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Symeonidou E, Jørgensen UG, Madsen MB, Priemé A. Effects of temperature, chloride and perchlorate salt concentration on the metabolic activity of Deinococcus radiodurans. Extremophiles 2024; 28:34. [PMID: 39044042 PMCID: PMC11266278 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-024-01351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The extremophile bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is characterized by its ability to survive and sustain its activity at high levels of radiation and is considered an organism that might survive in extraterrestrial environments. In the present work, we studied the combined effects of temperature and chlorine-containing salts, with focus on perchlorate salts which have been detected at high concentrations in Martian regolith, on D. radiodurans activity (CO2 production rates) and viability after incubation in liquid cultures for up to 30 days. Reduced CO2 production capacity and viability was observed at high perchlorate concentrations (up to 10% w/v) during incubation at 0 or 25 °C. Both the metabolic activity and viability were reduced as the perchlorate and chloride salt concentration increased and temperature decreased, and an interactive effect of temperature and salt concentration on the metabolic activity was found. These results indicate the ability of D. radiodurans to remain metabolically active and survive in low temperature environments rich in perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Symeonidou
- Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for ExoLife Sciences, (CELS), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Uffe Gråe Jørgensen
- Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for ExoLife Sciences, (CELS), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Bo Madsen
- Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for ExoLife Sciences, (CELS), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Priemé
- Center for ExoLife Sciences, (CELS), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Fischer FC, Schulze-Makuch D, Heinz J. Microbial preference for chlorate over perchlorate under simulated shallow subsurface Mars-like conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11537. [PMID: 38773211 PMCID: PMC11109124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Martian surface and shallow subsurface lacks stable liquid water, yet hygroscopic salts in the regolith may enable the transient formation of liquid brines. This study investigated the combined impact of water scarcity, UV exposure, and regolith depth on microbial survival under Mars-like environmental conditions. Both vegetative cells of Debaryomyces hansenii and Planococcus halocryophilus, alongside with spores of Aspergillus niger, were exposed to an experimental chamber simulating Martian environmental conditions (constant temperatures of about - 11 °C, low pressure of approximately 6 mbar, a CO2 atmosphere, and 2 h of daily UV irradiation). We evaluated colony-forming units (CFU) and water content at three different regolith depths before and after exposure periods of 3 and 7 days, respectively. Each organism was tested under three conditions: one without the addition of salts to the regolith, one containing sodium chlorate, and one with sodium perchlorate. Our results reveal that the residual water content after the exposure experiments increased with regolith depth, along with the organism survival rates in chlorate-containing and salt-free samples. The survival rates of the three organisms in perchlorate-containing regolith were consistently lower for all organisms and depths compared to chlorate, with the most significant difference being observed at a depth of 10-12 cm, which corresponds to the depth with the highest residual water content. The postulated reason for this is an increase in the salt concentration at this depth due to the freezing of water, showing that for these organisms, perchlorate brines are more toxic than chlorate brines under the experimental conditions. This underscores the significance of chlorate salts when considering the habitability of Martian environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Carlo Fischer
- Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, RG Astrobiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schulze-Makuch
- Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, RG Astrobiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Section Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Heinz
- Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, RG Astrobiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Hoog TG, Pawlak MR, Gaut NJ, Baxter GC, Bethel TA, Adamala KP, Engelhart AE. Emergent ribozyme behaviors in oxychlorine brines indicate a unique niche for molecular evolution on Mars. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3863. [PMID: 38769315 PMCID: PMC11106070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mars is a particularly attractive candidate among known astronomical objects to potentially host life. Results from space exploration missions have provided insights into Martian geochemistry that indicate oxychlorine species, particularly perchlorate, are ubiquitous features of the Martian geochemical landscape. Perchlorate presents potential obstacles for known forms of life due to its toxicity. However, it can also provide potential benefits, such as producing brines by deliquescence, like those thought to exist on present-day Mars. Here we show perchlorate brines support folding and catalysis of functional RNAs, while inactivating representative protein enzymes. Additionally, we show perchlorate and other oxychlorine species enable ribozyme functions, including homeostasis-like regulatory behavior and ribozyme-catalyzed chlorination of organic molecules. We suggest nucleic acids are uniquely well-suited to hypersaline Martian environments. Furthermore, Martian near- or subsurface oxychlorine brines, and brines found in potential lifeforms, could provide a unique niche for biomolecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner G Hoog
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Matthew R Pawlak
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Gaut
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Gloria C Baxter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Thomas A Bethel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Katarzyna P Adamala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Aaron E Engelhart
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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4
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Newmark J, Kounaves SP. Permeation of photochemically-generated gaseous chlorine dioxide on Mars as a significant factor in destroying subsurface organic compounds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7682. [PMID: 38561442 PMCID: PMC10985076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is responsible for the destruction of organic compounds on the surface of Mars. When combined with the photochemically-driven production of oxychlorines (ClOx) it can generate highly reactive species that can alter or destroy organic compounds. However, it has been assumed that since UV only penetrates the top few millimeters of the martian regolith, reactive ClOx oxidants are only produced on the surface. Of all the oxychlorine intermediates produced, gaseous chlorine dioxide [ClO2(g)] is of particular interest, being a highly reactive gas with the ability to oxidize organic compounds. Here we report on a set of experiments under Mars ambient conditions showing the production and permeation of ClO2(g) and its reaction with alanine as a test compound. Contrary to the accepted paradigm that UV irradiation on Mars only interacts with a thin layer of surface regolith, our results show that photochemically-generated ClO2(g) can permeate below the surface, depositing ClOx species (mainly Cl- and ClO 3 - ) and destroying organic compounds. With varying levels of humidity and abundant chloride and oxychlorines on Mars, our findings show that permeation of ClO2(g) must be considered as a significant contributing factor in altering, fragmenting, or potentially destroying buried organic compounds on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Newmark
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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5
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Wilanowska PA, Rzymski P, Kaczmarek Ł. Long-Term Survivability of Tardigrade Paramacrobiotus experimentalis (Eutardigrada) at Increased Magnesium Perchlorate Levels: Implications for Astrobiological Research. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:335. [PMID: 38541660 PMCID: PMC10971682 DOI: 10.3390/life14030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Perchlorate salts, including magnesium perchlorate, are highly toxic compounds that occur on Mars at levels far surpassing those on Earth and pose a significant challenge to the survival of life on this planet. Tardigrades are commonly known for their extraordinary resistance to extreme environmental conditions and are considered model organisms for space and astrobiological research. However, their long-term tolerance to perchlorate salts has not been the subject of any previous studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess whether the tardigrade species Paramacrobiotus experimentalis can survive and grow in an environment contaminated with high levels of magnesium perchlorates (0.25-1.0%, 1.5-6.0 mM ClO4- ions). The survival rate of tardigrades decreased with an increase in the concentration of the perchlorate solutions and varied from 83.3% (0.10% concentration) to 20.8% (0.25% concentration) over the course of 56 days of exposure. Tardigrades exposed to 0.15-0.25% magnesium perchlorate revealed significantly decreased body length. Our study indicates that tardigrades can survive and grow in relatively high concentrations of magnesium perchlorates, largely exceeding perchlorate levels observed naturally on Earth, indicating their potential use in Martian experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Anna Wilanowska
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
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6
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Spry JA, Siegel B, Bakermans C, Beaty DW, Bell MS, Benardini JN, Bonaccorsi R, Castro-Wallace SL, Coil DA, Coustenis A, Doran PT, Fenton L, Fidler DP, Glass B, Hoffman SJ, Karouia F, Levine JS, Lupisella ML, Martin-Torres J, Mogul R, Olsson-Francis K, Ortega-Ugalde S, Patel MR, Pearce DA, Race MS, Regberg AB, Rettberg P, Rummel JD, Sato KY, Schuerger AC, Sefton-Nash E, Sharkey M, Singh NK, Sinibaldi S, Stabekis P, Stoker CR, Venkateswaran KJ, Zimmerman RR, Zorzano-Mier MP. Planetary Protection Knowledge Gap Closure Enabling Crewed Missions to Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2024; 24:230-274. [PMID: 38507695 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2023.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
As focus for exploration of Mars transitions from current robotic explorers to development of crewed missions, it remains important to protect the integrity of scientific investigations at Mars, as well as protect the Earth's biosphere from any potential harmful effects from returned martian material. This is the discipline of planetary protection, and the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) maintains the consensus international policy and guidelines on how this is implemented. Based on National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European Space Agency (ESA) studies that began in 2001, COSPAR adopted principles and guidelines for human missions to Mars in 2008. At that point, it was clear that to move from those qualitative provisions, a great deal of work and interaction with spacecraft designers would be necessary to generate meaningful quantitative recommendations that could embody the intent of the Outer Space Treaty (Article IX) in the design of such missions. Beginning in 2016, COSPAR then sponsored a multiyear interdisciplinary meeting series to address planetary protection "knowledge gaps" (KGs) with the intent of adapting and extending the current robotic mission-focused Planetary Protection Policy to support the design and implementation of crewed and hybrid exploration missions. This article describes the outcome of the interdisciplinary COSPAR meeting series, to describe and address these KGs, as well as identify potential paths to gap closure. It includes the background scientific basis for each topic area and knowledge updates since the meeting series ended. In particular, credible solutions for KG closure are described for the three topic areas of (1) microbial monitoring of spacecraft and crew health; (2) natural transport (and survival) of terrestrial microbial contamination at Mars, and (3) the technology and operation of spacecraft systems for contamination control. The article includes a KG data table on these topic areas, which is intended to be a point of departure for making future progress in developing an end-to-end planetary protection requirements implementation solution for a crewed mission to Mars. Overall, the workshop series has provided evidence of the feasibility of planetary protection implementation for a crewed Mars mission, given (1) the establishment of needed zoning, emission, transport, and survival parameters for terrestrial biological contamination and (2) the creation of an accepted risk-based compliance approach for adoption by spacefaring actors including national space agencies and commercial/nongovernment organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corien Bakermans
- Department of Biology, Penn. State University (Altoona), Altoona, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W Beaty
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | | | - Rosalba Bonaccorsi
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, California, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | | | - David A Coil
- School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Peter T Doran
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lori Fenton
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - David P Fidler
- Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Brian Glass
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | | | - Fathi Karouia
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Joel S Levine
- College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Javier Martin-Torres
- School of Geoscience, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Armilla, Spain
| | - Rakesh Mogul
- California Polytechnic (Pomona), Pomona, California, USA
| | - Karen Olsson-Francis
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | | | - Manish R Patel
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - David A Pearce
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - John D Rummel
- Friday Harbor Associates LLC, Friday Harbor, Washington, USA
| | | | - Andrew C Schuerger
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Merritt Island, Florida, USA
| | | | - Matthew Sharkey
- US Department of Health & Human Services, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nitin K Singh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | | | - Carol R Stoker
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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7
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Kelly EM, Egan MJ, Colόn A, Angel SM, Sharma SK. Single-Grating Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer: An Investigation on the Effects of Detector Selection. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1411-1423. [PMID: 37801484 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231204894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometers (SHRSs) are modified forms of Michelson interferometers, except the mirrors in a Michelson interferometer are replaced with stationary diffraction gratings. This design removes the need for an entrance slit, as is the case in a dispersive spectrometer, and removes the need to scan the spectrum by using a moving mirror in a modern Michelson interferometer. In previous studies, various SHRS variants, such as free-standing two-grating SHRS, single-grating SHRS (1g-SHRS), monolithic SHRS (mSHRS), and single-grating mSHRS (1g-mSHRS), have been evaluated. However, the present study exclusively focuses on the 1g-mSHRS configuration. The 1g-mSHRS and 1g-SHRS increase the spectral range at fixed grating line density while trading off spectral resolution and resolving power. The mSHRS benefits from increased rigidity, lack of moving parts, and reduced footprint. In this study, we investigate how the choice of detector impacts the performance of the 1g-mSHRS system, with a specific focus on evaluating the performance of three types of cameras: charged-coupled device (CCD), intensified CCD (ICCD), and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) cameras. These systems were evaluated using geological, organic, and inorganic samples using a 532 nm continuous wave laser for the CMOS and CCD cameras, and a 532 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet pulsed laser for the ICCD camera. The footprint of the 1g-mSHRS was 3.5 × 3.5 × 2.5 cm3 with a mass of 272 g or 80 g, depending on whether the monolith housing is included or not. We found that increasing the number of pixels utilized along the x-axis of the camera increases fringe visibility (FV) and optimizes the resolution (by capturing the entirety of the grating and magnifying the fringes). The number of pixels utilized in the y-axis, chip size, and dimensions, affect the signal-to-noise ratio of the systems. Additionally, we discuss the effect of pixel pitch on the recovery of Fizeau fringes, including the relationship between the Nyquist frequency, aliasing, and FV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Kelly
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Miles J Egan
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Arelis Colόn
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - S Michael Angel
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Shiv K Sharma
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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8
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Antunes A, Meyer-Dombard DR. Editorial: Rising stars in space microbiology: 2022. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1322924. [PMID: 38029155 PMCID: PMC10679738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1322924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André Antunes
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- China National Space Administration (CNSA), Macau Center for Space Exploration and Science, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - D'Arcy R. Meyer-Dombard
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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9
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Vrankar D, Verseux C, Heinicke C. An airlock concept to reduce contamination risks during the human exploration of Mars. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:81. [PMID: 37805607 PMCID: PMC10560228 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protecting the Martian environment from contamination with terrestrial microbes is generally seen as essential to the scientific exploration of Mars, especially when it comes to the search for indigenous life. However, while companies and space agencies aim at getting to Mars within ambitious timelines, the state-of-the-art planetary protection measures are only applicable to uncrewed spacecraft. With this paper, we attempt to reconcile these two conflicting goals: the human exploration of Mars and its protection from biological contamination. In our view, the one nominal mission activity that is most prone to introducing terrestrial microbes into the Martian environment is when humans leave their habitat to explore the Martian surface, if one were to use state-of-the-art airlocks. We therefore propose to adapt airlocks specifically to the goals of planetary protection. We suggest a concrete concept for such an adapted airlock, believing that only practical and implementable solutions will be followed by human explorers in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vrankar
- Faculty of Business and Economics, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity - ZARM, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Cyprien Verseux
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity - ZARM, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christiane Heinicke
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity - ZARM, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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10
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Li Y, Rochfort KD, Collins D, Grintzalis K. Development of Sensitive Methods for the Detection of Minimum Concentrations of DNA on Martian Soil Simulants. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1999. [PMID: 37895382 PMCID: PMC10608431 DOI: 10.3390/life13101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several methods used for the quantification of DNA are based on UV absorbance or the fluorescence of complexes with intercalator dyes. Most of these intercalators are used in gels to visualize DNA and its structural integrity. Due to many extraterrestrial samples, such as meteorites or comets, which are likely to contain very small amounts of biological material, and because the ability to detect this material is crucial for understanding the origin and evolution of life in the universe, the development of assays that can detect DNA at low limits and withstand the rigors of space exploration is a pressing need in the field of astrobiology. In this study, we present a comparison of optimized protocols used for the fast and accurate quantification of DNA using common intercalator dyes. The sensitivity of assays exceeded that generated by any commercial kit and allowed for the accurate quantification of minimum concentrations of DNA. The methods were successful when applied to the detection and measurement of DNA spiked on soil samples. Furthermore, the impact of UV radiation as a harsh condition on the surface of Mars was assessed by DNA degradation and this was also confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Overall, the methods described provide economical, simple-step, and efficient approaches for the detection of DNA and can be used in future planetary exploration missions as tests used for the extraction of nucleic acid biosignatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongda Li
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 Y5NO Dublin, Ireland; (Y.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Keith D. Rochfort
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy, and Community Health, Dublin City University, D09 Y5NO Dublin, Ireland;
| | - David Collins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 Y5NO Dublin, Ireland; (Y.L.); (D.C.)
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11
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Li Y, Collins D, Grintzalis K. A simple approach for the detection of Escherichia coli as a model bacterium on Martian soil simulants: A proof of concept study. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 210:106751. [PMID: 37271376 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of microbial life beyond Earth presents a fundamental question in astrobiology. Given the likelihood that any extra-terrestrial life will be microbial in nature, the development of sensitive and specific confirmatory tests is crucial for the identification of potential habitats for life. Here, we describe a novel methodology for the detection of microorganisms in Martian soil simulants through spiking and recovery experiments. Our approach employs miniaturised techniques that enable the rapid and sensitive assessment of microbial presence in soil samples. The results of our study suggest that this methodology could be a valuable tool for the identification of potential habitats for microbial life on Mars and other extraterrestrial bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongda Li
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - David Collins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Ireland
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12
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Liu W, Wu Z, Chen W, Jin G, Zhang W, Lv X, Yu P, Zhao H. A potential application for life-related organics detection on Mars by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13560. [PMID: 36846659 PMCID: PMC9946848 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Life information searching is a hot point for Mars exploration. Ancient Mars was very likely to reach a habitable environment, and there was a real possibility of arising life on Mars. However, the current Mars has a harsh environment. Under such conditions, life materials on Mars are supposed to have taken the form of relatively primitive microbial or organic residues, which might be preserved in some mineral matrices. Detection of these remnants is of great significance for understanding the origin and evolution of life on Mars. The best detection method is in-situ detection or sample return. Herein, diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to detect characteristic spectra and the limit of detection (LOD) of potential representative organic compounds with associated minerals. In view of high oxidation due to the electrostatic discharge (ESD) during dust actives on Martian surface. The degradation of organic matter by ESD process was studied under simulated Mars conditions. Our results show that the spectral characteristics of organic matter are significantly different from that of associated minerals. The different organic samples have different mass loss and color change after ESD reaction. And the signal intensity of infrared diffuse reflection spectrum can also reflect the changes of organic molecules after ESD reaction. Our results indicated that the degradation products of organics rather than organic itself are most likely to be founded on current Martian surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Liu
- School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China,Research Center for Biological Adaptability in Space Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Zhongchen Wu
- School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China,Research Center for Biological Adaptability in Space Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China,Corresponding author. School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
| | - Wenxi Chen
- School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China,Research Center for Biological Adaptability in Space Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Guobin Jin
- School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China,Research Center for Biological Adaptability in Space Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China,Research Center for Biological Adaptability in Space Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Xinfang Lv
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China,Research Center for Biological Adaptability in Space Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Pei Yu
- SDU-ANU Joint Science College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China,Research Center for Biological Adaptability in Space Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China,Research Center for Biological Adaptability in Space Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
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13
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Cassaro A, Pacelli C, Onofri S. Survival, metabolic activity, and ultrastructural damages of Antarctic black fungus in perchlorates media. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992077. [PMID: 36523839 PMCID: PMC9744811 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.992077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from recent Mars landers identified the presence of perchlorates salts at 1 wt % in regolith and their widespread distribution on the Martian surface that has been hypothesized as a critical chemical hazard for putative life forms. However, the hypersaline environment may also potentially preserve life and its biomolecules over geological timescales. The high concentration of natural perchlorates is scarcely reported on Earth. The presence of perchlorates in soil and ice has been recorded in some extreme environments including the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica, one of the best terrestrial analogues for Mars. In the frame of "Life in space" Italian astrobiology project, the polyextremophilic black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus, a eukaryotic test organism isolated from the Antarctic cryptoendolithic communities, has been tested for its resistance, when grown on different hypersaline substrata. In addition, C. antarcticus was grown on Martian relevant perchlorate medium (0.4 wt% of Mg(ClO4)2 and 0.6 wt% of Ca(ClO4)2) to investigate the possibility for the fungus to survive in Martian environment. Here, the results indicate a good survivability and metabolic activity recovery of the black fungus when grown on four Martian relevant perchlorates. A low percentage of damaged cellular membranes have been found, confirming the ultrastructural investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cassaro
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Claudia Pacelli
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, Viterbo, Italy
- Human Spaceflight and Scientific Research Unit, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, Viterbo, Italy
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14
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Rzymski P, Poniedziałek B, Hippmann N, Kaczmarek Ł. Screening the Survival of Cyanobacteria Under Perchlorate Stress. Potential Implications for Mars In Situ Resource Utilization. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:672-684. [PMID: 35196144 PMCID: PMC9233533 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are good candidates for various martian applications as a potential source of food, fertilizer, oxygen, and biofuels. However, the increased levels of highly toxic perchlorates may be a significant obstacle to their growth on Mars. Therefore, in the present study, 17 cyanobacteria strains that belong to Chroococcales, Chroococcidiopsidales, Nostocales, Oscillatoriales, Pleurocapsales, and Synechococcales were exposed to 0.25-1.0% magnesium perchlorate concentrations (1.5-6.0 mM ClO4- ions) for 14 days. The exposure to perchlorate induced at least partial inhibition of growth in all tested strains, although five of them were able to grow at the highest perchlorate concentration: Chroococcidiopsis thermalis, Leptolyngbya foveolarum, Arthronema africanum, Geitlerinema cf. acuminatum, and Cephalothrix komarekiana. Chroococcidiopsis sp. Chroococcidiopsis cubana demonstrated growth up to 0.5%. Strains that maintained growth displayed significantly increased malondialdehyde content, indicating perchlorate-induced oxidative stress, whereas the chlorophyll a/carotenoids ratio tended to be decreased. The results show that selected cyanobacteria from different orders can tolerate perchlorate concentrations typical for the martian regolith, indicating that they may be useful in Mars exploration. Further studies are required to elucidate the biochemical and molecular basis for the perchlorate tolerance in selected cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Poznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Hippmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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15
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Santomartino R, Zea L, Cockell CS. The smallest space miners: principles of space biomining. Extremophiles 2022; 26:7. [PMID: 34993644 PMCID: PMC8739323 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-021-01253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
As we aim to expand human presence in space, we need to find viable approaches to achieve independence from terrestrial resources. Space biomining of the Moon, Mars and asteroids has been indicated as one of the promising approaches to achieve in-situ resource utilization by the main space agencies. Structural and expensive metals, essential mineral nutrients, water, oxygen and volatiles could be potentially extracted from extraterrestrial regolith and rocks using microbial-based biotechnologies. The use of bioleaching microorganisms could also be applied to space bioremediation, recycling of waste and to reinforce regenerative life support systems. However, the science around space biomining is still young. Relevant differences between terrestrial and extraterrestrial conditions exist, including the rock types and ores available for mining, and a direct application of established terrestrial biomining techniques may not be a possibility. It is, therefore, necessary to invest in terrestrial and space-based research of specific methods for space applications to learn the effects of space conditions on biomining and bioremediation, expand our knowledge on organotrophic and community-based bioleaching mechanisms, as well as on anaerobic biomining, and investigate the use of synthetic biology to overcome limitations posed by the space environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Santomartino
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Luis Zea
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Charles S Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
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16
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Kelbrick M, Oliver JAW, Ramkissoon NK, Dugdale A, Stephens BP, Kucukkilic-Stephens E, Schwenzer SP, Antunes A, Macey MC. Microbes from Brine Systems with Fluctuating Salinity Can Thrive under Simulated Martian Chemical Conditions. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010012. [PMID: 35054406 PMCID: PMC8781782 DOI: 10.3390/life12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The waters that were present on early Mars may have been habitable. Characterising environments analogous to these waters and investigating the viability of their microbes under simulated martian chemical conditions is key to developing hypotheses on this habitability and potential biosignature formation. In this study, we examined the viability of microbes from the Anderton Brine Springs (United Kingdom) under simulated martian chemistries designed to simulate the chemical conditions of water that may have existed during the Hesperian. Associated changes in the fluid chemistries were also tested using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The tested Hesperian fluid chemistries were shown to be habitable, supporting the growth of all of the Anderton Brine Spring isolates. However, inter and intra-generic variation was observed both in the ability of the isolates to tolerate more concentrated fluids and in their impact on the fluid chemistry. Therefore, whilst this study shows microbes from fluctuating brines can survive and grow in simulated martian water chemistry, further investigations are required to further define the potential habitability under past martian conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kelbrick
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK;
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.C.M.)
| | | | - Nisha K. Ramkissoon
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Amy Dugdale
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes W23 F2H6, UK;
- Biology Department, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ben P. Stephens
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Ezgi Kucukkilic-Stephens
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Susanne P. Schwenzer
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - André Antunes
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST), Macau, China;
- China National Space Administration (CNSA), Macau Center for Space Exploration and Science, Macau, China
| | - Michael C. Macey
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.C.M.)
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17
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Alonso-Reyes DG, Galván FS, Portero LR, Alvarado NN, Farías ME, Vazquez MP, Albarracín VH. Genomic insights into an andean multiresistant soil actinobacterium of biotechnological interest. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:166. [PMID: 34463818 PMCID: PMC8405860 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Central-Andean Ecosystems (between 2000 and 6000 m above sea level (masl) are typical arid-to-semiarid environments suffering from the highest total solar and ultraviolet-B radiation on the planet but displaying numerous salt flats and shallow lakes. Andean microbial ecosystems isolated from these environments are of exceptional biodiversity enduring multiple severe conditions. Furthermore, the polyextremophilic nature of the microbes in such ecosystems indicates the potential for biotechnological applications. Within this context, the study undertaken used genome mining, physiological and microscopical characterization to reveal the multiresistant profile of Nesterenkonia sp. Act20, an actinobacterium isolated from the soil surrounding Lake Socompa, Salta, Argentina (3570 masl). Ultravioet-B, desiccation, and copper assays revealed the strain's exceptional resistance to all these conditions. Act20's genome presented coding sequences involving resistance to antibiotics, low temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, arsenic, nutrient-limiting conditions, osmotic stress, low atmospheric-oxygen pressure, heavy-metal stress, and toxic fluoride and chlorite. Act20 can also synthesize proteins and natural products such as an insecticide, bacterial cellulose, ectoine, bacterial hemoglobin, and even antibiotics like colicin V and aurachin C. We also found numerous enzymes for animal- and vegetal-biomass degradation and applications in other industrial processes. The resilience of Act20 and its biotechnologic potential were thoroughly demonstrated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonzalo Alonso-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ultraestructural y Molecular, Centro Integral de Microscopía Electrónica (CIME), Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, UNT y CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fátima Silvina Galván
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ultraestructural y Molecular, Centro Integral de Microscopía Electrónica (CIME), Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, UNT y CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luciano Raúl Portero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ultraestructural y Molecular, Centro Integral de Microscopía Electrónica (CIME), Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, UNT y CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Natalia Noelia Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ultraestructural y Molecular, Centro Integral de Microscopía Electrónica (CIME), Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, UNT y CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Farías
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales y Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Martín P Vazquez
- HERITAS-CONICET, Ocampo 210 bis, Predio CCT, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Virginia Helena Albarracín
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ultraestructural y Molecular, Centro Integral de Microscopía Electrónica (CIME), Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, UNT y CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
- Centro Integral de Microscopía Electrónica (CIME, CONICET, UNT), Camino de Sirga s/n. FAZ, Finca El Manantial, 4107, Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina.
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18
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Bagnato C, Nadal MS, Tobia D, Raineri M, Vasquez Mansilla M, Winkler EL, Zysler RD, Lima E. Reactive Oxygen Species in Emulated Martian Conditions and Their Effect on the Viability of the Unicellular Alga Scenedesmus dimorphus. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:692-705. [PMID: 33819428 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Formation of oxygen-based free radicals from photochemical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on Mars may be a key factor in the potential survival of terrestrial-like organisms on the red planet. Martian conditions that generate reactive oxygen species involve the decomposition of H2O2 at temperatures of around 278 K under relatively high doses of C-band ultraviolet radiation (UVC). This process is further amplified by the presence of iron oxides and perchlorates. Photosynthetic organisms exhibit a number of evolutionary traits that allow them to withstand both oxidative stress and UVC radiation. Here, we examine the effect of free radicals produced by the decomposition of H2O2 under emulated martian conditions on the viability of Scenedesmus dimorphus, a unicellular alga that is resistant to UVC radiation and varying levels of perchlorate and H2O2, both of which are present on Mars. Identification and quantification of free radicals formed under these conditions were performed with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy. These results were correlated with the viability of S. dimorphus, and the formation of oxygen-based free radicals and survival of the alga were found to be strongly dependent on the amount of H2O2 available. For H2O2 amounts close to those present in the rarefied martian environment, the products of these catalytic reactions did not have a significant effect on the algal population growth curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bagnato
- Instituto de Energía y Desarrollo Sustentable (IEDS), CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Marcela S Nadal
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA-CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física Médica, Gerencia de Física, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Dina Tobia
- Laboratorio de Resonancias Magnéticas, Gerencia de Física, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Mariana Raineri
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA-CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física Médica, Gerencia de Física, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Vasquez Mansilla
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA-CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Resonancias Magnéticas, Gerencia de Física, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Elin L Winkler
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA-CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Resonancias Magnéticas, Gerencia de Física, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, CNEA-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Roberto D Zysler
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA-CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Física Médica, Gerencia de Física, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Resonancias Magnéticas, Gerencia de Física, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, CNEA-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Enio Lima
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN), CNEA-CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Resonancias Magnéticas, Gerencia de Física, CNEA, Centro Atómico Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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19
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Razzell Hollis J, Fornaro T, Rapin W, Wade J, Vicente-Retortillo Á, Steele A, Bhartia R, Beegle LW. Detection and Degradation of Adenosine Monophosphate in Perchlorate-Spiked Martian Regolith Analog, by Deep-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:511-525. [PMID: 33493410 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The search for organic biosignatures on Mars will depend on finding material protected from the destructive ambient radiation. Solar ultraviolet can induce photochemical degradation of organic compounds, but certain clays have been shown to preserve organic material. We examine how the SHERLOC instrument on the upcoming Mars 2020 mission will use deep-ultraviolet (UV) (248.6 nm) Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy to detect a plausible biosignature of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) adsorbed onto Ca-montmorillonite clay. We found that the spectral signature of AMP is not altered by adsorption in the clay matrix but does change with prolonged exposure to the UV laser over dosages equivalent to 0.2-6 sols of ambient martian UV. For pure AMP, UV exposure leads to breaking of the aromatic adenine unit, but in the presence of clay the degradation is limited to minor alteration with new Raman peaks and increased fluorescence consistent with formation of 2-hydroxyadenosine, while 1 wt % Mg perchlorate increases the rate of degradation. Our results confirm that clays are effective preservers of organic material and should be considered high-value targets, but that pristine biosignatures may be altered within 1 sol of martian UV exposure, with implications for Mars 2020 science operations and sample caching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Razzell Hollis
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Teresa Fornaro
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Florence, Italy
| | - William Rapin
- Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Sorbonne Université, IMPMC, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Wade
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Vicente-Retortillo
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Andrew Steele
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Luther W Beegle
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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20
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Cortesão M, Siems K, Koch S, Beblo-Vranesevic K, Rabbow E, Berger T, Lane M, James L, Johnson P, Waters SM, Verma SD, Smith DJ, Moeller R. MARSBOx: Fungal and Bacterial Endurance From a Balloon-Flown Analog Mission in the Stratosphere. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:601713. [PMID: 33692763 PMCID: PMC7937622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.601713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether terrestrial life can withstand the martian environment is of paramount interest for planetary protection measures and space exploration. To understand microbial survival potential in Mars-like conditions, several fungal and bacterial samples were launched in September 2019 on a large NASA scientific balloon flight to the middle stratosphere (∼38 km altitude) where radiation levels resembled values at the equatorial Mars surface. Fungal spores of Aspergillus niger and bacterial cells of Salinisphaera shabanensis, Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis, and Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 were launched inside the MARSBOx (Microbes in Atmosphere for Radiation, Survival, and Biological Outcomes Experiment) payload filled with an artificial martian atmosphere and pressure throughout the mission profile. The dried microorganisms were either exposed to full UV-VIS radiation (UV dose = 1148 kJ m-2) or were shielded from radiation. After the 5-h stratospheric exposure, samples were assayed for survival and metabolic changes. Spores from the fungus A. niger and cells from the Gram-(-) bacterium S. shabanensis were the most resistant with a 2- and 4-log reduction, respectively. Exposed Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 was completely inactivated (both with and without UV exposure) and S. capitis subsp. capitis only survived the UV shielded experimental condition (3-log reduction). Our results underscore a wide variation in survival phenotypes of spacecraft associated microorganisms and support the hypothesis that pigmented fungi may be resistant to the martian surface if inadvertently delivered by spacecraft missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cortesão
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Siems
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stella Koch
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic
- Astrobiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Rabbow
- Astrobiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Biophysics Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Lane
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Engineering Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Leandro James
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Engineering Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Prital Johnson
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Engineering Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Samantha M. Waters
- Universities Space Research Association, Moffett Field, CA, United States
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Sonali D. Verma
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA, United States
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - David J. Smith
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Ralf Moeller
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Abstract
To assess Mars’ potential for both harboring life and providing useable resources for future human exploration, it is of paramount importance to comprehend the water situation on the planet. Therefore, studies have been conducted to determine any evidence of past or present water existence on Mars. While the presence of abundant water on Mars very early in its history is widely accepted, on its modern form, only a fraction of this water can be found, as either ice or locked into the structure of Mars’ plentiful water-rich materials. Water on the planet is evaluated through various evidence such as rocks and minerals, Martian achondrites, low volume transient briny outflows (e.g., dune flows, reactivated gullies, slope streaks, etc.), diurnal shallow soil moisture (e.g., measurements by Curiosity and Phoenix Lander), geomorphic representation (possibly from lakes and river valleys), and groundwater, along with further evidence obtained by probe and rover discoveries. One of the most significant lines of evidence is for an ancient streambed in Gale Crater, implying ancient amounts of “vigorous” water on Mars. Long ago, hospitable conditions for microbial life existed on the surface of Mars, as it was likely periodically wet. However, its current dry surface makes it almost impossible as an appropriate environment for living organisms; therefore, scientists have recognized the planet’s subsurface environments as the best potential locations for exploring life on Mars. As a result, modern research has aimed towards discovering underground water, leading to the discovery of a large amount of underground ice in 2016 by NASA, and a subglacial lake in 2018 by Italian scientists. Nevertheless, the presence of life in Mars’ history is still an open question. In this unifying context, the current review summarizes results from a wide variety of studies and reports related to the history of water on Mars, as well as any related discussions on the possibility of living organism existence on the planet.
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Verkholiak NS, Peretyatko TB, Halushka AA. Reduction of perchlorate ions by the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfotomaculum sp. and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of microorganisms to clean the environment from xenobiotics, in particular chlorine-containing ones, is a promising method of detoxifying the contaminated environment. Sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Ya-11, isolated from Yavoriv Lake, and Desulfotomaculum AR1, isolated from the Lviv sewage treatment system, are able to grow under conditions of environmental contamination by aromatic compounds and chlorine-containing substances. Due to their high redox potential, chlorate and perchlorate ions can be ideal electron acceptors for the metabolism of microorganisms. To test the growth of the tested microorganisms under the influence of perchlorate ions, bacteria were cultured in modified Postgate C medium with ClO4–. Biomass was determined turbidimetrically, the content of sulfate ions and hydrogen sulfide – photoelectrocolorimetrically, the content of perchlorate ions – permanganatometrically. The study of the ability of sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfotomaculum AR1 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 to grow in a medium with perchlorate ions as electron acceptors showed the inhibitory effect of ClO4– on sulfate ion reduction by bacteria. Bacteria Desulfotomaculum AR1 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 are able to grow in environments with aromatic hydrocarbons, in particular toluene. The possibility of the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the presence of toluene as an electron donor and perchlorate ions as an electron acceptor was investigated. The efficiency of perchlorate ion utilization by sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfotomaculum AR1 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 was about 90 %. The effect of molybdenum on the reduction of perchlorate ions by Desulfotomaculum AR1 is shown in the paper. Immobilization of bacteria Desulfotomaculum AR1 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 was carried out in 3% agar and on wood chips. The ability of bacteria, immobilized on these media, to purify the aqueous medium from perchlorate ions was investigated. Reduction of perchlorate ions is more efficiently performed by cells of Desulfotomaculum AR1 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 bacteria immobilized in agar than on wood chips. Sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfotomaculum AR1 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 are able to use perchlorate ions as electron acceptors, purifying the polluted aquatic environment from these pollutants.
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Lamprecht-Grandío M, Cortesão M, Mirete S, de la Cámara MB, de Figueras CG, Pérez-Pantoja D, White JJ, Farías ME, Rosselló-Móra R, González-Pastor JE. Novel Genes Involved in Resistance to Both Ultraviolet Radiation and Perchlorate From the Metagenomes of Hypersaline Environments. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:453. [PMID: 32292392 PMCID: PMC7135895 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that thrive in hypersaline environments on the surface of our planet are exposed to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, for their protection, they have sunscreen pigments and highly efficient DNA repair and protection systems. The present study aimed to identify new genes involved in UV radiation resistance from these microorganisms, many of which cannot be cultured in the laboratory. Thus, a functional metagenomic approach was used and for this, small-insert libraries were constructed with DNA isolated from microorganisms of high-altitude Andean hypersaline lakes in Argentina (Diamante and Ojo Seco lakes, 4,589 and 3,200 m, respectively) and from the Es Trenc solar saltern in Spain. The libraries were hosted in a UV radiation-sensitive strain of Escherichia coli (recA mutant) and they were exposed to UVB. The resistant colonies were analyzed and as a result, four clones were identified with environmental DNA fragments containing five genes that conferred resistance to UV radiation in E. coli. One gene encoded a RecA-like protein, complementing the mutation in recA that makes the E. coli host strain more sensitive to UV radiation. Two other genes from the same DNA fragment encoded a TATA-box binding protein and an unknown protein, both responsible for UV resistance. Interestingly, two other genes from different and remote environments, the Ojo Seco Andean lake and the Es Trenc saltern, encoded two hypothetical proteins that can be considered homologous based on their significant amino acid similarity (49%). All of these genes also conferred resistance to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), a compound that mimics the effect of UV radiation on DNA, and also to perchlorate, a powerful oxidant that can induce DNA damage. Furthermore, the hypothetical protein from the Es Trenc salterns was localized as discrete foci possibly associated with damaged sites in the DNA in cells treated with 4-NQO, so it could be involved in the repair of damaged DNA. In summary, novel genes involved in resistance to UV radiation, 4-NQO and perchlorate have been identified in this work and two of them encoding hypothetical proteins that could be involved in DNA damage repair activities not previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Cortesão
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Mirete
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Danilo Pérez-Pantoja
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joseph John White
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Farías
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales y Microbiológicos (PROIMI), Centro Científico Tecnológico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ramon Rosselló-Móra
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
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Laurent H, Soper AK, Dougan L. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) resists the compression of water structure by magnesium perchlorate: terrestrial kosmotrope vs. Martian chaotrope. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4924-4937. [PMID: 32091074 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06324b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutron diffraction and computational modelling provide insight into water structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan K. Soper
- ISIS Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | - Lorna Dougan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology
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25
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Meyer M, Bakermans C, Beaty D, Bernard D, Boston P, Chevrier V, Conley C, Feustel I, Gough R, Glotch T, Hays L, Junge K, Lindberg R, Mellon M, Mischna M, Neal CR, Pugel B, Quinn R, Raulin F, Rennó N, Rummel J, Schulte M, Spry A, Stabekis P, Wang A, Yee N. Report of the Joint Workshop on Induced Special Regions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 23:50-59. [PMID: 31791605 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Joint Workshop on Induced Special Regions convened scientists and planetary protection experts to assess the potential of inducing special regions through lander or rover activity. An Induced Special Region is defined as a place where the presence of the spacecraft could induce water activity and temperature to be sufficiently high and persist for long enough to plausibly harbor life. The questions the workshop participants addressed were: (1) What is a safe stand-off distance, or formula to derive a safe distance, to a purported special region? (2) Questions about RTGs (Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator), other heat sources, and their ability to induce special regions. (3) Is it possible to have an infected area on Mars that does not contaminate the rest of Mars? The workshop participants reached a general consensus addressing the posed questions, in summary: (1) While a spacecraft on the surface of Mars may not be able to explore a special region during the prime mission, the safe stand-off distance would decrease with time because the sterilizing environment, that is the martian surface would progressively clean the exposed surfaces. However, the analysis supporting such an exploration should ensure that the risk to exposing interior portions of the spacecraft (i.e., essentially unsterilized) to the martian surface is minimized. (2) An RTG at the surface of Mars would not create a Special Region but the short-term result depends on kinetics of melting, freezing, deliquescence, and desiccation. While a buried RTG could induce a Special Region, it would not pose a long-term contamination threat to Mars, with the possible exception of a migrating RTG in an icy deposit. (3) Induced Special Regions can allow microbial replication to occur (by definition), but such replication at the surface is unlikely to globally contaminate Mars. An induced subsurface Special Region would be isolated and microbial transport away from subsurface site is highly improbable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meyer
- Science Mission Directorate, NASA HQ, Washington DC, United States.
| | - Corien Bakermans
- Microbiology, Division of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Penn State University, Altoona, United States
| | - David Beaty
- Mars Exploration Directorate, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Douglas Bernard
- Engineering and Science Directorate, Jet Propusion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Penelope Boston
- NASA Astrobiology Institute, Ames Research Center, Mountain View, United States
| | - Vincent Chevrier
- Arkansas Center for Space and Planetary Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States
| | - Catharine Conley
- Science Mission Directorate, NASA HQ, Washington DC, United States
| | - Ingrid Feustel
- Chemical Control Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, United States
| | - Raina Gough
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | - Timothy Glotch
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Lindsay Hays
- NASA Astrobiology Institute, Ames Research Center, Mountain View, United States
| | - Karen Junge
- Applied Physics Lab. University Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Robert Lindberg
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Michael Mellon
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, United States
| | - Michael Mischna
- Engineering and Science Directorate, Jet Propusion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Clive R Neal
- College of Engineering, University Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
| | - Betsy Pugel
- Science Mission Directorate, NASA HQ, Washington DC, United States
| | - Richard Quinn
- Applied Physics Lab. University Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Francois Raulin
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France
| | - Nilton Rennó
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - John Rummel
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, United States
| | - Mitchell Schulte
- Science Mission Directorate, NASA HQ, Washington DC, United States
| | - Andrew Spry
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, United States
| | | | - Alian Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Nathan Yee
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, United States
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26
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Onstott T, Ehlmann B, Sapers H, Coleman M, Ivarsson M, Marlow J, Neubeck A, Niles P. Paleo-Rock-Hosted Life on Earth and the Search on Mars: A Review and Strategy for Exploration. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:1230-1262. [PMID: 31237436 PMCID: PMC6786346 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Here we review published studies on the abundance and diversity of terrestrial rock-hosted life, the environments it inhabits, the evolution of its metabolisms, and its fossil biomarkers to provide guidance in the search for life on Mars. Key findings are (1) much terrestrial deep subsurface metabolic activity relies on abiotic energy-yielding fluxes and in situ abiotic and biotic recycling of metabolic waste products rather than on buried organic products of photosynthesis; (2) subsurface microbial cell concentrations are highest at interfaces with pronounced chemical redox gradients or permeability variations and do not correlate with bulk host rock organic carbon; (3) metabolic pathways for chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms evolved earlier in Earth's history than those of surface-dwelling phototrophic microorganisms; (4) the emergence of the former occurred at a time when Mars was habitable, whereas the emergence of the latter occurred at a time when the martian surface was not continually habitable; (5) the terrestrial rock record has biomarkers of subsurface life at least back hundreds of millions of years and likely to 3.45 Ga with several examples of excellent preservation in rock types that are quite different from those preserving the photosphere-supported biosphere. These findings suggest that rock-hosted life would have been more likely to emerge and be preserved in a martian context. Consequently, we outline a Mars exploration strategy that targets subsurface life and scales spatially, focusing initially on identifying rocks with evidence for groundwater flow and low-temperature mineralization, then identifying redox and permeability interfaces preserved within rock outcrops, and finally focusing on finding minerals associated with redox reactions and associated traces of carbon and diagnostic chemical and isotopic biosignatures. Using this strategy on Earth yields ancient rock-hosted life, preserved in the fossil record and confirmable via a suite of morphologic, organic, mineralogical, and isotopic fingerprints at micrometer scale. We expect an emphasis on rock-hosted life and this scale-dependent strategy to be crucial in the search for life on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.C. Onstott
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Address correspondence to: T.C. Onstott, Department of Geosciences, Princeton University,, Princeton, NJ 008544
| | - B.L. Ehlmann
- Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- B.L. Ehlmann, Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - H. Sapers
- Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - M. Coleman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- NASA Astrobiology Institute, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M. Ivarsson
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J.J. Marlow
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A. Neubeck
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P. Niles
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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27
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Habitability of Mars: How Welcoming Are the Surface and Subsurface to Life on the Red Planet? GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9090361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mars is a planet of great interest in the search for signatures of past or present life beyond Earth. The years of research, and more advanced instrumentation, have yielded a lot of evidence which may be considered by the scientific community as proof of past or present habitability of Mars. Recent discoveries including seasonal methane releases and a subglacial lake are exciting, yet challenging findings. Concurrently, laboratory and environmental studies on the limits of microbial life in extreme environments on Earth broaden our knowledge of the possibility of Mars habitability. In this review, we aim to: (1) Discuss the characteristics of the Martian surface and subsurface that may be conducive to habitability either in the past or at present; (2) discuss laboratory-based studies on Earth that provide us with discoveries on the limits of life; and (3) summarize the current state of knowledge in terms of direction for future research.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Laurent
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan Soper
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Lorna Dougan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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29
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Billi D, Staibano C, Verseux C, Fagliarone C, Mosca C, Baqué M, Rabbow E, Rettberg P. Dried Biofilms of Desert Strains of Chroococcidiopsis Survived Prolonged Exposure to Space and Mars-like Conditions in Low Earth Orbit. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:1008-1017. [PMID: 30741568 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dried biofilms and dried multilayered planktonic counterparts obtained from three desert strains of Chroococcidiopsis were exposed to low Earth conditions by using the EXPOSE-R2 facility outside the International Space Station. During the space mission, samples in Tray 1 (space vacuum and solar radiation, from λ ≈ 110 nm) and Tray 2 (Mars-like UV flux, λ > 200 nm and Mars-like atmosphere) received total UV (200-400 nm) fluences of about 4.58 × 102 kJ/m2 and 4.92 × 102 kJ/m2, respectively, and 0.5 Gy of cosmic ionizing radiation. Postflight analyses were performed on 2.5-year-old samples due to the space mission duration, from launch to sample return to the lab. The occurrence of survivors was determined by evaluating cell division upon rehydration and damage to the genome and photosynthetic apparatus by polymerase chain reaction-stop assays and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biofilms recovered better than their planktonic counterparts, accumulating less damage not only when exposed to UV radiation under space and Mars-like conditions but also when exposed in dark conditions to low Earth conditions and laboratory control conditions. This suggests that, despite the shielding provided by top-cell layers being sufficient for a certain degree of survival of the multilayered planktonic samples, the enhanced survival of biofilms was due to the presence of abundant extracellular polymeric substances and to additional features acquired upon drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Billi
- 1University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Clelia Staibano
- 1University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Cyprien Verseux
- 1University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Mosca
- 1University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Mickael Baqué
- 2German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Management and Infrastructure, Astrobiological Laboratories Research Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Rabbow
- 3German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Rettberg
- 3German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
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30
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Sholes SF, Krissansen-Totton J, Catling DC. A Maximum Subsurface Biomass on Mars from Untapped Free Energy: CO and H 2 as Potential Antibiosignatures. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:655-668. [PMID: 30950631 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Whether extant life exists in the martian subsurface is an open question. High concentrations of photochemically produced CO and H2 in the otherwise oxidizing martian atmosphere represent untapped sources of biologically useful free energy. These out-of-equilibrium species diffuse into the regolith, so subsurface microbes could use them as a source of energy and carbon. Indeed, CO oxidation and methanogenesis are relatively simple and evolutionarily ancient metabolisms on Earth. Consequently, assuming CO- or H2-consuming metabolisms would evolve on Mars, the persistence of CO and H2 in the martian atmosphere sets limits on subsurface metabolic activity. In this study, we constrain such maximum subsurface metabolic activity on Mars using a one-dimensional photochemical model with a hypothetical global biological sink on atmospheric CO and H2. We increase the biological sink until the modeled atmospheric composition diverges from observed abundances. We find maximum biological downward subsurface sinks of 1.5 × 108 molecules/(cm2·s) for CO and 1.9 × 108 molecules/(cm2·s1) for H2. These convert to a maximum metabolizing biomass of ≲1027 cells or ≤2 × 1011 kg, equivalent to ≤10-4-10-5 of Earth's biomass, depending on the terrestrial estimate. Diffusion calculations suggest that this upper biomass limit applies to the top few kilometers of the martian crust in communication with the atmosphere at low to mid-latitudes. This biomass limit is more robust than previous estimates because we test multiple possible chemoautotrophic ecosystems over a broad parameter space of tunable model variables using an updated photochemical model with precise atmospheric concentrations and uncertainties from Curiosity. Our results of sparse or absent life in the martian subsurface also demonstrate how the atmospheric redox pairs of CO-O2 and H2-O2 may constitute antibiosignatures, which may be relevant to excluding life on exoplanets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Sholes
- 1 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- 2 Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua Krissansen-Totton
- 1 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- 2 Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David C Catling
- 1 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- 2 Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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31
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Cortesão M, Fuchs FM, Commichau FM, Eichenberger P, Schuerger AC, Nicholson WL, Setlow P, Moeller R. Bacillus subtilis Spore Resistance to Simulated Mars Surface Conditions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:333. [PMID: 30863384 PMCID: PMC6399134 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a Mars exploration scenario, knowing if and how highly resistant Bacillus subtilis spores would survive on the Martian surface is crucial to design planetary protection measures and avoid false positives in life-detection experiments. Therefore, in this study a systematic screening was performed to determine whether B. subtilis spores could survive an average day on Mars. For that, spores from two comprehensive sets of isogenic B. subtilis mutant strains, defective in DNA protection or repair genes, were exposed to 24 h of simulated Martian atmospheric environment with or without 8 h of Martian UV radiation [M(+)UV and M(-)UV, respectively]. When exposed to M(+)UV, spore survival was dependent on: (1) core dehydration maintenance, (2) protection of DNA by α/β-type small acid soluble proteins (SASP), and (3) removal and repair of the major UV photoproduct (SP) in spore DNA. In turn, when exposed to M(-)UV, spore survival was mainly dependent on protection by the multilayered spore coat, and DNA double-strand breaks represent the main lesion accumulated. Bacillus subtilis spores were able to survive for at least a limited time in a simulated Martian environment, both with or without solar UV radiation. Moreover, M(-)UV-treated spores exhibited survival rates significantly higher than the M(+)UV-treated spores. This suggests that on a real Martian surface, radiation shielding of spores (e.g., by dust, rocks, or spacecraft surface irregularities) might significantly extend survival rates. Mutagenesis were strongly dependent on the functionality of all structural components with small acid-soluble spore proteins, coat layers and dipicolinic acid as key protectants and efficiency DNA damage removal by AP endonucleases (ExoA and Nfo), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), mismatch repair (MMR) and error-prone translesion synthesis (TLS). Thus, future efforts should focus on: (1) determining the DNA damage in wild-type spores exposed to M(+/-)UV and (2) assessing spore survival and viability with shielding of spores via Mars regolith and other relevant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cortesão
- Space Microbiology Research Group, Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix M Fuchs
- Space Microbiology Research Group, Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Eichenberger
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew C Schuerger
- Department of Plant Pathology, Space Life Sciences Laboratory, University of Florida, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Wayne L Nicholson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Space Life Sciences Laboratory, University of Florida, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Peter Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Ralf Moeller
- Space Microbiology Research Group, Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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32
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Stevens AH, Childers D, Fox-Powell M, Nicholson N, Jhoti E, Cockell CS. Growth, Viability, and Death of Planktonic and Biofilm Sphingomonas desiccabilis in Simulated Martian Brines. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:87-98. [PMID: 30048150 PMCID: PMC6338574 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions on Mars are theorized to contain very different ion compositions than those on Earth. To determine the effect of such solutions on typical environmental micro-organisms, which could be released from robotic spacecraft or human exploration activity, we investigated the resistance of Sphingomonas desiccabilis to brines that simulate the composition of martian aqueous environments. S. desiccabilis is a desiccation-resistant, biofilm-forming microbe found in desert crusts. The viability of cells in both planktonic and biofilm forms was measured after exposure to simulated martian brines. Planktonic cells showed a loss of viability over the course of several hours in almost all of the seven brines tested. Biofilms conferred greater resistance to all the brines, including those with low water activity and pH, but even cells in biofilms showed a complete loss of viability in <6 h in the harsher brines and in <2 days in the less harsh brines. One brine, however, allowed the microbes to maintain viability over several days, despite having a water activity and pH lower and ionic strength higher than brines that reduced viability over the same timescales, suggesting important ion-specific effects. These data show that biofilm-forming cells have a greater capacity to resist martian aqueous extremes, but that evaporative or deliquescent brines are likely to be destructive to many organisms over relatively short timescales, with implications for the habitability of Mars and for micro-organisms dispersed by robotic or human explorers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H. Stevens
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Delma Childers
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Fox-Powell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Nicholson
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elisha Jhoti
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S. Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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McMahon S, Bosak T, Grotzinger JP, Milliken RE, Summons RE, Daye M, Newman SA, Fraeman A, Williford KH, Briggs DEG. A Field Guide to Finding Fossils on Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2018; 123:1012-1040. [PMID: 30034979 PMCID: PMC6049883 DOI: 10.1029/2017je005478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Martian surface is cold, dry, exposed to biologically harmful radiation and apparently barren today. Nevertheless, there is clear geological evidence for warmer, wetter intervals in the past that could have supported life at or near the surface. This evidence has motivated National Aeronautics and Space Administration and European Space Agency to prioritize the search for any remains or traces of organisms from early Mars in forthcoming missions. Informed by (1) stratigraphic, mineralogical and geochemical data collected by previous and current missions, (2) Earth's fossil record, and (3) experimental studies of organic decay and preservation, we here consider whether, how, and where fossils and isotopic biosignatures could have been preserved in the depositional environments and mineralizing media thought to have been present in habitable settings on early Mars. We conclude that Noachian-Hesperian Fe-bearing clay-rich fluvio-lacustrine siliciclastic deposits, especially where enriched in silica, currently represent the most promising and best understood astropaleontological targets. Siliceous sinters would also be an excellent target, but their presence on Mars awaits confirmation. More work is needed to improve our understanding of fossil preservation in the context of other environments specific to Mars, particularly within evaporative salts and pore/fracture-filling subsurface minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. McMahon
- Department of Geology and GeophysicsYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - T. Bosak
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - J. P. Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - R. E. Milliken
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary SciencesBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - R. E. Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - M. Daye
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - S. A. Newman
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - A. Fraeman
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - K. H. Williford
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - D. E. G. Briggs
- Department of Geology and GeophysicsYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
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Laye VJ, DasSarma S. An Antarctic Extreme Halophile and Its Polyextremophilic Enzyme: Effects of Perchlorate Salts. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:412-418. [PMID: 29189043 PMCID: PMC5910040 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effects of perchlorate salts prevalent on the surface of Mars are of significant interest to astrobiology from the perspective of potential life on the Red Planet. Halorubrum lacusprofundi, a cold-adapted halophilic Antarctic archaeon, was able to grow anaerobically on 0.04 M concentration of perchlorate. With increasing concentrations of perchlorate, growth was inhibited, with half-maximal growth rate in ca. 0.3 M NaClO4 and 0.1 M Mg(ClO4)2 under aerobic conditions. Magnesium ions were also inhibitory for growth, but at considerably higher concentrations, with half-maximal growth rate above 1 M. For a purified halophilic β-galactosidase enzyme of H. lacusprofundi expressed in Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, 50% inhibition of catalytic activity was observed at 0.88 M NaClO4 and 0.13 M Mg(ClO4)2. Magnesium ions were a more potent inhibitor of the enzyme than of cell growth. Steady-state kinetic analysis showed that Mg(ClO4)2 acts as a mixed inhibitor (KI = 0.04 M), with magnesium alone being a competitive inhibitor (KI = 0.3 M) and perchlorate alone acting as a very weak noncompetitive inhibitor (KI = 2 M). Based on the estimated concentrations of perchlorate salts on the surface of Mars, our results show that neither sodium nor magnesium perchlorates would significantly inhibit growth and enzyme activity of halophiles. This is the first study of perchlorate effects on a purified enzyme. Key Words: Halophilic archaea-Perchlorate-Enzyme inhibition-Magnesium. Astrobiology 18, 412-418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Laye
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shiladitya DasSarma
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology , Baltimore, Maryland
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Fairén AG, Parro V, Schulze-Makuch D, Whyte L. Is Searching for Martian Life a Priority for the Mars Community? ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:101-107. [PMID: 29359967 PMCID: PMC5820680 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto G. Fairén
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Victor Parro
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dirk Schulze-Makuch
- Center of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Lyle Whyte
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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Cabrol NA. The Coevolution of Life and Environment on Mars: An Ecosystem Perspective on the Robotic Exploration of Biosignatures. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:1-27. [PMID: 29252008 PMCID: PMC5779243 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Earth's biological and environmental evolution are intertwined and inseparable. This coevolution has become a fundamental concept in astrobiology and is key to the search for life beyond our planet. In the case of Mars, whether a coevolution took place is unknown, but analyzing the factors at play shows the uniqueness of each planetary experiment regardless of similarities. Early Earth and early Mars shared traits. However, biological processes on Mars, if any, would have had to proceed within the distinctive context of an irreversible atmospheric collapse, greater climate variability, and specific planetary characteristics. In that, Mars is an important test bed for comparing the effects of a unique set of spatiotemporal changes on an Earth-like, yet different, planet. Many questions remain unanswered about Mars' early environment. Nevertheless, existing data sets provide a foundation for an intellectual framework where notional coevolution models can be explored. In this framework, the focus is shifted from planetary-scale habitability to the prospect of habitats, microbial ecotones, pathways to biological dispersal, biomass repositories, and their meaning for exploration. Critically, as we search for biosignatures, this focus demonstrates the importance of starting to think of early Mars as a biosphere and vigorously integrating an ecosystem approach to landing site selection and exploration. Key Words: Astrobiology-Biosignatures-Coevolution of Earth and life-Mars. Astrobiology 18, 1-27.
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Beblo-Vranesevic K, Bohmeier M, Perras AK, Schwendner P, Rabbow E, Moissl-Eichinger C, Cockell CS, Pukall R, Vannier P, Marteinsson VT, Monaghan EP, Ehrenfreund P, Garcia-Descalzo L, Gómez F, Malki M, Amils R, Gaboyer F, Westall F, Cabezas P, Walter N, Rettberg P. The responses of an anaerobic microorganism, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined simulated Martian stresses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185178. [PMID: 29069099 PMCID: PMC5656303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The limits of life of aerobic microorganisms are well understood, but the responses of anaerobic microorganisms to individual and combined extreme stressors are less well known. Motivated by an interest in understanding the survivability of anaerobic microorganisms under Martian conditions, we investigated the responses of a new isolate, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined stresses associated with the Martian surface. This organism belongs to an adaptable and persistent genus of anaerobic microorganisms found in many environments worldwide. The effects of desiccation, low pressure, ionizing radiation, varying temperature, osmotic pressure, and oxidizing chemical compounds were investigated. The strain showed a high tolerance to desiccation, with a decline of survivability by four orders of magnitude during a storage time of 85 days. Exposure to X-rays resulted in dose-dependent inactivation for exposure up to 600 Gy while applied doses above 750 Gy led to complete inactivation. The effects of the combination of desiccation and irradiation were additive and the survivability was influenced by the order in which they were imposed. Ionizing irradiation and subsequent desiccation was more deleterious than vice versa. By contrast, the presence of perchlorates was not found to significantly affect the survival of the Yersinia strain after ionizing radiation. These data show that the organism has the capacity to survive and grow in physical and chemical stresses, imposed individually or in combination that are associated with Martian environment. Eventually it lost its viability showing that many of the most adaptable anaerobic organisms on Earth would be killed on Mars today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Bohmeier
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Perras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Microbiology and Archaea, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schwendner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, UK Center for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Rabbow
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Charles S. Cockell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, UK Center for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rüdiger Pukall
- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Leibniz Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Viggo T. Marteinsson
- MATIS—Prokaria, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Pascale Ehrenfreund
- Leiden Observatory, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherland
- Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Laura Garcia-Descalzo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial—Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CAB), Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial—Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CAB), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Frédéric Gaboyer
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orléans, France
| | - Frances Westall
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orléans, France
| | | | | | - Petra Rettberg
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
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