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Miura M, Makita S, Yasuno Y, Azuma S, Mino T, Hayashi T, Kameya S, Tsunoda K. Multimodal imaging analysis of autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy: Case series. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38853. [PMID: 39029076 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) is a subtype of bestrophinopathy caused by biallelic mutations of the BEST1 gene, which affect the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Studying RPE abnormalities through imaging is essential for understanding ARB. This case series involved the use of multimodal imaging techniques, namely autofluorescence (AF) imaging at 488 nm [short-wavelength AF] and 785 nm [near-infrared AF (NIR-AF)] and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), to investigate RPE changes in 2 siblings with ARB. PATIENT CONCERNS Two Japanese siblings (Case 1: male, followed for 20-23 years; Case 2: female, followed for 13-17 years) carried compound heterozygous mutations of the BEST1 gene. DIAGNOSIS Both siblings were diagnosed with ARB. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES Multimodal imaging techniques were used to evaluate RPE changes. Both siblings had funduscopic changes similar to those seen in the vitelliruptive stage of Best vitelliform macular dystrophy during the follow-up period. NIR-AF imaging showed hypo-AF of the entire macular lesion in both cases, and this hypo-AF remained stable over time. PS-OCT confirmed reduced RPE melanin content in these hypo-AF areas. Additionally, hyper-NIR-AF dots were observed within hypo-NIR-AF areas. Concomitant identification of focally thickened RPE melanin on PS-OCT imaging and hyper-AF on short-wavelength AF imaging at the sites containing hyper-NIR-AF dots indicated that the hyper-NIR-AF dots had originated from either stacked RPE cells or RPE dysmorphia. LESSONS We confirmed RPE abnormalities in ARB, including diffuse RPE melanin damage in the macula alongside evidence of RPE activity-related changes. This case series demonstrates that multimodal imaging, particularly NIR-AF and PS-OCT, provides detailed insights into RPE alterations in ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shuichi Makita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Takaaki Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazushige Tsunoda
- Division of Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, NHO Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
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Yamaguchi M, Nakao S, Arima M, Little K, Singh A, Wada I, Kaizu Y, Zandi S, Garweg JG, Matoba T, Shiraishi W, Yamasaki R, Shibata K, Go Y, Ishibashi T, Uemura A, Stitt AW, Sonoda KH. Heterotypic macrophages/microglia differentially contribute to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation. Diabetologia 2024:10.1007/s00125-024-06215-3. [PMID: 38977459 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by neuroinflammation that drives neuronal and vascular degenerative pathology, which in many individuals can lead to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation. Infiltrating macrophages and activated retina-resident microglia have been implicated in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, although the distinct roles of these immune cells remain ill-defined. Our aim was to clarify the distinct roles of macrophages/microglia in the pathogenesis of proliferative ischaemic retinopathies. METHODS Murine oxygen-induced retinopathy is commonly used as a model of ischaemia-induced proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). We evaluated the phenotype macrophages/microglia by immunostaining, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry and scRNA-seq analysis. In clinical imaging studies of diabetic retinopathy, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography. RESULTS Immunostaining, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry showed expression levels of M1-like macrophages/microglia markers (CD80, CD68 and nitric oxide synthase 2) and M2-like macrophages/microglia markers (CD206, CD163 and macrophage scavenger receptor 1) were upregulated in areas of retinal ischaemia and around neo-vessels, respectively. scRNA-seq analysis of the ischaemic retina revealed distinct ischaemia-related clusters of macrophages/microglia that express M1 markers as well as C-C chemokine receptor 2. Inhibition of Rho-kinase (ROCK) suppressed CCL2 expression and reduced CCR2-positive M1-like macrophages/microglia in areas of ischaemia. Furthermore, the area of retinal ischaemia was reduced by suppressing blood macrophage infiltration not only by ROCK inhibitor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 antibody but also by GdCl3. Clinical imaging studies of diabetic retinopathy using OCT indicated potential involvement of macrophages/microglia represented by hyperreflective foci in areas of reduced perfusion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results collectively indicated that heterotypic macrophages/microglia differentially contribute to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation in retinal vascular diseases including diabetic retinopathy. This adds important new information that could provide a basis for a more targeted, cell-specific therapeutic approach to prevent progression to sight-threatening PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneo Yamaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Karis Little
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aditi Singh
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Iori Wada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Souska Zandi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of BioMedical Sciences, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Justus G Garweg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of BioMedical Sciences, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Shiraishi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Yamaguchi, Ube, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Go
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Behavioral Development, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Alan W Stitt
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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3
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Manafi N, Mahmoudi A, Emamverdi M, Corradetti G, Corona ST, Wykoff CC, Sadda SR. Topographic analysis of local OCT biomarkers which predict progression to atrophy in age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:2083-2091. [PMID: 38300334 PMCID: PMC11222249 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-024-06389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To define optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers that precede the development of complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA) at that location in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS In this retrospective case-control study, patients with dry AMD who had evidence of cRORA and OCT data available for 4 years (48 ± 4 months) prior to the first visit with evidence of cRORA were included. The visit 4 years prior to the development of cRORA was defined as the baseline visit, and the region on the OCT B-scans of future cRORA development was termed the case region. A region in the same eye at the same distance from the foveal center as the case region that did not progress to cRORA was selected as the control region. OCT B-scans at the baseline visit through both the case and control regions were evaluated for the presence of soft and cuticular drusen, drusen with hyporeflective cores (hcD), drusenoid pigment epithelial detachments (PED), subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD), thick and thin double-layer signs (DLS), intraretinal hyperreflective foci (IHRF), and acquired vitelliform lesions (AVL). RESULTS A total of 57 eyes of 41 patients with dry AMD and evidence of cRORA were included. Mean time from the baseline visit to the first visit with cRORA was 44.7 ± 6.5 months. The presence of soft drusen, drusenoid PED, AVL, thin DLS, and IHRF at the baseline visit was all associated with a significantly increased risk of cRORA at that location. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that IHRF (OR, 8.559; p < 0.001), drusenoid PED (OR, 7.148; p = 0.001), and a thin DLS (OR, 3.483; p = 0.021) were independent predictors of development of cRORA at that location. CONCLUSIONS IHRF, drusenoid PED, and thin DLS are all local risk factors for the development of cRORA at that same location. These findings would support the inclusion of these features within a more granular staging system defining specific steps in the progression from early AMD to atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Manafi
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, 150 N. Orange Grove Blvd, Suite 232, Pasadena, CA, 91103, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Mahmoudi
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, 150 N. Orange Grove Blvd, Suite 232, Pasadena, CA, 91103, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Emamverdi
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, 150 N. Orange Grove Blvd, Suite 232, Pasadena, CA, 91103, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giulia Corradetti
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, 150 N. Orange Grove Blvd, Suite 232, Pasadena, CA, 91103, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles C Wykoff
- Retina Consultants of Texas, Retina Consultants of America, Houston, TX, USA
| | - SriniVas R Sadda
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, 150 N. Orange Grove Blvd, Suite 232, Pasadena, CA, 91103, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Servillo A, Kesim C, Sacconi R, Battista M, Capuano V, Fragiotta S, Querques L, Parravano M, Souied EH, Bandello F, Querques G. NONEXUDATIVE INTRARETINAL FLUID IN INTERMEDIATE AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2024; 44:997-1005. [PMID: 38261803 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000004054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe the occurrence of nonexudative intraretinal fluid (IRF) in intermediate age-related macular degeneration. METHODS A retrospective study was designed to include consecutive cases with intermediate age-related macular degeneration associated with IRF. A multimodal imaging approach was used to confirm diagnosis of IRF in intermediate age-related macular degeneration. Multimodal imaging included color fundus photograph, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography. RESULTS Ten eyes of 10 patients (2 male and 8 female patients, ages 68-80 years) showing IRF in intermediate age-related macular degeneration were included in the study. The mean best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 Snellen equivalent. Multimodal imaging including fluorescein angiography/indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography demonstrated the absence of macular neovascularization in all cases; optical coherence tomography-angiography did not detect any abnormal flow signal associated with IRF. Seven of 10 patients developed IRF in correspondence of pigment epithelium detachment. Three of 10 patients presented IRF in correspondence of an area of nascent geographic atrophy. CONCLUSION Nonexudative intraretinal fluid in intermediate age-related macular degeneration is a novel, distinctive feature that is characterized by the presence of IRF with no evidence of macular neovascular lesions. The authors described different phenotypes of IRF in intermediate age-related macular degeneration. The definite diagnosis of this condition requires further studies with thorough application of multimodal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Servillo
- Division of Head and Neck, Ophthalmology Unit, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Cem Kesim
- Division of Head and Neck, Ophthalmology Unit, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Riccardo Sacconi
- Division of Head and Neck, Ophthalmology Unit, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Battista
- Division of Head and Neck, Ophthalmology Unit, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Capuano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | | | - Lea Querques
- Division of Head and Neck, Ophthalmology Unit, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Eric H Souied
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Division of Head and Neck, Ophthalmology Unit, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Querques
- Division of Head and Neck, Ophthalmology Unit, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Ikeda T, Jin D, Takai S, Nakamura K, Nemoto E, Kojima S, Oku H. Blastocyst-like Structures in the Peripheral Retina of Young Adult Beagles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6045. [PMID: 38892233 PMCID: PMC11172769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this immunohistological study on the peripheral retina of 3-year-old beagle dogs, excised retina specimens were immunostained with antibodies against nestin, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, CDX2, cytokeratin 18 (CK 18), RPE65, and YAP1, as well as hematoxylin and DAPI, two nuclear stains. Our findings revealed solitary cysts of various sizes in the inner retina. Intriguingly, a mass of small round cells with scant cytoplasms was observed in the cavity of small cysts, while many disorganized cells partially occupied the cavity of the large cysts. The small cysts were strongly positive for nestin, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, CDX2, CK18, and YAP1. RPE65-positive cells were exclusively observed in the tissue surrounding the cysts. Since RPE65 is a specific marker of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the surrounding cells of the peripheral cysts were presumably derived from RPE cells that migrated intraretinally. In the small cysts, intense positive staining for nestin, a marker of retinal stem cells, seemed to indicate that they were derived from retinal stem cells. The morphology and positive staining for markers of blastocyst and RPE cells indicated that the small cysts may have formed structures resembling the blastocyst, possibly caused by the interaction between retinal stem cells and migrated RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehiko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Kaisei Hospital, Osaka 532-0003, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (E.N.); (S.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Denan Jin
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (D.J.); (S.T.)
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (D.J.); (S.T.)
| | | | - Emika Nemoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (E.N.); (S.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Shota Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (E.N.); (S.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Hidehiro Oku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (E.N.); (S.K.); (H.O.)
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Tsou SC, Chuang CJ, Wang I, Chen TC, Yeh JH, Hsu CL, Hung YC, Lee MC, Chang YY, Lin HW. Lemon Peel Water Extract: A Novel Material for Retinal Health, Protecting Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells against Dynamin-Related Protein 1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission by Blocking ROS-Stimulated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:538. [PMID: 38790643 PMCID: PMC11117509 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that NaIO3 can induce oxidative stress-mediated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage to simulate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Lemon peel is rich in antioxidants and components that can penetrate the blood-retinal barrier, but their role in retinal oxidative damage remains unexplored. Here, we explore the protection of lemon peel ultrasonic-assisted water extract (LUWE), containing large amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols, against NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration. We initially demonstrated that LUWE, orally administered, prevented retinal distortion and thinning on the inner and outer nuclei layers, downregulating cleaved caspase-3 protein expression in RPE cells in NaIO3-induced mice. The effect of LUWE was achieved through the suppression of apoptosis and the associated proteins, such as cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3, as suggested by NaIO3-induced ARPE-19 cell models. This is because LUWE reduced reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial fission via regulating p-Drp-1 and Fis1 expression. We further confirmed that LUWE suppresses the expression of p-MEK-1/2 and p-ERK-1/2 in NaIO3-induced ARPE-19 cells, thereby providing the protection described above, which was confirmed using PD98059 and U0126. These results indicated that LUWE prevents mitochondrial oxidative stress-mediated RPE damage via the MEK/ERK pathway. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism may provide a new protective strategy against retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chun Tsou
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (S.-C.T.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Chen-Ju Chuang
- Emergency Department, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi 60069, Taiwan;
| | - Inga Wang
- Rehabilitation Sciences & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA;
| | - Tzu-Chun Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Jui-Hsuan Yeh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.); (J.-H.Y.)
| | - Chin-Lin Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (S.-C.T.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Yu-Chien Hung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Chung Lee
- Brion Research Institute of Taiwan, New Taipei City 23143, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Yen Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
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Emamverdi M, Habibi A, Ashrafkhorasani M, Nittala MG, Kadomoto S, Sadda SR. Optical Coherence Tomography Features of Macular Hyperpigmented Lesions without Intraretinal Hyperreflective Foci in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:73-79. [PMID: 37937806 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2267801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the optical coherence tomography (OCT) features of hyperpigmented lesions in the absence of intraretinal hyperreflective foci (IHRF) on OCT in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed OCT images of eyes with intermediate AMD (iAMD) and macular hyperpigmentation (HP) on color fundus photograph (CFP) but without IHRF on OCT in the corresponding location. The most prominent or definite HP was selected for analysis. The infrared reflectance (IR) image registered with the CFP, and the location corresponding to the HP lesion were defined on the IR image. The location of the HP on the corresponding OCT B-scan was assessed for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) elevation, acquired vitelliform lesion (AVL), abnormal retinal pigment epithelium + basal lamina (RPE + BL) band reflectivity, RPE + BL band thickening, as well as interdigitation zone (IZ), ellipsoid zone (EZ) and external limiting membrane (ELM) disruption. RESULTS 49 eyes (39 patients) were included in this study. Forty-six (94%) of the hyperpigmented lesions showed a thickened RPE + BL band. RPE + BL band reflectivity was increased in 37 (76%) of the lesions. RPE + BL band thickening, however, was not correlated with RPE + BL band reflectivity (p-value = 0.31). Either thickening or hyperreflectivity of the RPE + BL band was present in all cases. Twenty (41%) lesions had evidence of ELM disruption, 42 (86%) demonstrated EZ disruption and 48 (98%) had IZ disruption. Five (10%) HPs demonstrated AVL. Among cases with RPE elevation (15 cases, 31%), 10 were classified as drusen, 2 as drusenoid PEDs, and 3 as fibrovascular PEDs. CONCLUSIONS Thickening and/or hyperreflectivity of the RPE + BL band commonly correspond to regions of macular hyperpigmentation without IHRF in eyes with iAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Emamverdi
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Abbas Habibi
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Ashrafkhorasani
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Muneeswar G Nittala
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Shin Kadomoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - SriniVas R Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Doheny Image Reading and Research Laboratory, Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
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8
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Hammer SS, Dorweiler TF, McFarland D, Adu-Agyeiwaah Y, Mast N, El-Darzi N, Fortmann SD, Nooti S, Agrawal DK, Pikuleva IA, Abela GS, Grant MB, Busik JV. Cholesterol crystal formation is a unifying pathogenic mechanism in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1705-1718. [PMID: 37311879 PMCID: PMC10390399 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Hyper-reflective crystalline deposits found in retinal lesions have been suggested to predict the progression of diabetic retinopathy, but the nature of these structures remains unknown. METHODS Scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were used to identify cholesterol crystals (CCs) in human donor, pig and mouse tissue. The effects of CCs were analysed in bovine retinal endothelial cells in vitro and in db/db mice in vivo using quantitative RT-PCR, bulk RNA sequencing, and cell death and permeability assays. Cholesterol homeostasis was determined using 2H2O and 2H7-cholesterol. RESULTS We identified hyper-reflective crystalline deposits in human diabetic retina as CCs. Similarly, CCs were found in the retina of a diabetic mouse model and a high-cholesterol diet-fed pig model. Cell culture studies demonstrated that treatment of retinal cells with CCs can recapitulate all major pathogenic mechanisms leading to diabetic retinopathy, including inflammation, cell death and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. Fibrates, statins and α-cyclodextrin effectively dissolved CCs present in in vitro models of diabetic retinopathy, and prevented CC-induced endothelial pathology. Treatment of a diabetic mouse model with α-cyclodextrin reduced cholesterol levels and CC formation in the retina, and prevented diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We established that cholesterol accumulation and CC formation are a unifying pathogenic mechanism in the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S Hammer
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tim F Dorweiler
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Delaney McFarland
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yvonne Adu-Agyeiwaah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole El-Darzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Seth D Fortmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sunil Nooti
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - George S Abela
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Julia V Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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9
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Elsner AE. 2022 Prentice Award Lecture: Advancing Retinal Imaging and Visual Function in Patient Management and Disease Mechanisms. Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:354-375. [PMID: 37212795 PMCID: PMC10317306 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Patient-based research plays a key role in probing basic visual mechanisms. Less-well recognized is the role of patient-based retinal imaging and visual function studies in elucidating disease mechanisms, which are accelerated by advances in imaging and function techniques and are most powerful when combined with the results from histology and animal models.A patient's visual complaints can be one key to patient management, but human data are also key to understanding disease mechanisms. Unfortunately, pathological changes can be difficult to detect. Before advanced retinal imaging, the measurement of visual function indicated the presence of pathological changes that were undetectable with existing clinical examination. Over the past few decades, advances in retinal imaging have increasingly revealed the unseen. This has led to great strides in the management of many diseases, particularly diabetic retinopathy and macular edema, and age-related macular degeneration. It is likely widely accepted that patient-based research, as in clinical trials, led to such positive outcomes. Both visual function measures and advanced retinal imaging have clearly demonstrated differences among retinal diseases. Contrary to initial thinking, sight-threatening damage in diabetes occurs to the outer retina and not only to the inner retina. This has been clearly indicated in patient results but has only gradually entered the clinical classifications and understanding of disease etiology. There is strikingly different pathophysiology for age-related macular degeneration compared with photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial genetic defects, yet research models and even some treatments confuse these. It is important to recognize the role that patient-based research plays in probing basic visual mechanisms and elucidating disease mechanisms, combining these findings with the concepts from histology and animal models. Thus, this article combines sample instrumentation from my laboratory and progress in the fields of retinal imaging and visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Elsner
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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10
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Li F, Lei C, Gong K, Bai S, Sun L. Palmitic acid promotes human retinal pigment epithelial cells migration by upregulating miR-222 expression and inhibiting NUMB. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:9341-9357. [PMID: 37566749 PMCID: PMC10564421 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
High glucose promotes retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPEC) migration. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms explaining how high fatty acid levels affect RPEC migration remain largely unknown. We investigated whether and how palmitic acid (PA) impacts the migration of human RPEC cell line ARPE-19. ARPE-19 cells were treated with varying doses of palmitic acid, and the RPEC migration was evaluated by scratch and transwell migration assays. Cell viability was determined by the CCK-8 method. The levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins, including E-cadherin, vimentin, MMP2, and MMP3, were evaluated by western blot. The microRNAs and mRNAs levels were assessed by quantitative PCR. miRNA targets were predicted with online tools and validated with the luciferase reporter assay. miRNA mimics, inhibitors, and siRNA oligos were used to perform gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies. We found that PA increased viability of ARPE-19 cells, promoted their migration and EMT. PA decreased E-cadherin protein expression, and increased vimentin, MMP2, and MMP3 protein levels. Additionally, PA increased miR-222 expression in ARPE-19 cells, and functionally blocking miR-222 suppressed the PA-induced RPEC migration and EMT. NUMB was identified as a downstream target of miR-222, and NUMB knockdown abolished the effects of PA on promoting the migration and EMT of ARPE-19 cells. Therefore, PA promotes human RPEC migration by upregulating miR-222 expression and downregulating NUMB. This study unravels a novel PA-miR-222-NUMB axis that can be potentially targeted for therapy of high fat acid-related ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Li
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Chunling Lei
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Shuwei Bai
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Lianyi Sun
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
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11
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Makita S, Miura M, Azuma S, Mino T, Yasuno Y. Synthesizing the degree of polarization uniformity from non-polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography signals using a neural network. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1522-1543. [PMID: 37078056 PMCID: PMC10110301 DOI: 10.1364/boe.482199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Degree of polarization uniformity (DOPU) imaging obtained by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) has the potential to provide biomarkers for retinal diseases. It highlights abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium that are not always clear in the OCT intensity images. However, a PS-OCT system is more complicated than conventional OCT. We present a neural-network-based approach to estimate the DOPU from standard OCT images. DOPU images were used to train a neural network to synthesize the DOPU from single-polarization-component OCT intensity images. DOPU images were then synthesized by the neural network, and the clinical findings from ground truth DOPU and synthesized DOPU were compared. There is a good agreement in the findings for RPE abnormalities: recall was 0.869 and precision was 0.920 for 20 cases with retinal diseases. In five cases of healthy volunteers, no abnormalities were found in either the synthesized or ground truth DOPU images. The proposed neural-network-based DOPU synthesis method demonstrates the potential of extending the features of retinal non-PS OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Azuma
- Topcon Corporation, 75–1 Hasunumacho, Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8580, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mino
- Topcon Corporation, 75–1 Hasunumacho, Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
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12
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OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND OCT ANGIOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS OF INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHIC PLAQUES IN NONEXUDATIVE AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2023; 43:16-24. [PMID: 36201752 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe characteristics of indocyanine green (ICG) angiographic plaques in the nonexudative fellow eye of White patients with unilateral treatment-naïve exudative neovascular age-related macular degeneration through optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). METHODS In this retrospective cross-sectional study, nonexudative eyes with ICG angiographic plaques were analyzed by OCT B-scans for the sensitivity of a double-layer sign, a pigment epithelium detachment, outer retinal atrophy, hyperreflective dots, and subretinal hyperreflective material (SRHM). The ICG angiographic plaque was matched with a macular neovascularization in OCTA en face scans and color-coded B scans. RESULTS In total, 35 ICG angiographic plaques in 33 of 291 (11%) nonexudative eyes were diagnosed. OCT revealed 27 double-layer sign (78%), eight pigment epithelium detachment (23%), 8 outer retinal atrophy (23%), eight hyperreflective dots (23%), and one subretinal hyperreflective material (3%). OCTA confirmed a macular neovascularization in 28 plaques (80%): 7 (20%) in en face scans, 3 (9%) in color-coded B scans, and 18 (51%) in both. The area size in OCTA was significantly smaller than that of ICG angiography ( P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The diagnosis of an ICG angiographic plaque in nonexudative fellow eyes of Whites with unilateral treatment-naïve exudative neovascular age-related macular degeneration was highly suggestive of a typical macular neovascularization type 1 as characterized by OCT and OCTA.
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13
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Panda-Jonas S, Jonas JB, Jonas RA. Photoreceptor density in relation to axial length and retinal location in human eyes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21371. [PMID: 36494438 PMCID: PMC9734646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the density of retinal photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in relation to myopic axial elongation in human eyes. Using light microscopy, we assessed the density of photoreceptors and RPE cells at the ora serrata, equator, and midperiphery (equator/posterior pole midpoint), and the RPE cell density additionally at the posterior pole, in enucleated human globes. The study included 78 eyes (mean age: 59.2 ± 15.6 years; range: 32-85 years) with a mean axial length of 27.3 ± 3.6 mm (range: 21.5-37.0 mm). Close to the ora serrata, at the equator and midperiphery, photoreceptor and RPE cell density was 246 ± 183, 605 ± 299 and 1089 ± 441 photoreceptors/mm and 56.1 ± 13.7, 45.2 ± 15.1, and 48.8 ± 15.6 RPE cells/mm, respectively. Densities of both cell types in all three regions were positively correlated with each other (all P < 0.001) and decreased with longer axial length (all P < 0.001) and longer distance between the ora serrata and the posterior pole (all P < 0.001), most marked at the midperiphery and least marked close to the ora serrata. The PRE cell density at the posterior pole was not significantly (P = 0.35) related to axial length. The photoreceptor density at the ora serrata (beta:- 0.33) and equator (beta: - 0.27) and RPE cell density at the ora serrata (beta: - 0.27) decreased additionally with the presence of glaucoma. The findings suggest that the axial elongation-related decrease in photoreceptor and RPE cell density is most marked at the midperiphery, followed by the equator and finally the ora serrata region. It suggests that the axial elongation-related enlargement of the eye wall predominantly takes place in the retro-equatorial region, followed by the equatorial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Privatpraxis Prof Jonas Und Dr Panda-Jonas, Adenauerplatz 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rahul A Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Yamaguchi M, Nakao S, Wada I, Matoba T, Arima M, Kaizu Y, Shirane M, Ishikawa K, Nakama T, Murakami Y, Mizuochi M, Shiraishi W, Yamasaki R, Hisatomi T, Ishibashi T, Shibuya M, Stitt AW, Sonoda KH. Identifying Hyperreflective Foci in Diabetic Retinopathy via VEGF-Induced Local Self-Renewal of CX3CR1+ Vitreous Resident Macrophages. Diabetes 2022; 71:2685-2701. [PMID: 36203331 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Intraretinal hyperreflective foci (HRF) are significant biomarkers for diabetic macular edema. However, HRF at the vitreoretinal interface (VRI) have not been examined in diabetic retinopathy (DR). A prospective observational clinical study with 162 consecutive eyes using OCT imaging showed significantly increased HRF at the VRI during DR progression (P < 0.01), which was reversed by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. F4/80+ macrophages increased significantly at the VRI in Kimba (vegfa+/+) or Akimba (Akita × Kimba) mice (both P < 0.01), but not in diabetic Akita (Ins2+/-) mice, indicating macrophage activation was modulated by elevated VEGF rather than the diabetic milieu. Macrophage depletion significantly reduced HRF at the VRI (P < 0.01). Furthermore, BrdU administration in Ccr2rfp/+Cx3cr1gfp/+vegfa+/- mice identified a significant contribution of M2-like tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) at the VRI. Ki-67+ and CD11b+ cells were observed in preretinal tissues of DR patients, while exposure of vitreal macrophages to vitreous derived from PDR patients induced a significant proliferation response in vitro (P < 0.01). Taken together, the evidence suggests that VEGF drives a local proliferation of vitreous resident macrophages (VRMs) at the VRI during DR. This phenomenon helps to explain the derivation and disease-relevance of the HRF lesions observed through OCT imaging in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneo Yamaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Iori Wada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Shirane
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keijiro Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahito Nakama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Wataru Shiraishi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masabumi Shibuya
- Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Simón MV, Vera MS, Tenconi PE, Soto T, Prado Spalm FH, Torlaschi C, Mateos MV, Rotstein NP. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate promote migration, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109222. [PMID: 36041511 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, essential for preserving retina homeostasis, also contribute to the development of retina proliferative diseases, through their exacerbated migration, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inflammatory response. Uncovering the mechanisms inducing these changes is crucial for designing effective treatments for these pathologies. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) are bioactive sphingolipids that promote migration and inflammation in several cell types; we recently established that they stimulate the migration of retina Müller glial cells (Simón et al., 2015; Vera et al., 2021). We here analyzed whether S1P and C1P regulate migration, inflammation and EMT in RPE cells. We cultured two human RPE cell lines, ARPE-19 and D407 cells, and supplemented them with either 5 μM S1P or 10 μM C1P, or their vehicles, for 24 h. Analysis of cell migration by the scratch wound assay showed that S1P addition significantly enhanced migration in both cell lines. Pre-treatment with W146 and BML-241, antagonists for S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) and 3 (S1P3), respectively, blocked exogenous S1P-induced migration. Inhibiting sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), the enzyme involved in S1P synthesis, significantly reduced cell migration and exogenous S1P only partially restored it. Addition of C1P markedly stimulated cell migration. Whereas inhibiting C1P synthesis did not affect C1P-induced migration, inhibiting S1P synthesis strikingly decreased it; noteworthy, addition of C1P promoted the transcription of SphK1. These results suggest that S1P and C1P stimulate RPE cell migration and their effect requires S1P endogenous synthesis. Both S1P and C1P increase the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, and of EMT marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in ARPE-19 cells. Collectively, our results suggest new roles for S1P and C1P in the regulation of RPE cell migration and inflammation; since the deregulation of sphingolipid metabolism is involved in several proliferative retinopathies, targeting their metabolism might provide new tools for treating these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Simón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcela S Vera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula E Tenconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Soto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo H Prado Spalm
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Torlaschi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina V Mateos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Beer MC, Kuhrt H, Kohen L, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, Hollborn M. Kir4.2 Potassium Channels in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells In Vitro: Contribution to Cell Viability and Proliferation, and Down-Regulation by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060848. [PMID: 35740973 PMCID: PMC9220994 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiation and proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are characteristics of retinal diseases. Dedifferentiation is likely associated with changes of inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels. The roles of Kir4.2 channels in viability, and proliferation of cultured RPE cells were investigated. Gene expression levels were determined using qRT-PCR. RPE cells expressed Kir2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, and 7.1 mRNA. Kir4.2 protein was verified by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Kir4.2 mRNA in cultured cells was upregulated by hypoxia (hypoxia mimetic CoCl2 or 0.2% O2) and extracellular hyperosmolarity (addition of high NaCl or sucrose). Kir4.2 mRNA was suppressed by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), blood serum, and thrombin whereas platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) increased it. Hyperosmotic Kir4.2 gene expression was mediated by TGF-β1 receptor signaling while hypoxic gene transcription was dependent on PDGF receptor signaling. VEGF receptor-2 blockade increased Kir4.2 mRNA level under control, hyperosmotic, and hypoxic conditions. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of Kir4.2 decreased the cell viability and proliferation under control and hyperosmotic conditions. Kir4.2 channels play functional roles in maintaining the viability and proliferation of RPE cells. Downregulation of Kir4.2 by VEGF, via activation of VEGF receptor-2 and induction of blood-retinal barrier breakdown, may contribute to decreased viability of RPE cells under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christin Beer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.-C.B.); (L.K.); (P.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Heidrun Kuhrt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Leon Kohen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.-C.B.); (L.K.); (P.W.); (A.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helios Klinikum Aue, 08280 Aue, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.-C.B.); (L.K.); (P.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.-C.B.); (L.K.); (P.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Margrit Hollborn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.-C.B.); (L.K.); (P.W.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Tate PS, Marquioni-Ramella MD, Cerchiaro C, Suburo AM. Ilex paraguariensis Extracts Prevent Oxidative Damage in a Mouse Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100807. [PMID: 35279946 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a chronic disease of the retina, leads to severe visual loss. AMD affects the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the visual cells (photoreceptors). RPE failure, the first step of this disease, is associated with oxidative stress. Since antioxidants can slow down AMD progression, the intake of foods and drinks rich in antioxidant compounds may reduce retinal damage. Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate, YM) extracts reduce oxidative damage of RPE cells in vitro as shown in previous study. Here, the effects of YM drinking on RPE and photoreceptor survival after oxidative damage with sodium iodate (NaIO3; SI) in a murine AMD model are described. Funduscopy and histology show that YM treatment prevents RPE and photoreceptor damage. YM also increases the expression of NRF2, the master antioxidant gene, and its effectors HO-1 and SOD2. In mice receiving YM and SI, the antioxidant response is larger than in mice receiving YM or SI alone. The YM drink also increases expression of RPE65, a gene that is involved in the functionality and survival of photoreceptors and RPE cells. The results suggest YM can play an important role in the prevention of retinal damage associated with oxidative stress, such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo S Tate
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT, Universidad Austral-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, B1629AHJ, Argentina
| | - Melisa D Marquioni-Ramella
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT, Universidad Austral-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, B1629AHJ, Argentina
| | - Constanza Cerchiaro
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT, Universidad Austral-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, B1629AHJ, Argentina
| | - Angela M Suburo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT, Universidad Austral-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, B1629AHJ, Argentina
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18
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Fayed AE, Baddar D, Estawro RG, Gerges TK. Masking of macular neovascular membranes by subretinal hyperreflective material on optical coherence tomography angiography. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022; 32:3547-3555. [PMID: 35243925 DOI: 10.1177/11206721221085396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) may mask the detection of macular neovascular membranes (MNV) on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS In this observational study, eyes with active neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), co-existing SHRM & intraretinal or subretinal fluid or hemorrhage on structural OCT, underwent OCTA & fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) imaging. 6 × 6 mm choriocapillaris and outer retinal slabs on OCTA were examined to determine the presence of MNV underneath the SHRM. The corresponding area on FFA was used as a reference arm to confirm activity. RESULTS Thirty eyes of thirty patients with SHRM and active nAMD were recruited. All eyes failed to show a MNV in the choriocapillaris & avascular slabs of the OCTA underneath the SHRM, but showed active hyperfluorescent MNVs that increased in size and intensity in the late stages of FFA. In one eye, parts of a MNV under the SHRM were undetectable due to signal attenuation, while parts extending beyond the SHRM were detected on the choriocapillaris en face slab with flow on the B scan. CONCLUSIONS SHRM may act as a reflecting surface that limits the passage of light waves in OCTA, creating areas of signal attenuation and diminishing its ability to detect underlying MNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa E Fayed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, 63527Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Watany Eye Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Baddar
- Watany Eye Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.,155130Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt
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19
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Objective evaluation of choroidal melanin loss in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3526. [PMID: 35241784 PMCID: PMC8894486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, sunset glow fundus was evaluated in patients with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). We evaluated 40 VKH eyes (20 patients) and 59 healthy eyes (59 age-matched controls). VKH eyes were divided into three groups according to color fundus images: sunset (17 eyes), potential sunset (13 eyes), and non-sunset (10 eyes). Choroidal melanin thickness (ChMeT) and the choroidal melanin thickness ratio (ChMeTratio) were calculated based on the degree of polarization uniformity from PS-OCT. ChMeT was significantly lower in sunset eyes than in non-sunset or control eyes (P = 0.003). The ChMeTratios of sunset or potential sunset eyes were significantly lower than those of non-sunset or control eyes (P = 0.04). Regional evaluation of ChMeT and the ChMeTratio showed that choroidal depigmentation predominantly occurred in the macula’s outer ring area (P = 0.002). The areas under receiver operating characteristic curves discriminating combined sunset (sunset and potential sunset) from non-sunset eyes were 0.983 and 0.997 for ChMeT and the ChMeTratio, respectively. Time course evaluation of 12 eyes from disease onset showed that ChMeT and the ChMeTratio significantly decreased over time. PS-OCT may be useful for objectively evaluating choroidal depigmentation in patients with VKH disease.
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20
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Bermond K, von der Emde L, Tarau IS, Bourauel L, Heintzmann R, Holz FG, Curcio CA, Sloan KR, Ach T. Autofluorescent Organelles Within the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Human Donor Eyes With and Without Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:23. [PMID: 35050307 PMCID: PMC8787573 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells contain lipofuscin, melanolipofuscin, and melanosome organelles that impact clinical autofluorescence (AF) imaging. Here, we quantified the effect of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) on granule count and histologic AF of RPE cell bodies. Methods Seven AMD-affected human RPE-Bruch's membrane flatmounts (early and intermediate = 3, late dry = 1, and neovascular = 3) were imaged at fovea, perifovea, and near periphery using structured illumination and confocal AF microscopy (excitation 488 nm) and compared to RPE-flatmounts with unremarkable macula (n = 7, >80 years). Subsequently, granules were marked with computer assistance, and classified by their AF properties. The AF/cell was calculated from confocal images. The total number of granules and AF/cell was analyzed implementing a mixed effect analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results A total of 152 AMD-affected RPE cells were analyzed (fovea = 22, perifovea = 60, and near-periphery = 70). AMD-affected RPE cells showed increased variability in size and a significantly increased granule load independent of the retinal location (fovea: P = 0.02, perifovea: P = 0.04, and near periphery: P < 0.01). The lipofuscin fraction of total organelles decreased and the melanolipofuscin fraction increased in AMD, at all locations (especially the fovea). AF was significantly lower in AMD-affected cells (fovea: <0.01, perifovea: <0.01, and near periphery: 0.02). Conclusions In AMD RPE, lipofuscin was proportionately lowest in the fovea, a location also known to be affected by accumulation of soft drusen and preservation of cone-mediated visual acuity. Enlarged RPE cell bodies displayed increased net granule count but diminished total AF. Future studies should also assess the impact on AF imaging of RPE apical processes containing melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bermond
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwigshafen Hospital, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Leon von der Emde
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ioana-Sandra Tarau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Bourauel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, AL, United States
| | - Kenneth R Sloan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, AL, United States
| | - Thomas Ach
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Significance of Hyperreflective Foci as an Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarker in Retinal Diseases: Characterization and Clinical Implications. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:6096017. [PMID: 34956669 PMCID: PMC8709761 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6096017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperreflective foci (HRF) is a term coined to depict hyperreflective dots or roundish lesions within retinal layers visualized through optical coherence tomography (OCT). Histopathological correlates of HRF are not univocal, spacing from migrating retinal pigment epithelium cells, lipid-laden macrophages, microglial cells, and extravasated proteinaceous or lipid material. Despite this, HRF can be considered OCT biomarkers for disease progression, treatment response, and prognosis in several retinal diseases, including diabetic macular edema, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal vascular occlusions, and inherited retinal dystrophies. The structural features and topographic location of HRF guide the interpretation of their significance in different pathological conditions. The presence of HRF less than 30 μm with reflectivity comparable to the retinal nerve fiber layer in the absence of posterior shadowing in diabetic macular edema indicates an inflammatory phenotype with a better response to steroidal treatment. In AMD, HRF overlying drusen are associated with the development of macular neovascularization, while parafoveal drusen and HRF predispose to macular atrophy. Thus, HRF can be considered a key biomarker in several common retinal diseases. Their recognition and critical interpretation via multimodal imaging are vital to support clinical strategies and management.
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22
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Hammer M, Jakob-Girbig J, Schwanengel L, Curcio CA, Hasan S, Meller D, Schultz R. Progressive Dysmorphia of Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Investigated by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:2. [PMID: 34491262 PMCID: PMC8431975 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to observe changes of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) on the transition from dysmorphia to atrophy in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO). Methods Multimodal imaging including color fundus photography (CFP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging, and FLIO was performed in 40 eyes of 37 patients with intermediate AMD and no evidence for geographic atrophy or macular neovascularization (mean age = 74.2 ± 7.0 years). Twenty-three eyes were followed for 28.3 ± 18.3 months. Seven eyes had a second follow-up after 46.6 ± 9.0 months. Thickened RPE on OCT, hyperpigmentation on CFP, hyper-reflective foci (HRF) on OCT, attributed to single or clustered intraretinal RPE, were identified. Fluorescence lifetimes in two spectral channels (short-wavelength spectral channel [SSC] = 500–560 nm, long-wavelength spectral channel [LSC] = 560–720 nm) as well as emission spectrum intensity ratio (ESIR) of the lesions were measured by FLIO. Results As hyperpigmented areas form and RPE migrates into the retina, FAF lifetimes lengthen and ESRI of RPE cells increase. Thickened RPE showed lifetimes of 256 ± 49 ps (SSC) and 336 ± 35 ps (LSC) and an ESIR of 0.552 ± 0.079. For hyperpigmentation, these values were 317 ± 68 ps (p < 0.001), 377 ± 56 ps (P < 0.001), and 0.609 ± 0.081 (P = 0.001), respectively, and for HRF 337 ± 79 ps (P < 0.001), 414 ± 50 ps (P < 0.001), and 0.654 ± 0.075 (P < 0.001). Conclusions In the process of RPE degeneration, comprising different steps of dysmorphia, hyperpigmentation, and migration, lengthening of FAF lifetimes and a hypsochromic shift of emission spectra can be observed by FLIO. Thus, FLIO might provide early biomarkers for AMD progression and contribute to our understanding of RPE pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hammer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Center for Medical Optics and Photonics, Univ. of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Linda Schwanengel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Somar Hasan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Meller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rowena Schultz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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23
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Kitano M, Fujita A, Asaoka R, Inoue T, Amari T, Komatsu K, Yamamoto M, Ogawa A, Aoki N, Yamanari M, Sugiyama S, Aihara M, Kato S, Azuma K, Maruyama-Inoue M, Kadonosono K, Obata R. Assessment of macular function in patients with non-vascularized pigment epithelial detachment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16577. [PMID: 34400749 PMCID: PMC8368018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-vascularized pigment epithelial detachments (PED) are usually associated with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between visual function and morphologic parameters. Seventeen eyes of eleven patients with non-vascularized AMD were enrolled. In addition to conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT), polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) measurements were performed by evaluating the regularity of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) entropy within the PED area. Retinal sensitivity was measured with MP-3 microperimetry, and retinal sensitivities within (RSin) and outside (RSout) the PED area were calculated. The relationship between OCT parameters and visual function was analyzed. As a result, there was a significant difference between the RSin and RSout (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Moreover, RSin was significantly related to logMAR VA (p = 0.033, linear mixed model). The regularity of RPE entropy was significantly related to visual acuity and RSin (p = 0.00038, p = 0.031, linear mixed model), although neither the height nor area of PED correlated with visual function. Our results suggest that retinal sensitivity is significantly deteriorated within the PED area and RPE entropy measured with PS-OCT was closely related to visual function in eyes with non-vascularized PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kitano
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asahi Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Asaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.,Seirei Christopher University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-Technology, Yokohama City University, 4-57 Urafune, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsuaki Amari
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Komatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maiko Maruyama-Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-Technology, Yokohama City University, 4-57 Urafune, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kadonosono
- Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-Technology, Yokohama City University, 4-57 Urafune, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Ryo Obata
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Fujita A, Amari T, Ueda K, Azuma K, Inoue T, Komatsu K, Yamamoto M, Aoki N, Yamanari M, Sugiyama S, Aihara M, Kato S, Obata R. Three-Dimensional Distribution Of Fundus Depolarization and Associating Factors Measured Using Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34003915 PMCID: PMC7900852 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the three-dimensional distribution and associating demographic factors of depolarization, using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), to evaluate melanin pigmentation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid in healthy eyes. Methods In total, 39 unaffected healthy eyes of 39 subjects were examined using a PS-OCT clinical prototype. The degree of depolarization, expressed as the polarimetric entropy, was assessed in the RPE, the superficial and the total choroid layer, especially in the center, the inner, or the outer areas centered at the fovea. The values and their association with the demographic data were analyzed. Near-infrared fundus autofluorescence (NIRAF) was also used, in the same manner, for the comparison. Twenty-eight of 39 eyes were measured twice to evaluate intrasession repeatability. Results Both the polarimetric entropy in the RPE and the gray level in NIRAF, decreased from the center to the periphery (P < 0.001). The polarimetric entropy in the RPE was significantly associated with age in each area (P ≤ 0.001). In the RPE and the superficial choroid, the polarimetric entropy was negatively associated with axial length in each area (P ≤ 0.002). The intraclass correlation coefficient of the polarimetric entropy in the same session was excellent in each area of the RPE, superficial choroid, or total choroid layer (0.94–0.98). Conclusions The distribution of fundus melanin pigment-related depolarization was evaluated using PS-OCT. The depolarization was associated with the subjects’ demographic data, such as age or axial length. Translational Relevance The presented information in healthy eyes provides an essential basis for the investigation into a variety of chorioretinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahi Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Amari
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Eguchi Eye Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Kohei Ueda
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kayoko Komatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Obata
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Tuerksever C, Pruente C, Hatz K. High frequency SD-OCT follow-up leading to up to biweekly intravitreal ranibizumab treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6816. [PMID: 33767261 PMCID: PMC7994577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A remarkable proportion of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients respond rather poorly to ranibizumab treatment, in spite of the minimum 4-week follow-up and treatment interval. Usually, retreatments are based on nAMD activity as evaluated by Spectral-domain Optical coherence Tomography (SD-OCT), biomicroscopic fundus examination and visual acuity changes. In this prospective pilot study, we aimed to study SD-OCT changes in a high-frequent follow-up manner (weekly (month 0–6), biweekly (month 7–12)) throughout the first year, which consequently led to intravitreal ranibizumab being administered up to biweekly. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was already significantly improved at week 2. Central retinal thickness (CRT), intraretinal and subretinal fluid (SRF) were significantly improved from week 1 onwards. Half of the patients showed nAMD activity at week 2 or 3 and received the first retreatment earlier than 4 weeks after baseline injection. In total, 46% of retreatments were already applied 2 or 3 weeks after the previous treatment. Greater range of CRT and SRF fluctuation during follow-up was associated with lower final BCVA. Lower baseline BCVA and better SRF improvement at week 2 was associated with greater BCVA improvement. In conclusion, high-frequency SD-OCT follow-up provided a good option for adapting treatment in nAMD individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Tuerksever
- Vista Klinik Binningen, Hauptstrasse 55, 4102, Binningen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Pruente
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katja Hatz
- Vista Klinik Binningen, Hauptstrasse 55, 4102, Binningen, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To correlate drusen morphology and outer retinal status with autofluorescence (AF) imaging in patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration. METHODS Drusen type and morphology were analyzed using color fundus photography and spectral-domain optic coherence tomography, whereas fundus AF was used for drusen AF evaluation. Additional structural changes on spectral-domain optic coherence tomography, such as disruption of external limiting membrane, ellipsoid zone, and retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch membrane complex, as well as the presence of choroidal hypertransmission at correspondent locations were also evaluated and correlated with fundus AF findings. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between spectral-domain optic coherence tomography morphological characteristics of drusen and AF appearance of the corresponding drusen. Strength of correlation was calculated (r), and a P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Two hundred and twenty-eight drusen from 53 eyes of 53 patients were analyzed, 130 soft drusen (57.02%) and 98 cuticular drusen (42.98%). Sixty percent of the drusen were isoautofluorescent (n = 136), 35% hyperautofluorescent (n = 80), and 5% hypoautofluorescent (n = 12). We found positive correlation between drusen AF and hyperreflective foci (r = 0.4). Outer retinal layers morphology (external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone status and hypertransmission) also correlates with autofluorescent findings (r = 0.3). CONCLUSION Multimodal imaging reveals a broad spectrum of ultrastructural changes, which may reflect different stages in the evolution of drusen. Our results suggest that drusen morphological characteristics and autofluorescent findings are correlated but other factors or cofactors may be involved. The described correlations will help us understand new progression biomarkers of nonexudative age-related macular degeneration.
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27
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Miura M, Makita S, Yasuno Y, Iwasaki T, Azuma S, Mino T, Yamaguchi T. Evaluation of retinal pigment epithelium changes in serous pigment epithelial detachment in age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2764. [PMID: 33531591 PMCID: PMC7854605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes in serous pigment epithelial detachment (PED) among patients with age-related macular degeneration by means of prototype multi-contrast optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is capable of simultaneous collection of OCT angiography, polarization-sensitive OCT, and standard OCT images. We evaluated 26 eyes of 21 patients with serous PED. RPE-melanin OCT images were calculated from the multi-contrast OCT dataset and compared with near-infrared autofluorescence images. An active RPE lesion was defined as an area of thickened RPE-melanin (≥ 70 μm; RPE70) on RPE-melanin OCT. Each PED area was divided into peak and slope regions. RPE70 area ratios were compared with the maximum PED height, PED area, PED volume, and slope area ratio (area of slope region/area of whole PED). RPE-melanin OCT images were consistent with near-infrared autofluorescence images. The RPE70 area ratio in the slope region was significantly negatively correlated with the slope area ratio. Development of active RPE lesions in the slope region was correlated with the PED configuration. Multi-contrast OCT is useful for objective evaluation of changes in the RPE in patients with age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki, 300395, Japan.
| | - Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuya Iwasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki, 300395, Japan
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28
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Galeb HA, Wilkinson EL, Stowell AF, Lin H, Murphy ST, Martin‐Hirsch PL, Mort RL, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. Melanins as Sustainable Resources for Advanced Biotechnological Applications. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000102. [PMID: 33552556 PMCID: PMC7857133 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of ChemistryScience and Arts CollegeRabigh CampusKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21577Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma L. Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Alison F. Stowell
- Department of Organisation, Work and TechnologyLancaster University Management SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YXUK
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| | - Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustRoyal Preston HospitalSharoe Green LanePrestonPR2 9HTUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
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29
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Mizuno H, Fukumoto M, Sato T, Horie T, Kida T, Oku H, Nakamura K, Jin D, Takai S, Ikeda T. Involvement of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in the Development of Retinal Lattice Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197347. [PMID: 33027920 PMCID: PMC7583762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lattice degeneration involves thinning of the retina that occurs over time. Here we performed an immunohistological study of tissue sections of human peripheral retinal lattice degeneration to investigate if retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. In two cases of retinal detachment with a large tear that underwent vitreous surgery, retinal lattice degeneration tissue specimens were collected during surgery. In the obtained specimens, both whole mounts and horizontal section slices were prepared, and immunostaining was then performed with hematoxylin and antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), RPE-specific protein 65 kDa (RPE65), pan-cytokeratin (pan-CK), and CK18. Hematoxylin staining showed no nuclei in the center of the degenerative lesion, thus suggesting the possibility of the occurrence of apoptosis. In the degenerative lesion specimens, GFAP staining was observed in the center, RPE65 staining was observed in the slightly peripheral region, and pan-CK staining was observed in all areas. However, no obvious CK18 staining was observed. In a monkey retina used as the control specimen of a normal healthy retina, no RPE65 or pan-CK staining was observed in the neural retina. Our findings suggest that migration, proliferation, and differentiation of RPE cells might be involved in the repair of retinal lattice degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mizuno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (H.M.); (M.F.); (T.S.); (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Masanori Fukumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (H.M.); (M.F.); (T.S.); (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Takaki Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (H.M.); (M.F.); (T.S.); (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Taeko Horie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (H.M.); (M.F.); (T.S.); (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Teruyo Kida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (H.M.); (M.F.); (T.S.); (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Hidehiro Oku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (H.M.); (M.F.); (T.S.); (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.O.)
| | | | - Denan Jin
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (D.J.); (S.T.)
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (D.J.); (S.T.)
| | - Tsunehiko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (H.M.); (M.F.); (T.S.); (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-684-6434; Fax: +81-72-682-0995
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Hecht A, Pollreisz A, Sayegh R, Told R, Baratsits M, Baumann B, Pircher M, Hitzenberger CK, Sacu S, Schmidt‐Erfurth U. Relationship between morphological and vascular alterations in geographic atrophy using a multimodal imaging approach. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:e700-e708. [PMID: 32067383 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess geographic atrophy (GA) using a multimodal imaging approach, focusing on alterations at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choriocapillaris (CC) layers, by lesion demarcation, and assessment of morphological alterations within the atrophic area and in the transition zone. METHODS Fifty-seven eyes of 34 patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were included in this prospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Multimodal imaging using wide-field polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) was performed. The images were overlaid and used to analyse and compare alterations in the retina and the CC. RESULTS Mean atrophic lesion size was 8.15 mm2 (range: 2.23-17.23 mm2 ). In 52 of 57 eyes (91%), OCT-A displayed focal hypodense areas at the CC level in the transition zone of GA, as well as increased focal depolarizing material (e.g. melanin-containing structures) showed in PS-OCT en face depolarizing material maps. These regions of increased depolarizing material at the transition zone corresponded to the hypodense areas on OCT-A scans. All 57 eyes presented with abnormal FAF patterns at the transition zone. All 57 eyes showed distinct alterations of CC flow pattern architecture. Six eyes (11%) demonstrated reduced and three eyes (5%) a complete loss of CC flow pattern architecture across the entire area of GA, while 48 of 57 eyes (84%) presented with irregular mixed patterns of different focal alterations of CC flow architecture within the area of GA. Reduced CC patterns exceeding GA lesion margins into the transitional zone were found in all eyes. CONCLUSIONS Optical coherence tomography angiography images revealed different degrees of flow impairment within the atrophic lesion area and its transition zone. Alterations in RPE morphology and tissue integrity resulting in accumulation of depolarizing material, such as melanin, could result in misinterpretation of OCT-A imaging in areas in the shadow of depolarizing material. These changes seem to be partially independent from autofluorescence altering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hecht
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Ophthalmology Vienna Clinical Trial Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Ramzi Sayegh
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Reinhard Told
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Magdalena Baratsits
- Department of Ophthalmology Vienna Clinical Trial Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | | | - Stefan Sacu
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Ophthalmology Vienna Clinical Trial Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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Ibrahim AS, Hussein K, Wang F, Wan M, Saad N, Essa M, Kim I, Shakoor A, Owen LA, DeAngelis MM, Al-Shabrawey M. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)4 But Not BMP2 Disrupts the Barrier Integrity of Retinal Pigment Epithelia and Induces Their Migration: A Potential Role in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072293. [PMID: 32707711 PMCID: PMC7408815 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) barrier integrity and RPE migration are hallmark features in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), but the underlying causes and pathophysiology are not completely well-defined. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effect of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) on the barrier function and migration of RPE. In particular, we investigated the role of BMP2 and BMP4 in these processes as our analysis of RNA-sequencing (seq) data from human donor eyes demonstrated that they are highly differentially expressed BMP members in macular RPE/choroid versus macular retina. We used electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system to monitor precisely in real time the barrier integrity and migration of ARPE-19 after treatment with various concentrations of BMP2 or BMP4. Immunofluorescence was also used to assess the changes in the expression and the organization of the key tight junction protein, zona occludens (ZO)-1, in ARPE-19 cells under BMP2 or BMP4 treatment. This was followed by measuring the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Finally, RNA-seq and ELISA were used to determine the local and circulating levels of BMP2 and BMP4 in retinas and serum samples from nAMD donors. Our ECIS results showed that BMP4 but not BMP2 decreased the transcellular electrical resistance (TER) of ARPE-19 and increased their migration in comparison with control (vehicle-treated cells). Furthermore, immunofluorescence showed a disorganization of ZO-1 in BMP4-treated ARPE-19 not in BMP2-treated cells or vehicle-treated controls. This effect of BMP4 was associated with significant increases in the activity of MMPs, specifically MMP2. Lastly, these results were corroborated by additional findings that circulating but not local BMP4 levels were significantly higher in nAMD donor samples compared to controls. Collectively, our results demonstrated unreported effects of BMP4 on inducing RPE dysfunction and suggest that BMP4 but not BMP2 may represent a potential therapeutic target in nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Ibrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.S.I.); (M.A.-S.); Tel.: +313-577-7854 or 313-577-7864 (A.S.I.); +1-(706)-721-4278 (M.A.-S.)
| | - Khaled Hussein
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Oral and Dental Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.W.); (M.W.); (N.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.W.); (M.W.); (N.S.); (M.E.)
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430199, China
| | - Ming Wan
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.W.); (M.W.); (N.S.); (M.E.)
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430199, China
| | - Nancy Saad
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.W.); (M.W.); (N.S.); (M.E.)
- Dental school, University of Alberta Canada, Edmonton AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Maamon Essa
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.W.); (M.W.); (N.S.); (M.E.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ivana Kim
- Retina Service, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Akbar Shakoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (A.S.); (L.A.O.); (M.M.D.)
| | - Leah A. Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (A.S.); (L.A.O.); (M.M.D.)
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (A.S.); (L.A.O.); (M.M.D.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo SUNY, and the VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (F.W.); (M.W.); (N.S.); (M.E.)
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University-Egypt, Dakahlia Governorate 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.S.I.); (M.A.-S.); Tel.: +313-577-7854 or 313-577-7864 (A.S.I.); +1-(706)-721-4278 (M.A.-S.)
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Zhou M, Geathers JS, Grillo SL, Weber SR, Wang W, Zhao Y, Sundstrom JM. Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:501. [PMID: 32671066 PMCID: PMC7329994 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells maintain the health and functional integrity of both photoreceptors and the choroidal vasculature. Loss of RPE differentiation has long been known to play a critical role in numerous retinal diseases, including inherited rod-cone degenerations, inherited macular degeneration, age-related macular degeneration, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Recent studies in post-mortem eyes have found upregulation of critical epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) drivers such as TGF-β, Wnt, and Hippo. As RPE cells become less differentiated, they begin to exhibit the defining characteristics of mesenchymal cells, namely, the capacity to migrate and proliferate. A number of preclinical studies, including animal and cell culture experiments, also have shown that RPE cells undergo EMT. Taken together, these data suggest that RPE cells retain the reprogramming capacity to move along a continuum between polarized epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells. We propose that movement along this continuum toward a mesenchymal phenotype be defined as RPE Dysfunction. Potential mechanisms include impaired tight junctions, accumulation of misfolded proteins and dysregulation of several key pathways and molecules, such as TGF-β pathway, Wnt pathway, nicotinamide, microRNA 204/211 and extracellular vesicles. This review synthesizes the evidence implicating EMT of RPE cells in post-mortem eyes, animal studies, primary RPE, iPSC-RPE and ARPE-19 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jasmine S Geathers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Stephanie L Grillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Sarah R Weber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Sundstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Zhou M, Weber SR, Zhao Y, Chen H, Barber AJ, Grillo SL, Wills CA, Wang HG, Hulleman JD, Sundstrom JM. Expression of R345W-Fibulin-3 Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:469. [PMID: 32637411 PMCID: PMC7317295 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the role of protein misfolding in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction, the effects of R345W-Fibulin-3 expression on RPE cell phenotype were studied. Methods Primary RPE cells were cultured to confluence on Transwells and infected with lentivirus constructs to express wild-type (WT)- or R345W-Fibulin-3. Barrier function was assessed by evaluating zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) distribution and trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TER). Polarized secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), was measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Differentiation status was assessed by qPCR of genes known to be preferentially expressed in terminally differentiated RPE cells, and conversion to an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype was assessed by a migration assay. Results Compared to RPE cells expressing WT-Fibulin-3, ZO-1 distribution was disrupted and TER values were significantly lower in RPE cells expressing R345W-Fibulin-3. In cells expressing mutant Fibulin-3, VEGF secretion was attenuated basally but not in the apical direction, whereas Fibulin-3 secretion was reduced in both the apical and basal directions. Retinal pigment epithelial signature genes were downregulated and multiple genes associated with EMT were upregulated in the mutant group. Migration assays revealed a faster recovery rate in ARPE-19 cells overexpressing R345W-Fibulin-3 compared to WT. Conclusions The results suggest that expression of R345W-Fibulin-3 promotes EMT in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Sarah R Weber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Han Chen
- TEM Facility, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Alistair J Barber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Stephanie L Grillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Carson A Wills
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Hong Gang Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - John D Hulleman
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Sundstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography for estimating relative melanin content of autologous induced stem-cell derived retinal pigment epithelium. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7656. [PMID: 32376945 PMCID: PMC7203130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of autologous human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial (hiPSC-RPE) sheets is a promising therapy for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As melanin content is a representative feature of healthy RPE, we used polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to estimate the relative melanin content of RPE in diseased and non-diseased area, and in human iPSC-RPE sheets in vitro and in vivo by evaluating the randomness of polarization (entropy). Two aged Japanese women, one with neovascular AMD that underwent transplantation of an autologous hiPSC-RPE cell sheet and another with binocular dry AMD, were selected for this study. Entropy value was minimal in cells containing no melanin, whereas that of human RPE and hiPSC-RPE sheets was high. En face entropy of the cultured hiPSC-RPE sheet was compared with its grey-scale photo and its values were found to be inversely correlated with the extent of absence of pigmentation in vitro. En face entropy maps were compared to colour fundus photographs, fundus autofluorescence images, and fluorescein angiography images from patients. Entropy values of intact and defective RPEs and of iPSC-RPE transplant areas were determined in vivo using PS-OCT B-scan images. PS-OCT was found to be applicable in the estimation of relative melanin content of cultured and transplanted RPEs in regenerative medicine.
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Hammer M, Schultz R, Hasan S, Sauer L, Klemm M, Kreilkamp L, Zweifel L, Augsten R, Meller D. Fundus Autofluorescence Lifetimes and Spectral Features of Soft Drusen and Hyperpigmentation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:20. [PMID: 32821492 PMCID: PMC7401897 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.5.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the autofluorescence lifetimes as well as spectral characteristics of soft drusen and retinal hyperpigmentation in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Forty-three eyes with nonexudative AMD were included in this study. Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO), which detects autofluorescence decay over time in the short (SSC) and long (LSC) wavelength channel, was performed. The mean autofluorescence lifetime (τm) and the spectral ratio (sr) of autofluorescence emission in the SSC and LSC were recorded and analyzed. In total, 2760 soft drusen and 265 hyperpigmented areas were identified from color fundus photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images and superimposed onto their respective AF images. τm and sr of these lesions were compared with fundus areas without drusen. For clearly hyperfluorescent drusen, the local differences compared to fundus areas without drusen were determined for lifetimes and sr. Results Hyperpigmentation showed significantly longer τm (SSC: 341 ± 81 vs. 289 ± 70 ps, P < 0.001; LSC: 406 ± 42 vs. 343 ± 42 ps, P < 0.001) and higher sr (0.621 ± 0.077 vs. 0.539 ± 0.083, P < 0.001) compared to fundus areas without hyperpigmentation or drusen. No significant difference in τm was found between soft drusen and fundus areas without drusen. However, the sr was significantly higher in soft drusen (0.555 ± 0.077 vs. 0.539 ± 0.081, P < 0.0005). Hyperfluorescent drusen showed longer τm than surrounding fundus areas without drusen (SSC: 18 ± 42 ps, P = 0.074; LSC: 16 ± 29 ps, P = 0.020). Conclusions FLIO can quantitatively characterize the autofluorescence of the fundus, drusen, and hyperpigmentation in AMD. Translational Relevance The experimental FLIO technique was applied in a clinical investigation. As FLIO yields information on molecular changes in AMD, it might support future diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hammer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Center for Medical Optics and Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rowena Schultz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Somar Hasan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Sauer
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthias Klemm
- Technical University Ilmenau, Institute for Biomedical Techniques and Informatics, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Lukas Kreilkamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lynn Zweifel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Regine Augsten
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Meller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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Augustin M, Harper DJ, Merkle CW, Glösmann M, Hitzenberger CK, Baumann B. Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in the Retinas of SOD1 Knockout Mice. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:15. [PMID: 32818102 PMCID: PMC7396182 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The retinal phenotype of popular mouse models mimicking ophthalmic diseases, such as the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) knockout (KO) mouse model, has mainly been assessed by ex vivo histology and in vivo fundus photography. We used multifunctional optical coherence tomography (OCT) to characterize the retinas of SOD1 KO mice in vivo. Methods The custom-made ophthalmoscope featured a combination of conventional OCT, polarization-sensitive OCT, and OCT angiography. Seven SOD1 KO mice and nine age-matched controls were imaged between 6 and 17 months of age. A postprocessing framework was used to analyze total and outer retinal thickness changes. Drusenlike lesions were segmented, and their sizes and the number of lesions were assessed quantitatively. Their appearance in the conventional reflectivity images, as well as in the corresponding polarization-sensitive images, was characterized qualitatively. Results Drusenlike lesions increased in size and number with age for SOD1 KO mice. Exploiting the multiple contrast channels, the appearance of the lesions was found to resemble pseudodrusen observed in eyes of patients suffering from dry age-related macular degeneration. The total and outer retinal thicknesses were lower on average after 11 months and 7 months in SOD1 KO mice compared with age-matched controls. Neovascularizations were found in one out of seven KO animals. Conclusions OCT imaging proved beneficial for a detailed in vivo characterization of the pathological changes in SOD1 KO mice. Translational Relevance Phenotyping of animal models using modern imaging concepts can be conducted with more precision and might also ease the translation of conclusions between clinical and preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Augustin
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Danielle J Harper
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Conrad W Merkle
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Glösmann
- VetCore Facility for Research, Imaging Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Elsner AE, Papay JA, Johnston KD, Sawides L, de Castro A, King BJ, Jones DW, Clark CA, Gast TJ, Burns SA. Cones in ageing and harsh environments: the neural economy hypothesis. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40:88-116. [PMID: 32017191 PMCID: PMC7155023 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cones are at great risk in a wide variety of retinal diseases, especially when there is a harsh microenvironment and retinal pigment epithelium is damaged. We provide established and new methods for assessing cones and retinal pigment epithelium, together with new results. We investigated conditions under which cones can be imaged and could guide light, despite the proximity of less than ideal retinal pigment epithelium. RECENT FINDINGS We used a variety of imaging methods to detect and localise damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. As age-related macular degeneration is a particularly widespread disease, we imaged clinical hallmarks: drusen and hyperpigmentation. Using near infrared light provided improved imaging of the deeper fundus layers. We compared confocal and multiply scattered light images, using both the variation of detection apertures and polarisation analysis. We used optical coherence tomography to examine distances between structures and thickness of retinal layers, as well as identifying damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. We counted cones using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. We compared the results of five subjects with geographic atrophy to data from a previous normative ageing study. Using near infrared imaging and layer analysis of optical coherence tomography, the widespread aspect of drusen became evident. Both multiply scattered light imaging and analysis of the volume in the retinal pigment epithelial layer from the optical coherence tomography were effective in localising drusen and hyperpigmentation beneath the photoreceptors. Cone photoreceptors in normal older eyes were shorter than in younger eyes. Cone photoreceptors survived in regions of atrophy, but with greatly reduced and highly variable density. Regular arrays of cones were found in some locations, despite abnormal retinal pigment epithelium. For some subjects, the cone density was significantly greater than normative values in some retinal locations outside the atrophy. SUMMARY The survival of cones within atrophy is remarkable. The unusually dense packing of cones at some retinal locations outside the atrophy indicates more fluidity in cone distribution than typically thought. Together these findings suggest strategies for therapy that includes preserving cones.
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Miura M, Makita S, Azuma S, Yasuno Y, Sugiyama S, Mino T, Yamaguchi T, Agawa T, Iwasaki T, Usui Y, Rao NA, Goto H. Evaluation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Layer Change in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease With Multicontrast Optical Coherence Tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:3352-3362. [PMID: 31917451 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Clinical evaluation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) change is important for the therapeutic management of chronic Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease. We evaluated long-term change in the RPE layer in VKH disease, using near-infrared (NIR; 817 nm) images and autofluorescence images at 488 nm (short-wavelength [SW]-AF) and 785 nm (NIR-AF), and compared those images with images from multicontrast optical coherence tomography (MC-OCT). MC-OCT is capable of simultaneous measurement of OCT angiography, polarization-sensitive OCT, and standard OCT. Methods We evaluated 24 eyes of 12 patients with chronic VKH disease. RPE changes were assessed using NIR, NIR-AF, SW-AF, and MC-OCT imaging performed from 6 to 48 months after disease onset. RPE-melanin-specific contrast OCT images were calculated using the dataset from MC-OCT. Results Granular hyper NIR-AF lesions were observed in 8 of 24 eyes (33%). Eyes with granular hyper NIR-AF lesions showed a sunset glow fundus appearance significantly more frequently than did eyes without such lesions (P < 0.0001). MC-OCT imaging confirmed that there was melanin accumulation at the RPE-Bruch's membrane band at the location of granular hyper NIR-AF lesions. Granular hyper NIR-AF lesions were unclear in SW-AF and color fundus images, but clearly detectable in NIR images. Areas of hyper NIR-AF lesions gradually decreased over time. Conclusions Melanin accumulation in the RPE layer at the location of granular hyper NIR-AF lesions was confirmed with MC-OCT imaging. Long-term follow-up showed the reversible nature of this accumulation. MC-OCT is useful for the evaluation of change at the RPE layer in chronic VKH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Azuma
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tetsuya Agawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Iwasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Usui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narsing A Rao
- USC-Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Hiroshi Goto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Harper DJ, Augustin M, Lichtenegger A, Gesperger J, Himmel T, Muck M, Merkle CW, Eugui P, Kummer S, Woehrer A, Glösmann M, Baumann B. Retinal analysis of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with multicontrast optical coherence tomography. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:015006. [PMID: 32042855 PMCID: PMC6999077 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.1.015006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Significance. Recent Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient studies have focused on retinal analysis, as the retina is the only part of the central nervous system that can be imaged noninvasively by optical methods. However, as this is a relatively new approach, the occurrence and role of retinal pathological features are still debated. Aim. The retina of an APP/PS1 mouse model was investigated using multicontrast optical coherence tomography (OCT) in order to provide a documentation of what was observed in both transgenic and wild-type mice. Approach. Both eyes of 24 APP/PS1 transgenic mice (age: 45 to 104 weeks) and 15 age-matched wild-type littermates were imaged by the custom-built OCT system. At the end of the experiment, retinas and brains were harvested from a subset of the mice (14 transgenic, 7 age-matched control) in order to compare the in vivo results to histological analysis and to quantify the cortical amyloid beta plaque load. Results. The system provided a combination of standard reflectivity data, polarization-sensitive data, and OCT angiograms. Qualitative and quantitative information from the resultant OCT images was extracted on retinal layer thickness and structure, presence of hyper-reflective foci, phase retardation abnormalities, and retinal vasculature. Conclusions. Although multicontrast OCT revealed abnormal structural properties and phase retardation signals in the retina of this APP/PS1 mouse model, the observations were very similar in transgenic and control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. Harper
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Address all correspondence to Danielle J. Harper, E-mail:
| | - Marco Augustin
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonia Lichtenegger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Gesperger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Himmel
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Muck
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Conrad W. Merkle
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pablo Eugui
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kummer
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Core Facility for Research and Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Glösmann
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Core Facility for Research and Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
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40
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Hsia Y, Yang CH, Hsieh YT, Yang CM, Ho TC, Lai TT. Hyperreflective foci in predicting the treatment outcome of antivascular endothelial growth factor in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 258:273-280. [PMID: 31828425 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the optical coherence tomographic findings of hyperreflective foci (HF) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration and evaluate the use of HF to predict visual outcome after antivascular endothelium growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. METHODS This was a post-hoc analysis of a retrospective cohort study. Hyperreflective foci were localized in the inner retina, outer retina, or subretinal fluid (SRF) layer. The treatment response of HF was recorded. The association between HF and visual outcome was analyzed. RESULTS We enrolled 126 eyes. Hyperreflective foci involving more than one layer were associated with poor initial visual acuity (P < 0.001). Hyperreflective foci in each layer at baseline were negatively correlated with baseline visual acuity. At 3 months posttreatment, HF in the SRF layer had decreased significantly (P = 0.003), which was faster compared with HF in other layers. Baseline HF status at each layer was not associated with final visual outcome. The eyes with reduced HF in the SRF at 3 months had better visual improvement at 12 months (P = 0.038). CONCLUSION Hyperreflective foci involving multiple layers were associated with poor initial visual acuity but not with final visual outcome. With anti-VEGF treatment, HF in the SRF layer resolved faster, which may predict better visual outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hsia
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Chang Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Ting Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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41
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Harper DJ, Konegger T, Augustin M, Schützenberger K, Eugui P, Lichtenegger A, Merkle CW, Hitzenberger CK, Glösmann M, Baumann B. Hyperspectral optical coherence tomography for in vivo visualization of melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900153. [PMID: 31334610 PMCID: PMC7065636 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies for melanin visualization in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have exploited either its absorption properties (using photoacoustic tomography or photothermal optical coherence tomography [OCT]) or its depolarization properties (using polarization sensitive OCT). However, these methods are only suitable when the melanin concentration is sufficiently high. In this work, we present the concept of hyperspectral OCT for melanin visualization in the RPE when the concentration is low. Based on white light OCT, a hyperspectral stack of 27 wavelengths (440-700 nm) was created in post-processing for each depth-resolved image. Owing to the size and shape of the melanin granules in the RPE, the variations in backscattering coefficient as a function of wavelength could be identified-a result which is to be expected from Mie theory. This effect was successfully identified both in eumelanin-containing phantoms and in vivo in the low-concentration Brown Norway rat RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. Harper
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Konegger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU WienViennaAustria
| | - Marco Augustin
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kornelia Schützenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Pablo Eugui
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Antonia Lichtenegger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Conrad W. Merkle
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Martin Glösmann
- Core Facility for Research and TechnologyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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42
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Kosec G, Kafarnik C, Sayers G, Scurrell EJ, Carter WJ. Outer retinal degeneration in two closely related Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii). Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:394-401. [PMID: 31746085 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This case report comprises studies of four Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii) from the same enclosure. Globe samples from two related C goeldii (the female C goeldii and her male offspring) were available for a histopathological evaluation. Both cases presented histopathologically evident outer retinal degeneration with differences in severity. There was marked outer retinal atrophy characterized by loss of the outer and inner photoreceptor segments, and depletion of the outer retinal nuclear layer. Furthermore, we report a reduction in the thickness of the outer retinal plexiform, inner retinal nuclear layer, and inner retinal plexiform layer in these C goeldii monkeys. To the authors' knowledge, these findings have not yet been reported in wild- or captive-bred population of C goeldii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Kosec
- South Devon Veterinary Hospital, Abbotskerswell, UK
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43
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Azuma S, Makita S, Kasaragod D, Sugiyama S, Miura M, Yasuno Y. Clinical multi-functional OCT for retinal imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5724-5743. [PMID: 31799043 PMCID: PMC6865108 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A compact clinical prototype multi-functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) device for the posterior human eye has been developed. This compact Jones-matrix OCT (JM-OCT) device integrates all components into a single package. Multiple image functions, i.e., scattering intensity, OCT angiography, and the degree of polarization uniformity, are obtained. The device has the capability for measuring local birefringence. Multi-functional imaging of several eyes with age-related macular degeneration is demonstrated. The compact JM-OCT device will be useful for the in vivo non-invasive investigation of abnormal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Azuma
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8531, Japan
| | - Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8531, Japan
| | - Deepa Kasaragod
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8531, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Miura
- Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3–20–1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300–0395, Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8531, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8531, Japan
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44
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Kim HR, Yoon CK, Kim HW, Pak KY. New Method of Quantitative Analysis of Hard Exudate Using Optical Coherence Tomography: Application in Diabetic Macular Edema. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2019; 33:399-405. [PMID: 31612649 PMCID: PMC6791946 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2019.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, the volume of hard exudates (HEs) was quantitatively measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the agreement and correlation with area of HEs in fundus photography were analyzed. METHODS The medical records of patients with diabetic macular edema who underwent focal laser treatment and were followed up more than 3 months were retrospectively evaluated. An automated customized program designed for measuring HE volume was used. The HEs in each OCT B-scan binary image were measured using 512 × 128 pixels, 6 mm × 6 mm OCT cube scans. The volume was measured by summing the segmented HEs in each 128 B-scan image. The area was measured in 6 mm x 6 mm fundus photography. The volume and area were measured before and 3 months after the treatment. The agreement of increase and decrease in HEs, and the correlation of volume and area of HEs were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 35 patients (39 eyes) were included in the study. The volume was significantly reduced from 0.07978 to 0.02565 mm³ at 3 months (p < 0.001). The area was also significantly reduced from 15.35 to 8.60 mm² at 3 months (p < 0.001). The volume was decreased in 34 eyes and increased in 5 eyes. The area was decreased in 37 eyes and increased in 2 eyes. A significant correlation between volume and area was found (p < 0.001) as well as agreement between increase and decrease in volume and area. CONCLUSIONS In the 3-dimensional quantitative volumetric analysis, the volume and area of HEs were correlated and the direction of increase and decrease was concordant. Considering the distribution of HEs in multiple layers of the retina, volumetric analysis could be considered a substitute for the analysis of HE area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Rang Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Chang Ki Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kang Yeun Pak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
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45
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Fayed AE, Fawzi AA. Projection resolved optical coherence tomography angiography to distinguish flow signal in retinal angiomatous proliferation from flow artifact. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217109. [PMID: 31091288 PMCID: PMC6519823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether hyperreflective foci (HRF) exhibit flow projection artifact on OCTA, and study the efficacy of commercial projection artifact removal software (PAR-OCTA, Optovue, Inc), and a custom projection resolved OCTA (PR-OCTA) in distinguishing artifacts from true flow in retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). METHODS The study included five eyes with HRF representing pigment migration in dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), five eyes with leaking treatment-naïve RAP, and ten eyes with diabetic hard exudates. We examined flow signal on OCTA cross-sections using PAR, and performed PR-OCTA to study the effect of increasingly stringent projection removal thresholds. Flow signal intensity was analyzed and quantified using imageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA), by calculating the percentage of red pixels (R) representing flow, compared to green (G) and blue (B) pixels. RESULTS PAR-OCTA cross sections revealed persistent flow signal in all HRF, including RAP, hard exudates and pigment migration. In RAP, PR-OCTA detected intransigent flow, irrespective of the flow removal threshold. Mean R in the five RAP lesions remained higher than mean G and B at the most stringent PR-OCTA threshold (40.96% vs 29.52 and 29.52%, respectively), denoting persistence of flow. In contrast, increasing the PR-OCTA threshold in pigment migration and hard exudates removed the flow signal, with a statistically significant decrease in mean R with increasing threshold. (p = 0.017 and 0.0029, respectively). CONCLUSION Commercial PAR-OCTA is not completely effective at removing artifactual flow in hard exudates and HRF related to pigment migration. Custom built PR-OCTA, using a sliding scale of threshold, allowed us to distinguish true flow in RAP from artifactual flow in avascular HRF. Further studies are needed to validate the optimum threshold for projection artifact removal, which would preserve true flow in RAP and the small intraretinal capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa E. Fayed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amani A. Fawzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Evaluation of focal damage in the retinal pigment epithelium layer in serous retinal pigment epithelium detachment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3278. [PMID: 30824736 PMCID: PMC6397318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate focal damage in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer in serous retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED) with multi-contrast optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is capable of simultaneous measurement of OCT angiography, polarization-sensitive OCT and standard OCT images. We evaluated 37 eyes with age-related macular degeneration that had serous PED. Focal RPE damage was indicated by hyper-transmission beneath the RPE-Bruch’s membrane band in standard OCT images. Distribution of RPE melanin was calculated using the dataset from multi-contrast OCT. Twenty-four points with hyper-transmission were detected in 21 of the 37 eyes. Standard OCT images failed to show disruption of the RPE-Bruch’s membrane band at 5 of the 24 hyper-transmission points. Conversely, multi-contrast OCT images clearly showed melanin defects in the RPE-Bruch’s membrane band at all points. Areas of melanin defects with disruption of the RPE-Bruch’s membrane band were significantly larger than those without disruption. The volume of intraretinal hyper-reflective foci was significantly larger in eyes with hyper-transmission than that in eyes without hyper-transmission. Multi-contrast OCT is more sensitive than standard OCT for displaying changes at the RPE-Bruch’s membrane band when there are small areas of RPE damage.
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47
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Burns SA, Elsner AE, Sapoznik KA, Warner RL, Gast TJ. Adaptive optics imaging of the human retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 68:1-30. [PMID: 30165239 PMCID: PMC6347528 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive Optics (AO) retinal imaging has provided revolutionary tools to scientists and clinicians for studying retinal structure and function in the living eye. From animal models to clinical patients, AO imaging is changing the way scientists are approaching the study of the retina. By providing cellular and subcellular details without the need for histology, it is now possible to perform large scale studies as well as to understand how an individual retina changes over time. Because AO retinal imaging is non-invasive and when performed with near-IR wavelengths both safe and easily tolerated by patients, it holds promise for being incorporated into clinical trials providing cell specific approaches to monitoring diseases and therapeutic interventions. AO is being used to enhance the ability of OCT, fluorescence imaging, and reflectance imaging. By incorporating imaging that is sensitive to differences in the scattering properties of retinal tissue, it is especially sensitive to disease, which can drastically impact retinal tissue properties. This review examines human AO retinal imaging with a concentration on the use of the Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). It first covers the background and the overall approaches to human AO retinal imaging, and the technology involved, and then concentrates on using AO retinal imaging to study the structure and function of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Burns
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Ann E Elsner
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Kaitlyn A Sapoznik
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Raymond L Warner
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Thomas J Gast
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Lapierre-Landry M, Carroll J, Skala MC. Imaging retinal melanin: a review of current technologies. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:29. [PMID: 30534199 PMCID: PMC6280494 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential to the health of the retina and the proper functioning of the photoreceptors. The RPE is rich in melanosomes, which contain the pigment melanin. Changes in RPE pigmentation are seen with normal aging and in diseases such as albinism and age-related macular degeneration. However, most techniques used to this day to detect and quantify ocular melanin are performed ex vivo and are destructive to the tissue. There is a need for in vivo imaging of melanin both at the clinical and pre-clinical level to study how pigmentation changes can inform disease progression. In this manuscript, we review in vivo imaging techniques such as fundus photography, fundus reflectometry, near-infrared autofluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and functional optical coherence tomography that specifically detect melanin in the retina. These methods use different contrast mechanisms to detect melanin and provide images with different resolutions and field-of-views, making them complementary to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Lapierre-Landry
- 1Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI USA.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA.,6Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- 3Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA.,4Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Melissa C Skala
- 1Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI USA.,5Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI USA
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Papay JA, Elsner AE. Near-infrared polarimetric imaging and changes associated with normative aging. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:1487-1495. [PMID: 30183002 PMCID: PMC6640646 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.001487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With aging, the human retina undergoes cell death and additional structural changes that can increase scattered light. We quantified the effect of normative aging on multiply scattered light returning from the human fundus. As expected, there was an increase of multiply scattered light associated with aging, and this is consistent with the histological changes that occur in the fundus of individuals before developing age-related macular degeneration. This increase in scattered light with aging cannot be attributed to retinal reflectivity, anterior segment scatter, or pupil diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Papay
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Ann E. Elsner
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
- Corresponding author:
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50
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Makita S, Mino T, Yamaguchi T, Miura M, Azuma S, Yasuno Y. Clinical prototype of pigment and flow imaging optical coherence tomography for posterior eye investigation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4372-4389. [PMID: 30615718 PMCID: PMC6157782 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the randomness of polarization (RP) obtained using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) are applied in several applications, and RP is attractive for posterior eye imaging. The addition of RP without retardation requires a minimal extension to standard OCT; therefore, we developed a prototype OCT system with a simplified scheme for RP measurement. A compact polarization-diversity receiver module is the only required hardware extension to a standard OCT system. All components were packed into the retinal scanning head. The degree-of-polarization uniformity and complex-decorrelation based OCT angiography were calculated using noise-corrected algorithms that accounted for the depth-dependent noise power. The structure, melanin, and blood flow distribution imaging of in vivo human eyes were demonstrated. Pathological eye imaging shows potential applications for combinations of these contrasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573,
Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mino
- Topcon Corporation, 75-1 Hasunumacho, Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8580,
Japan
| | - Tastuo Yamaguchi
- Topcon Corporation, 75-1 Hasunumacho, Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8580,
Japan
| | - Mashiro Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0395,
Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Azuma
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573,
Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573,
Japan
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