wei
- Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yueqing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu An
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao‑Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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19
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Jabalee J, Towle R, Garnis C. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cargo, Function, and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080093. [PMID: 30071693 PMCID: PMC6115997 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous collection of membrane-bound structures that play key roles in intercellular communication. EVs are potent regulators of tumorigenesis and function largely via the shuttling of cargo molecules (RNA, DNA, protein, etc.) among cancer cells and the cells of the tumor stroma. EV-based crosstalk can promote proliferation, shape the tumor microenvironment, enhance metastasis, and allow tumor cells to evade immune destruction. In many cases these functions have been linked to the presence of specific cargo molecules. Herein we will review various types of EV cargo molecule and their functional impacts in the context of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jabalee
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, BC, Canada.
| | - Rebecca Towle
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, BC, Canada.
| | - Cathie Garnis
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver V5Z 1L3, BC, Canada.
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada.
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20
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Lindsey ML, Mouton AJ, Ma Y. Adding Reg3β to the acute coronary syndrome prognostic marker list. Int J Cardiol 2018; 258:24-25. [PMID: 29544938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Alan J Mouton
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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21
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Extracellular Vesicles: A New Perspective in Tumor Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2687954. [PMID: 29850495 PMCID: PMC5937590 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2687954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the study of extracellular vesicles has been booming across various industries. Extracellular vesicles are considered one of the most important physiological endogenous carriers for the specific delivery of molecular information (nucleonic acid, cytokines, enzymes, etc.) between cells. It has been discovered that they perform a critical role in promoting tumor cell growth, proliferation, tumor cell invasion, and metastatic ability and regulating the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor cell communication and metastasis. In this review, we will discuss (1) the mechanism of extracellular vesicles generation, (2) their role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression (cell growth and proliferation, tumor microenvironment, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis), (3) the role of extracellular vesicles in immune therapy, (4) extracellular vesicles targeting in tumor therapy, and (5) the role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers. It is our hope that better knowledge and understanding of the extracellular vesicles will offer a wider range of effective therapeutic targets for experimental tumor research.
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22
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Qiu J, Yang G, Feng M, Zheng S, Cao Z, You L, Zheng L, Zhang T, Zhao Y. Extracellular vesicles as mediators of the progression and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer and their potential clinical applications. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:2. [PMID: 29304816 PMCID: PMC5756395 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide due to its insidious symptoms, early metastasis, and chemoresistance. Hence, the underlying mechanisms contributing to pancreatic cancer progression require further exploration. Based on accumulating evidence, extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles, play a crucial role in pancreatic cancer progression and chemoresistance. Furthermore, they also possess the potential to be promising biomarkers, therapy targets and tools for treating pancreatic cancer. Therefore, in-depth studies on the role of extracellular vesicles in pancreatic cancer are meaningful. In this review, we focus on the regulatory effects of extracellular vesicles on pancreatic cancer progression, metastasis, cancer-related immunity and chemoresistance, particularly their potential roles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangdong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mengyu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Suli Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lianfang Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.
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23
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Iovanna JL, Closa D. Factors released by the tumor far microenvironment are decisive for pancreatic adenocarcinoma development and progression. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1358840. [PMID: 29147622 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1358840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The REG3β protein was identified more than 2 decades ago, but its role in PDAC development was only recently reported. In Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC), REG3β protein is expressed and released by the far microenvironment, which is situated out of the tumor, at the periphery of the tumor mass, and is part of the healthy peri-tumoral region. This compartment is completely unrelated to the classical microenvironment that corresponds to the intra-tumoral stoma. Clinically relevant, the far microenvironment, and the factors released by it, could be novel and original therapeutic targets for treating patients with a PDAC. In this way we recently demonstrated that REG3β is an essential soluble factor necessary for PDAC development which is able to stimulate several simultaneous pro-tumoral mechanisms. We also find that secreted REG3β boosts interactions between epithelial cells and immune cells by activating the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling cascade, which facilitates tumor escape through evasion of immune surveillance, and promotes metastasis. In addition, REG3β interfere the intercellular communication inside the tumor mediated by extracellular vesicles, resulting in relevant changes in macrophage phenotype or tumor cell migration. Therefore, we are proposing to call as near microenvironment to the classical microenvironment that is constituted by fibroblasts, inflammatory cells and fibers and located into the tumor, and as far microenvironment, which is constituted by the parenchymal non transformed cells located at the periphery of the tumor mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Closa
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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