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Qu Z, Lin C, Zhao H, Chen T, Yao X, Wang X, Yang Y, Chen G. Above- and belowground phenology responses of subtropical Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) to soil warming, precipitation exclusion and their interaction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173147. [PMID: 38740199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant phenology plays an important role in nutrient cycling and carbon balance in forest ecosystems, but its response to the interaction of global warming and precipitation reduction remains unclear. In this study, an experiment with factorial soil warming (ambient, ambient +5 °C) and precipitation exclusion (ambient, ambient -50 %) was conducted in a subtropical Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation. We investigated the effects of soil warming, precipitation exclusion, and their interactions on Chinese fir phenology involving tree height and fine root growth. In the meantime, the impact of tree height growth and related climatic factors on fine root production was also assessed. The results showed that: (1) more variable phenology responses were observed in fine root growth than in tree height growth to the climatic treatments; the duration of fine root growth and tree height growth was significantly reduced by the precipitation exclusion and warming treatment, respectively; phenology differences of fine root and tree height growth caused by the solo warming and precipitation exclusion treatment were further enhanced by the combined treatment; and despite the greater inter-annual phenology stability of tree height growth than that of fine root growth, both of them showed insignificant response to all the climate treatments; (2) asynchrony of phenology between tree height and fine root growth was significantly enlarged by solo warming and precipitation exclusion treatments, and further enlarged by the combined treatment; (3) fine root production was significantly and positively correlated with air, and soil temperature, and tree height growth as well, which was altered by warming and precipitation exclusion treatments. Our results demonstrated that climatic changes significantly and differently alter phenology of, and extend the phenology asynchrony between, above and below ground plant components, and also highlight the climate-sensitive and variable nature of root phenology. Overall, these phenology responses to climatic change may weaken the close link between fine root production and tree height growth, which may result in temporal mismatch between nutrient demand and supply in Chinese fir plantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengfang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangshui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China; State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
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Wei J, von Arx G, Fan Z, Ibrom A, Mund M, Knohl A, Peters RL, Babst F. Drought alters aboveground biomass production efficiency: Insights from two European beech forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170726. [PMID: 38331275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The fraction of photosynthetically assimilated carbon that trees allocate to long-lasting woody biomass pools (biomass production efficiency - BPE), is a key metric of the forest carbon balance. Its apparent simplicity belies the complex interplay between underlying processes of photosynthesis, respiration, litter and fruit production, and tree growth that respond differently to climate variability. Whereas the magnitude of BPE has been routinely quantified in ecological studies, its temporal dynamics and responses to extreme events such as drought remain less well understood. Here, we combine long-term records of aboveground carbon increment (ACI) obtained from tree rings with stand-level gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance (EC) records to empirically quantify aboveground BPE (= ACI/GPP) and its interannual variability in two European beech forests (Hainich, DE-Hai, Germany; Sorø, DK-Sor, Denmark). We found significant negative correlations between BPE and a daily-resolved drought index at both sites, indicating that woody growth is de-prioritized under water limitation. During identified extreme years, early-season drought reduced same-year BPE by 29 % (Hainich, 2011), 31 % (Sorø, 2006), and 14 % (Sorø, 2013). By contrast, the 2003 late-summer drought resulted in a 17 % reduction of post-drought year BPE at Hainich. Across the entire EC period, the daily-to-seasonal drought response of BPE resembled that of ACI, rather than that of GPP. This indicates that BPE follows sink dynamics more closely than source dynamics, which appear to be decoupled given the distinctive climate response patterns of GPP and ACI. Based on our observations, we caution against estimating the magnitude and variability of the carbon sink in European beech (and likely other temperate forests) based on carbon fluxes alone. We also encourage comparable studies at other long-term EC measurement sites from different ecosystems to further constrain the BPE response to rare climatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Wei
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Yunnan Province 666303, China.
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zexin Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Yunnan Province 666303, China
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Biosystems Division, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Martina Mund
- Forestry Research and Competence Centre Gotha, Jägerstraße1, D-99867 Gotha, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard L Peters
- Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Zhou L, Zhou X, He Y, Fu Y, Du Z, Lu M, Sun X, Li C, Lu C, Liu R, Zhou G, Bai SH, Thakur MP. Global systematic review with meta-analysis shows that warming effects on terrestrial plant biomass allocation are influenced by precipitation and mycorrhizal association. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4914. [PMID: 35987902 PMCID: PMC9392739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass allocation in plants is fundamental for understanding and predicting terrestrial carbon storage. Yet, our knowledge regarding warming effects on root: shoot ratio (R/S) remains limited. Here, we present a meta-analysis encompassing more than 300 studies and including angiosperms and gymnosperms as well as different biomes (cropland, desert, forest, grassland, tundra, and wetland). The meta-analysis shows that average warming of 2.50 °C (median = 2 °C) significantly increases biomass allocation to roots with a mean increase of 8.1% in R/S. Two factors associate significantly with this response to warming: mean annual precipitation and the type of mycorrhizal fungi associated with plants. Warming-induced allocation to roots is greater in drier habitats when compared to shoots (+15.1% in R/S), while lower in wetter habitats (+4.9% in R/S). This R/S pattern is more frequent in plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi. These results show that precipitation variability and mycorrhizal association can affect terrestrial carbon dynamics by influencing biomass allocation strategies in a warmer world, suggesting that climate change could influence belowground C sequestration. Biomass allocation in plants is fundamental for understanding and predicting terrestrial carbon storage. Here, the authors conduct a meta-analysis showing that warming effect on plant root:shoot is influenced by precipitation and the type of mycorrhizal fungi associated.
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Cabal C. Root tragedy of the commons: Revisiting the mechanisms of a misunderstood theory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:960942. [PMID: 35991453 PMCID: PMC9386591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.960942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine root density in the soil is a plant functional trait of paramount importance for plant ecology and agriculture. Fine root proliferation by plants involves complex plant strategies that may depend on various abiotic and biotic factors. Concretely, the root tragedy of the commons (RToC) is a behavioral strategy predicted by game theory models in which interacting plants forage for soil resources inefficiently. Generally, researchers assume that the RToC is a proactive competition strategy directly induced by the non-self roots. In this opinion, I recall Hardin's original definition of the tragedy of the commons to challenge this notion. I argue that the RToC is a suboptimal phenotypically plastic response of the plants based on the soil resource information exclusively, and I discuss how this alternative perspective carries important implications for the design of experiments investigating the physiological mechanisms underlying observable plant root responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Cabal
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, MNCN, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Improving a Process-Based Model to Simulate Forest Carbon Allocation under Varied Stand Density. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon allocation is an important mechanism through which plants respond to environmental changes. To enhance our understanding of maximizing carbon uptake by controlling planting densities, the carbon allocation module of a process-based model, TRIPLEX-Management, was modified and improved by introducing light, soil water, and soil nitrogen availability factors to quantify the allocation coefficients for different plant organs. The modified TRIPLEX-Management model simulation results were verified against observations from northern Jiangsu Province, China, and then the model was used to simulate dynamic changes in forest carbon under six density scenarios (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 stems ha−1). The mean absolute errors between the predicted and observed variables of the mean diameter at breast height, mean height, and estimated aboveground biomass ranged from 15.0% to 26.6%, and were lower compared with the original model simulated results, which ranged from 24.4% to 60.5%. The normalized root mean square errors ranged from 0.2 to 0.3, and were lower compared with the original model simulated results, which ranged from 0.3 to 0.6. The Willmott index between the predicted and observed variables also varied from 0.5 to 0.8, indicating that the modified TRIPLEX-Management model could accurately simulate the dynamic changes in poplar (Populus spp.) plantations with different densities in northern Jiangsu Province. The density scenario results showed that the leaf and fine root allocation coefficients decreased with the increase in stand density, while the stem allocation increased. Overall, our study showed that the optimum stand density (approximately 400 stems ha−1) could reach the highest aboveground biomass for poplar stands and soil organic carbon storage, leading to higher ecological functions related to carbon sequestration without sacrificing wood production in an economical way in northern Jiangsu Province. Therefore, reasonable density control with different soil and climate conditions should be recommended to maximize carbon sequestration.
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6
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Pastore MA. Bringing the underground to the surface: Climate change stressors negatively affect plant growth, with contrasting above and belowground physiological responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2267-2270. [PMID: 35706391 PMCID: PMC9546244 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Pastore
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
- Gund Institute for EnvironmentUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
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8
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Harrison SP, Cramer W, Franklin O, Prentice IC, Wang H, Brännström Å, de Boer H, Dieckmann U, Joshi J, Keenan TF, Lavergne A, Manzoni S, Mengoli G, Morfopoulos C, Peñuelas J, Pietsch S, Rebel KT, Ryu Y, Smith NG, Stocker BD, Wright IJ. Eco-evolutionary optimality as a means to improve vegetation and land-surface models. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2125-2141. [PMID: 34131932 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global vegetation and land-surface models embody interdisciplinary scientific understanding of the behaviour of plants and ecosystems, and are indispensable to project the impacts of environmental change on vegetation and the interactions between vegetation and climate. However, systematic errors and persistently large differences among carbon and water cycle projections by different models highlight the limitations of current process formulations. In this review, focusing on core plant functions in the terrestrial carbon and water cycles, we show how unifying hypotheses derived from eco-evolutionary optimality (EEO) principles can provide novel, parameter-sparse representations of plant and vegetation processes. We present case studies that demonstrate how EEO generates parsimonious representations of core, leaf-level processes that are individually testable and supported by evidence. EEO approaches to photosynthesis and primary production, dark respiration and stomatal behaviour are ripe for implementation in global models. EEO approaches to other important traits, including the leaf economics spectrum and applications of EEO at the community level are active research areas. Independently tested modules emerging from EEO studies could profitably be integrated into modelling frameworks that account for the multiple time scales on which plants and plant communities adjust to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy P Harrison
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wolfgang Cramer
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Technopôle Arbois-Méditerranée, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 04, F-13545, France
| | - Oskar Franklin
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, 2361, Austria
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Iain Colin Prentice
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Han Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Åke Brännström
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, 2361, Austria
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Hugo de Boer
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Vening Meinesz Building, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht, 3584 CB, the Netherlands
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, 2361, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Jaideep Joshi
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, 2361, Austria
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Aliénor Lavergne
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulia Mengoli
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Catherine Morfopoulos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Stephan Pietsch
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, 2361, Austria
- BOKU - University of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Gregor-Medel-Strasse 33, Vienna, 1180, Austria
| | - Karin T Rebel
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Vening Meinesz Building, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht, 3584 CB, the Netherlands
| | - Youngryel Ryu
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main Street, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- Department of Environmental System Science, ETH, Universitätstrasse 2, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zrcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
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He H, Ge R, Ren X, Zhang L, Chang Q, Xu Q, Zhou G, Xie Z, Wang S, Wang H, Zhang Q, Wang A, Fan Z, Zhang Y, Shen W, Yin H, Lin L, Williams M, Yu G. Reference carbon cycle dataset for typical Chinese forests via colocated observations and data assimilation. Sci Data 2021; 8:42. [PMID: 33531507 PMCID: PMC7854661 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00826-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese forests cover most of the representative forest types in the Northern Hemisphere and function as a large carbon (C) sink in the global C cycle. The availability of long-term C dynamics observations is key to evaluating and understanding C sequestration of these forests. The Chinese Ecosystem Research Network has conducted normalized and systematic monitoring of the soil-biology-atmosphere-water cycle in Chinese forests since 2000. For the first time, a reference dataset of the decadal C cycle dynamics was produced for 10 typical Chinese forests after strict quality control, including biomass, leaf area index, litterfall, soil organic C, and the corresponding meteorological data. Based on these basic but time-discrete C-cycle elements, an assimilated dataset of key C cycle parameters and time-continuous C sequestration functions was generated via model-data fusion, including C allocation, turnover, and soil, vegetation, and ecosystem C storage. These reference data could be used as a benchmark for model development, evaluation and C cycle research under global climate change for typical forests in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Zongqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Silong Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Anzhi Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zexin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Huajun Yin
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Luxiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Mathew Williams
- School of GeoSciences and National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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10
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Cabal C, Martínez-García R, de Castro Aguilar A, Valladares F, Pacala SW. The exploitative segregation of plant roots. Science 2021; 370:1197-1199. [PMID: 33273098 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots determine carbon uptake, survivorship, and agricultural yield and represent a large proportion of the world's vegetation carbon pool. Study of belowground competition, unlike aboveground shoot competition, is hampered by our inability to observe roots. We developed a consumer-resource model based in game theory that predicts the root density spatial distribution of individual plants and tested the model predictions in a greenhouse experiment. Plants in the experiment reacted to neighbors as predicted by the model's evolutionary stable equilibrium, by both overinvesting in nearby roots and reducing their root foraging range. We thereby provide a theoretical foundation for belowground allocation of carbon by vegetation that reconciles seemingly contradictory experimental results such as root segregation and the tragedy of the commons in plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Cabal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Ricardo Martínez-García
- ICTP-South American Institute for Fundamental Research-Instituto de Física Teórica da UNESP, Rua Dr. Bento Teobaldo Ferraz 271, 01140-070 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Aurora de Castro Aguilar
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences MNCN, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences MNCN, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain.,Department of Biology, Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles 28933, Spain
| | - Stephen W Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Franklin O, Harrison SP, Dewar R, Farrior CE, Brännström Å, Dieckmann U, Pietsch S, Falster D, Cramer W, Loreau M, Wang H, Mäkelä A, Rebel KT, Meron E, Schymanski SJ, Rovenskaya E, Stocker BD, Zaehle S, Manzoni S, van Oijen M, Wright IJ, Ciais P, van Bodegom PM, Peñuelas J, Hofhansl F, Terrer C, Soudzilovskaia NA, Midgley G, Prentice IC. Organizing principles for vegetation dynamics. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:444-453. [PMID: 32393882 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants and vegetation play a critical-but largely unpredictable-role in global environmental changes due to the multitude of contributing processes at widely different spatial and temporal scales. In this Perspective, we explore approaches to master this complexity and improve our ability to predict vegetation dynamics by explicitly taking account of principles that constrain plant and ecosystem behaviour: natural selection, self-organization and entropy maximization. These ideas are increasingly being used in vegetation models, but we argue that their full potential has yet to be realized. We demonstrate the power of natural selection-based optimality principles to predict photosynthetic and carbon allocation responses to multiple environmental drivers, as well as how individual plasticity leads to the predictable self-organization of forest canopies. We show how models of natural selection acting on a few key traits can generate realistic plant communities and how entropy maximization can identify the most probable outcomes of community dynamics in space- and time-varying environments. Finally, we present a roadmap indicating how these principles could be combined in a new generation of models with stronger theoretical foundations and an improved capacity to predict complex vegetation responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Franklin
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Sandy P Harrison
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Roderick Dewar
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caroline E Farrior
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Åke Brännström
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Hayama, Japan
| | - Stephan Pietsch
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Falster
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Cramer
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Technopôle Arbois-Méditerranée, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity, Theory, and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Han Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karin T Rebel
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ehud Meron
- Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Stanislaus J Schymanski
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Elena Rovenskaya
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Biogeochemical Integration Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcel van Oijen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH-Edinburgh), Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Florian Hofhansl
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Cesar Terrer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Midgley
- Department Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - I Colin Prentice
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK
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12
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Towards better representations of carbon allocation in vegetation: a conceptual framework and mathematical tool. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-020-00455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe representation of carbon allocation (CA) in ecosystem differs tremendously among models, resulting in diverse responses of carbon cycling and storage to global change. Several studies have highlighted discrepancies between empirical observations and model predictions, attributing these differences to problems of model structure. We analyzed the mathematical representation of CA in models using concepts from dynamical systems theory; we reviewed a representative sample of models of CA in vegetation and developed a model database within the Python package bgc-md. We asked whether these representations can be generalized as a linear system, or whether a more general framework is needed to accommodate nonlinearities. Some of the vegetation systems simulated with the reviewed models have a fixed partitioning of photosynthetic products, independent of environmental forcing. Vegetation is often represented as a linear system without storage compartments. Yet, other structures with nonlinearities have also been proposed, with important consequences on the temporal trajectories of ecosystem carbon compartments. The proposed mathematical framework unifies the representation of alternative CA schemes, facilitating their classification according to mathematical properties as well as their potential temporal behaviour. It can represent complex processes in a compact form, which can potentially facilitate dialog among empiricists, theoreticians, and modellers.
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13
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Merganičová K, Merganič J, Lehtonen A, Vacchiano G, Sever MZO, Augustynczik ALD, Grote R, Kyselová I, Mäkelä A, Yousefpour R, Krejza J, Collalti A, Reyer CPO. Forest carbon allocation modelling under climate change. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1937-1960. [PMID: 31748793 PMCID: PMC6995853 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon allocation plays a key role in ecosystem dynamics and plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Hence, proper description of this process in vegetation models is crucial for the simulations of the impact of climate change on carbon cycling in forests. Here we review how carbon allocation modelling is currently implemented in 31 contrasting models to identify the main gaps compared with our theoretical and empirical understanding of carbon allocation. A hybrid approach based on combining several principles and/or types of carbon allocation modelling prevailed in the examined models, while physiologically more sophisticated approaches were used less often than empirical ones. The analysis revealed that, although the number of carbon allocation studies over the past 10 years has substantially increased, some background processes are still insufficiently understood and some issues in models are frequently poorly represented, oversimplified or even omitted. Hence, current challenges for carbon allocation modelling in forest ecosystems are (i) to overcome remaining limits in process understanding, particularly regarding the impact of disturbances on carbon allocation, accumulation and utilization of nonstructural carbohydrates, and carbon use by symbionts, and (ii) to implement existing knowledge of carbon allocation into defence, regeneration and improved resource uptake in order to better account for changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Merganičová
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Technical University Zvolen, Forestry Faculty, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Ján Merganič
- Technical University Zvolen, Forestry Faculty, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Aleksi Lehtonen
- The Finnish Forest Research Institute - Luke, PO Box 18 (Jokiniemenkuja 1), FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DISAA. Via Celoria 2, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Maša Zorana Ostrogović Sever
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Department for forest management and forestry economics, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | | | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ina Kyselová
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Science, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rasoul Yousefpour
- University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4 (2. OG), D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Krejza
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), 87036 Rende, Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Christopher P O Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg, PO Box 601203, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
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Niu B, Zeng C, Zhang X, He Y, Shi P, Tian Y, Feng Y, Li M, Wang Z, Wang X, Cao Y. High Below-Ground Productivity Allocation of Alpine Grasslands on the Northern Tibet. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120535. [PMID: 31766615 PMCID: PMC6963938 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The allocation of net primary production (NPP) between above- and belowground components is a key step of ecosystem material cycling and energy flows, which determines many critical parameters, e.g., the fraction of below ground NPP (BNPP) to NPP (fBNPP) and root turnover rates (RTR), in vegetation models. However, direct NPP estimation and partition are scarcely based on field measurements of biomass dynamics in the alpine grasslands on the Northern Tibetan Plateau (NTP). Consequently, these parameters are unverifiable and controversial. Here, we measured above- and belowground biomass dynamics (monthly from May to September each year from 2013 to 2015) to estimate NPP dynamics and allocations in four typical alpine grassland ecosystems, i.e., an alpine meadow, alpine meadow steppe, alpine steppe and alpine desert steppe. We found that NPP and its components, above and below ground NPP (ANPP and BNPP), increased significantly from west to east on the NTP, and ANPP was mainly affected by temperature while BNPP and NPP were mainly affected by precipitation. The bulk of BNPP was generally concentrated in the top 10 cm soil layers in all four alpine grasslands (76.1% ± 9.1%, mean ± SD). Our results showed that fBNPP was significantly different among these four alpine grasslands, with its means in alpine meadow (0.93), alpine desert steppe (0.92) being larger than that in the alpine meadow steppe (0.76) and alpine steppe (0.77). Both temperature and precipitation had significant and positive effects on the fBNPP, while their interaction effects were significantly opposite. RTR decreased with increasing precipitation, but increased with increasing temperature across this ecoregion. Our study illustrated that alpine grasslands on the NTP, especially in the alpine meadow and alpine desert steppe, partitioned an unexpected and greater NPP to below ground than most historical reports across global grasslands, indicating a more critical role of the root carbon pool in carbon cycling in alpine grasslands on the NTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.N.); (C.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.S.); (Y.T.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (X.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chaoxu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.N.); (C.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.S.); (Y.T.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (X.W.); (Y.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.N.); (C.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.S.); (Y.T.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (X.W.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6488-6990; Fax: +86-10-6485-4230
| | - Yongtao He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.N.); (C.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.S.); (Y.T.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (X.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Peili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.N.); (C.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.S.); (Y.T.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (X.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.N.); (C.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.S.); (Y.T.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (X.W.); (Y.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunfei Feng
- Department of Resource Management, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China;
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.N.); (C.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.S.); (Y.T.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (X.W.); (Y.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.N.); (C.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.S.); (Y.T.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (X.W.); (Y.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.N.); (C.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.S.); (Y.T.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (X.W.); (Y.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (B.N.); (C.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.S.); (Y.T.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (X.W.); (Y.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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