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Zhao H, Huang Y, Shu S, Wang G, Fu C, Huang R, Zhang J, Su H, He Y, Lei C, Du L, Zhao J, Peng W. Transcriptomics and metabolomics of blood, urine and ovarian follicular fluid of yak at induced estrus stage. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:201. [PMID: 38383305 PMCID: PMC10882836 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
To gain a deeper understanding of the metabolic differences within and outside the body, as well as changes in transcription levels following estrus in yaks, we conducted transcriptome and metabolome analyses on female yaks in both estrus and non-estrus states. The metabolome analysis identified 114, 13, and 91 distinct metabolites in urine, blood, and follicular fluid, respectively. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis highlighted an enrichment of pathways related to amino acid and lipid metabolism across all three body fluids. Our transcriptome analysis revealed 122 differentially expressed genes within microRNA (miRNA) and 640 within long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Functional enrichment analysis of lncRNA and miRNA indicated their involvement in cell signaling, disease resistance, and immunity pathways. We constructed a regulatory network composed of 10 lncRNAs, 4 miRNAs, and 30 mRNAs, based on the targeted regulation relationships of the differentially expressed genes. In conclusion, the accumulation of metabolites such as amino acids, steroids, and organic acids, along with the expression changes of key genes like miR-129 during yak estrus, provide initial insights into the estrus mechanism in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangqing Zhao
- Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Shi Shu
- Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Huawei Su
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang He
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Du
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Qinghai University, Xining, China.
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2
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Gouzerh F, Vigo G, Dormont L, Buatois B, Hervé MR, Mancini M, Maraver A, Thomas F, Ganem G. Urinary VOCs as biomarkers of early stage lung tumour development in mice. Cancer Biomark 2024; 39:113-125. [PMID: 37980646 PMCID: PMC11002722 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer-induced death. In addition to prevention and improved treatment, it has increasingly been established that early detection is critical to successful remission. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine that could help diagnose mouse lung cancer at an early stage of its development. METHODS We analysed the VOC composition of urine in a genetically engineered lung adenocarcinoma mouse model with oncogenic EGFR doxycycline-inducible lung-specific expression. We compared the urinary VOCs of 10 cancerous mice and 10 healthy mice (controls) before and after doxycycline induction, every two weeks for 12 weeks, until full-blown carcinomas appeared. We used SPME fibres and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry to detect variations in cancer-related urinary VOCs over time. RESULTS This study allowed us to identify eight diagnostic biomarkers that help discriminate early stages of cancer tumour development (i.e., before MRI imaging techniques could identify it). CONCLUSION The analysis of mice urinary VOCs have shown that cancer can induce changes in odour profiles at an early stage of cancer development, opening a promising avenue for early diagnosis of lung cancer in other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Gouzerh
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer/Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CEFE, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Vigo
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer/Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Dormont
- CEFE, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Buatois
- CEFE, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime R. Hervé
- IGEPP, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Maicol Mancini
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Inserm U1194-ICM-Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antonio Maraver
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Inserm U1194-ICM-Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer/Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guila Ganem
- ISEM, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Bredemeyer KR, Hillier L, Harris AJ, Hughes GM, Foley NM, Lawless C, Carroll RA, Storer JM, Batzer MA, Rice ES, Davis BW, Raudsepp T, O'Brien SJ, Lyons LA, Warren WC, Murphy WJ. Single-haplotype comparative genomics provides insights into lineage-specific structural variation during cat evolution. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1953-1963. [PMID: 37919451 PMCID: PMC10845050 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of structurally dynamic genomic regions in speciation is poorly understood due to challenges inherent in diploid genome assembly. Here we reconstructed the evolutionary dynamics of structural variation in five cat species by phasing the genomes of three interspecies F1 hybrids to generate near-gapless single-haplotype assemblies. We discerned that cat genomes have a paucity of segmental duplications relative to great apes, explaining their remarkable karyotypic stability. X chromosomes were hotspots of structural variation, including enrichment with inversions in a large recombination desert with characteristics of a supergene. The X-linked macrosatellite DXZ4 evolves more rapidly than 99.5% of the genome clarifying its role in felid hybrid incompatibility. Resolved sensory gene repertoires revealed functional copy number changes associated with ecomorphological adaptations, sociality and domestication. This study highlights the value of gapless genomes to reveal structural mechanisms underpinning karyotypic evolution, reproductive isolation and ecological niche adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Bredemeyer
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - LaDeana Hillier
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew J Harris
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Graham M Hughes
- School of Biology & Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicole M Foley
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Colleen Lawless
- School of Biology & Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel A Carroll
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Mark A Batzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Edward S Rice
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Guy Harvey Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - William J Murphy
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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4
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The Effect of a Synthetic Scent on Cheetah Behaviour. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030369. [PMID: 36766257 PMCID: PMC9913349 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In cheetahs, age at first parturition correlates negatively with reproductive lifespan (asymmetric reproductive aging); therefore, breeding cheetahs at a young age is essential to maximize reproductive performance in this species. However, younger females display a significantly reduced frequency of copulatory behaviour, which negatively affects breeding. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are known to regulate appropriate behavioural responses in various species, including reproductive behaviour; moreover, they have proven to play a role in captive breeding methods in cheetahs, as well as mate choice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a synthetic scent (SS) on the frequency of the five oestrous behaviour(s) (sniff, rub, roll, spray, and meow-chirp) known to be indicative of oestrus in female cheetahs. Based on the results of a previous study from our research group, five VOCs, identified in the marking fluid of male cheetahs, and known to be pheromones involved in reproductive behaviour, were used to create the SS. This was accomplished by mixing benzaldehyde, acetophenone, indole, dimethyl disulphide and phenol with (99.9%) ethanol. Seven female cheetahs were then observed for one oestrus cycle without stimulation (control) and then once again while exposed to the SS (treatment), which was sprayed on foil trays placed around the outside of each enclosure. The occurrence of the five oestrous behaviours was recorded and tallied per day of observations. Although the SS did not have a significant effect on the frequency of oestrous behaviours displayed by the females used in this study, five of the seven (71%) did show an increase in their behaviour with the SS when oestrogen concentrations were at their highest (peak oestrus), including three of the four younger females. The SS also significantly increased the sniffing behaviour in general. Although the results of this study do indicate that VOCs influence cheetahs and their behaviour, firm conclusions cannot be drawn due to the low number of animals used, as well as the significant effect the observation methods had on the results. Nonetheless, this study represents the first of this kind in cheetahs, therefore representing an important step in determining the role of VOCs in aiding breeding in captivity.
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Chemical Characterization of the Marking Fluid of Breeding and Non-Breeding Male Cheetahs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172284. [PMID: 36078003 PMCID: PMC9454599 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The study aimed at chemically characterizing the marking fluid of both breeding and non-breeding male cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Specifically, it focused on identifying potential differences in pheromones related to sexual behavior/attraction in this species. Furthermore, it aimed at providing more information as a basis for future studies, such as the investigation of specific semiochemicals in the reproductive behavior of cheetahs. The results of this study support the hypothesis of differences in the relative concentration of volatile organic chemicals between male cheetahs; however, they highlight the importance of diet and age on the presence of volatile organic chemicals in the marking fluid. Abstract Scent is known to play an important role in the reproduction of cheetahs and other felids. In fact, the presence/odor of a male cheetah has been noted to trigger the estrous cycle in females. The objective of this study was to analyze the marking fluid (MF) of male cheetahs from different breeding groups to determine the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present, with the aim of identifying potential pheromones relating to sexual behavior/attraction in this species. Four breeding (B; age: 8.9 ± 1.3 years old) and four non-breeding (NB; age: 5.5 ± 0.8 years old) males were selected for this study. Samples were collected into a glass beaker, transferred immediately into a 20 mL glass screw-cap vial with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated silicone septum, and stored until analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A contingency test with Fisher’s exact test, using the frequency (FREQ) procedure of SAS 9.4, was conducted to determine the difference between the number of VOCs identified per breeding group; furthermore, differences in relative concentration (RC) of the identified VOCs between breeding groups were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures with the GLIMMIX procedure. From the 13 MF samples analyzed, 53 VOCs were identified, and 12 were identified in all the samples. Five of these (dimethyl disulfide, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, phenol, and indole) are known to be involved in attraction/sexual behavior in mammals. Between the two groups, the RC of indole was significantly higher in the NB group, whereas the RC of dodecanoic acid was significantly higher in the B group. Although not significant, the RC of benzaldehyde was higher in the B versus the NB group. The results of this study do support the hypothesis of differences in VOCs’ between B and NB male cheetahs. However, the overlapping of age and breeding status and the diet differences could not be controlled. Still, the evidence of changes in MF composition in male cheetahs necessitates further studies on possible strategies to improve reproduction in captivity.
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Wright DW, Koziel JA, Parker DB, Iwasinska A, Hartman TG, Kolvig P, Wahe L. Qualitative Exploration of the 'Rolling Unmasking Effect' for Downwind Odor Dispersion from a Model Animal Source. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413085. [PMID: 34948693 PMCID: PMC8702010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Solving environmental odor issues can be confounded by many analytical, technological, and socioeconomic factors. Considerable know-how and technologies can fail to properly identify odorants responsible for the downwind nuisance odor and, thereby, focus on odor mitigation strategies. We propose enabling solutions to environmental odor issues utilizing troubleshooting techniques developed for the food, beverage, and consumer products industries. Our research has shown that the odorant impact-priority ranking process can be definable and relatively simple. The initial challenge is the prioritization of environmental odor character from the perspective of the impacted citizenry downwind. In this research, we utilize a natural model from the animal world to illustrate the rolling unmasking effect (RUE) and discuss it more systematically in the context of the proposed environmental odorant prioritization process. Regardless of the size and reach of an odor source, a simplification of odor character and composition typically develops with increasing dilution downwind. An extreme odor simplification-upon-dilution was demonstrated for the prehensile-tailed porcupine (P.T. porcupine); its downwind odor frontal boundary was dominated by a pair of extremely potent character-defining odorants: (1) ‘onion’/‘body odor’ and (2) ‘onion’/‘grilled’ odorants. In contrast with the outer-boundary simplicity, the near-source assessment presented considerable compositional complexity and composite odor character difference. The ultimate significance of the proposed RUE approach is the illustration of naturally occurring phenomena that explain why some environmental odors and their sources can be challenging to identify and mitigate using an analytical-only approach (focused on compound identities and concentrations). These approaches rarely move beyond comprehensive lists of volatile compounds emitted by the source. The novelty proposed herein lies in identification of those few compounds responsible for the downwind odor impacts and requiring mitigation focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W. Wright
- Don Wright & Associates, LLC, Georgetown, TX 78628, USA
- Correspondence: (D.W.W.); (J.A.K.); Tel.: +1-512-750-1047 (D.W.W.); +1-515-294-4206 (J.A.K.)
| | - Jacek A. Koziel
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: (D.W.W.); (J.A.K.); Tel.: +1-512-750-1047 (D.W.W.); +1-515-294-4206 (J.A.K.)
| | - David B. Parker
- College of Engineering, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA;
| | - Anna Iwasinska
- Volatile Analysis Corporation Inc., Grant, AL 78664, USA;
| | - Thomas G. Hartman
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | | | - Landon Wahe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
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Understanding the Role of Semiochemicals on the Reproductive Behaviour of Cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus)-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113140. [PMID: 34827872 PMCID: PMC8614540 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review aims to provide an in-depth overview of the reproductive physiology and behaviour of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Specifically, it focuses on the role that pheromones (a class of semiochemicals) play by directly affecting the reproductive (e.g., precopulatory and copulatory) behaviour. Furthermore, it aims to critically analyze current research and provide new insights on study areas needing further investigation. It is clear, for instance, that further research is necessary to investigate the role of semiochemicals in the reproductive behaviour of cheetahs in order to rectify the current behavioural difficulties experienced when breeding younger females. This, in turn, would aid in improving captive breeding and the prevention of asymmetric reproductive aging. Abstract The cheetah species (Acinonyx jubatus) is currently listed as vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Captive breeding has long since been used as a method of conservation of the species, with the aim to produce a healthy, strong population of cheetahs with an increased genetic variety when compared to their wild counterparts. This would then increase the likelihood of survivability once released into protected areas. Unfortunately, breeding females have been reported to be difficult due to the age of these animals. Older females are less fertile, have more difficult parturition, and are susceptible to asymmetric reproductive aging whereas younger females tend to show a significantly lower frequency of mating behaviour than that of older females, which negatively affects breeding introductions, and therefore mating. Nonetheless, the experience from breeding methods used in some breeding centres in South Africa and the Netherlands, which also rely on the role that semiochemicals play in breeding, proves that cheetahs can be bred successfully in captivity. This review aims to give the reader an in-depth overview of cheetahs’ reproductive physiology and behaviour, focusing on the role that pheromones play in this species. Furthermore, it aims to provide new insight into the use of semiochemicals to improve conservation strategies through captive breeding.
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Tang J, Poirier AC, Duytschaever G, Moreira LAA, Nevo O, Melin AD. Assessing urinary odours across the oestrous cycle in a mouse model using portable and benchtop gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210172. [PMID: 34540244 PMCID: PMC8411304 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
For female mammals, communicating the timing of ovulation is essential for reproduction. Olfactory communication via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can play a key role. We investigated urinary VOCs across the oestrous cycle using laboratory mice. We assessed the oestrous stage through daily vaginal cytology and analysed urinary VOCs using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), testing a portable GC-MS against a benchtop system. We detected 65 VOCs from 40 samples stored in VOC traps and analysed on a benchtop GC-MS, and 15 VOCs from 90 samples extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed on a portable GC-MS. Only three compounds were found in common between the two techniques. Urine collected from the fertile stages of the oestrous cycle had increased quantities of a few notable VOCs compared with urine from non-fertile stages. These VOCs may be indicators of fertility. However, we did not find significant differences in chemical composition among oestrous stages. It is possible that changes in VOC abundance were too small to be detected by our analytical methods. Overall, the use of VOC traps combined with benchtop GC-MS was the more successful of the two methods, yet portable GC-MS systems may still have utility for some in situ applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tang
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Alice C. Poirier
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Gwen Duytschaever
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Laís A. A. Moreira
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Amanda D. Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
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Abstract
Odors may be pleasant or unpleasant and in practice, pleasant odors are attractive while unpleasant odors are repellent. However, an odor that is noxious to one species may be attractive to another. Plants, predators, and pathogens may enhance their transmission by manipulating these signals. This may be especially significant when odors attract arthropod disease vectors. Odor detection may also be important in small prey species for evasion of macropredators such as large carnivores. Conversely, pleasant odors may identify family members, parents, or sexual partners. They may also generate signals of good health or fitness and contribute to the process of mate selection. In this review, we seek to integrate these odor-driven processes into a coherent pattern of behaviors that serve to complement the innate and adaptive immune systems. It may be considered the 'behavioral immune system'.
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10
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McLean S, Nichols DS, Davies NW. Volatile scent chemicals in the urine of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248961. [PMID: 33784329 PMCID: PMC8009367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The red fox is a highly adaptable mammal that has established itself world-wide in many different environments. Contributing to its success is a social structure based on chemical signalling between individuals. Urine scent marking behaviour has long been known in foxes, but there has not been a recent study of the chemical composition of fox urine. We have used solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze the urinary volatiles in 15 free-ranging wild foxes (2 female) living in farmlands and bush in Victoria, Australia. Foxes here are routinely culled as feral pests, and the urine was collected by bladder puncture soon after death. Compounds were identified from their mass spectra and Kovats retention indices. There were 53 possible endogenous scent compounds, 10 plant-derived compounds and 5 anthropogenic xenobiotics. Among the plant chemicals were several aromatic apocarotenoids previously found in greater abundance in the fox tail gland. They reflect the dietary consumption of carotenoids, essential for optimal health. One third of all the endogenous volatiles were sulfur compounds, a highly odiferous group which included thiols, methylsulfides and polysulfides. Five of the sulfur compounds (3-isopentenyl thiol, 1- and 2-phenylethyl methyl sulfide, octanethiol and benzyl methyl sulfide) have only been found in foxes, and four others (isopentyl methyl sulfide, 3-isopentenyl methyl sulfide, and 1- and 2-phenylethane thiol) only in some canid, mink and skunk species. This indicates that they are not normal mammalian metabolites and have evolved to serve a specific role. This role is for defence in musteloids and most likely for chemical communication in canids. The total production of sulfur compounds varied greatly between foxes (median 1.2, range 0.4–32.3 μg ‘acetophenone equivalents’/mg creatinine) as did the relative abundance of different chemical types. The urinary scent chemistry may represent a highly evolved system of semiochemicals for communication between foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart McLean
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David S. Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Noel W. Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis of Domestic Cat Urine and Feces with Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and GC-MS-Olfactometry. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between humans and cats (Felis catus) is well known. This domestic animal is also known for its malodorous urine and feces. The complexity of the odorous urine and feces impacts human life by triggering the human sensory organ in a negative way. The objective of this research was to identify the volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) and associated odors in cat urine and feces using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and simultaneous sensory analysis of fresh and aged samples. The solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique was used to preconcentrate the VOCs emitted from urine or feces samples. Twenty-one compounds were identified as emitted from fresh urine, whereas 64 compounds were emitted from fresh feces. A contrasting temporal impact was observed in the emission of VOCs for urine and feces. On aging, the emission increased to 34 detected chemicals for stale urine, whereas only 12 chemicals were detected in stale feces. Not all compounds were malodorous; some compounds had a pleasant hedonic smell to the human nose. Although trimethylamine, low-molecular-weight organic acids, and ketones were contributors to the odor to some extent, phenolic compounds and aromatic heterocyclic organic N compounds generated the most intense odors and substantially contributed to the overall malodor, as observed by this study. This work might be useful to formulate cat urine and feces odor remediation approaches to reduce odor impacts.
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Abstract
In this review, we summarize the methods of sample introduction into a gas chromatograph. For volatile organic compounds, headspace measurements and purge-trap methods have been used traditionally. Recently, the trapped headspace method has been used in water quality testing. In addition, various solid-state adsorption methods have been developed, including a method in which the adsorbent is placed inside a needle, while new adsorbents and their applications have also been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Sugita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health-1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch-cho Sasebo, Nagasaki, 859-3298, Japan
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Poldy J. Volatile Cues Influence Host-Choice in Arthropod Pests. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1984. [PMID: 33126768 PMCID: PMC7692281 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many arthropod pests of humans and other animals select their preferred hosts by recognising volatile odour compounds contained in the hosts' 'volatilome'. Although there is prolific literature on chemical emissions from humans, published data on volatiles and vector attraction in other species are more sporadic. Despite several decades since the identification of a small number of critical volatiles underpinning specific host-vector relationships, synthetic chemicals or mixtures still largely fail to reproduce the attractiveness of natural hosts to their disease vectors. This review documents allelochemicals from non-human terrestrial animals and considers where challenges in collection and analysis have left shortfalls in animal volatilome research. A total of 1287 volatile organic compounds were identified from 141 species. Despite comparable diversity of entities in each compound class, no specific chemical is ubiquitous in all species reviewed, and over half are reported as unique to a single species. This review provides a rationale for future enquiries by highlighting research gaps, such as disregard for the contribution of breath volatiles to the whole animal volatilome and evaluating the role of allomones as vector deterrents. New opportunities to improve vector surveillance and disrupt disease transmission may be unveiled by understanding the host-associated stimuli that drive vector-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Poldy
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health & Biosecurity, Black Mountain Laboratory, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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14
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Volatile Compounds Emitted from the Cat Urine Contaminated Carpet before and after Treatment with Marketed Cleaning Products: A Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis. DATA 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/data5040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urination on carpet and subflooring can develop into a persistent and challenging problem when trying to mitigate odor. Very little or no information is published on how volatile organic compounds (VOCs) change over time when urine is deposited on a carpet covering a plywood-type subflooring. This research has investigated the VOCs emitted from carpet + subflooring (control), carpet + subflooring sprayed with water (control with moisture), and cat urine-contaminated carpet + subflooring (treatment) over time (day 0 and 15). In addition, the study has recorded the effect of four popular cleaning product applications on VOCs emitted from carpet and evaluated their efficacy in eliminating cat urine related indoor odors over time (days 0 and 15). Carpet-subflooring with all treatments were also contaminated with Micrococcus luteus, a nonmotile obligate aerobe commonly found in household dust, to observe the impact of the aerobe on carpet-subflooring VOCs emission. VOCs emitted from carpet + subflooring receiving different treatments were collected from headspace using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The VOCs were analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry olfactometry (GC-MS-O). Many common VOCs were released from the carpet on day 0 and day 15, specifically from urine contamination. Cleaning products were effective in masking several potent odors of cat urine contaminated carpet VOCs on day 0 but were unable to remove the odor that appeared on day 15 in most cases.
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15
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Wilson AE, Sparks DL, Knott KK, Willard S, Brown A. Simultaneous choice bioassays accompanied by physiological changes identify civetone and decanoic acid as pheromone candidates for giant pandas. Zoo Biol 2020; 39:176-185. [PMID: 31919913 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemicals present in urine are thought to play an important role in mate identification in the solitary giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). During the breeding season, females will deposit chemical signals to advertise sexual receptivity to potential mates. The goal of this study was to determine if specific volatile compounds found in female urine could be considered as pheromones that elicit behavioral and physiological responses in males. Experimental simultaneous choice trials were conducted with captive male giant pandas (n = 3) housed at Memphis Zoo, San Diego Zoo, and Zoo Atlanta. Octanoic acid, 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, decanoic acid, and civetone were selected as stimuli because previous studies reported their elevation in urine during the breeding season. Male interest was determined by a behavioral preference toward these volatile compounds diluted in synthetic urine compared with nontreated synthetic urine. Male urine samples were collected 1 week prior, during, and 1 week after the experimental period to assess changes in urinary semiochemical composition and urinary androgen concentrations. No significant differences in investigation response (p = .395) or flehmen response (p = .600) were found when stimuli were compared; however, decanoic acid and civetone elicited a behavioral preference over the control (response ratio > 0.5). The relative abundance of 16 compounds identified in male urine was significantly elevated (p < .05) above baseline values after the males were exposed to the stimuli. Androgen levels were significantly elevated (p < .05) in one male after exposure to 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, decanoic acid, and civetone. These data suggested that civetone and decanoic acid in female urine may motivate sexual responses in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey E Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi.,Department of Conservation and Research, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Darrell L Sparks
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi.,Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Katrina K Knott
- Resource Science Division, Missouri Department of Conservation, Aquatic Systems and Environmental Health Unit, Central Regional Office and Conservation Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott Willard
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Ashli Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi.,Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
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16
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Gaona O, Cerqueda-García D, Falcón LI, Vázquez-Domínguez G, Valdespino-Castillo PM, Neri-Barrios CX. Microbiota composition of the dorsal patch of reproductive male Leptonycteris yerbabuenae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226239. [PMID: 31841551 PMCID: PMC6913938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and other types of microbes interact with their hosts in several ways, including metabolic pathways, development, and complex behavioral processes such as mate recognition. During the mating season, adult males of the lesser long-nosed agave pollinator bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae) develop a structure called the dorsal patch, which is located in the interscapular region and may play a role in kin recognition and mate selection. Using high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, we identified a total of 2,847 microbial phylotypes in the dorsal patches of eleven specimens. Twenty-six phylotypes were shared among all the patches, accounting for 30 to 75% of their relative abundance. These shared bacteria are distributed among 13 families, 10 orders, 6 classes and 3 phyla. Two of these common bacterial components of the dorsal patch are Lactococcus and Streptococcus. Some of them-Helcococcus, Aggregatibacter, Enterococcus, and Corynebacteriaceae-include bacteria with pathogenic potential. Half of the shared phylotypes belong to Gallicola, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Proteus, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, and Peptostreptococcus and specialize in fatty acid production through fermentative processes. This work lays the basis for future symbiotic microbe studies focused on communication and reproduction strategies in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osiris Gaona
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico City, México
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Consorcio de Investigación del Golfo de México (CIGOM), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luisa I. Falcón
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Guillermo Vázquez-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carla-Ximena Neri-Barrios
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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17
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Maurer DL, Ellis CK, Thacker TC, Rice S, Koziel JA, Nol P, VerCauteren KC. Screening of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds for Detection of Disease in Cattle: Development of Lab-scale Method. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12103. [PMID: 31431630 PMCID: PMC6702204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary hurdle for diagnosis of some diseases is the long incubation required to culture and confirm the presence of bacteria. The concept of using microbial VOCs as "signature markers" could provide a faster and noninvasive diagnosis. Finding biomarkers is challenging due to the specificity required in complex matrices. The objectives of this study were to (1) build/test a lab-scale platform for screening of microbial VOCs and (2) apply it to Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis; the vaccine strain of M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin; and M. kansasii to demonstrate detection times greater those typically required for culture. SPME-GC-MS was used for sampling, sample preparation, and analyses. For objective (1), a testing platform was built for headspace sampling of bacterial cultures grown in standard culture flasks via a biosecure closed-loop circulating airflow system. For (2), results show that the suites of VOCs produced by Mycobacteria ssp. change over time and that individual strains produce different VOCs. The developed method was successful in discriminating between strains using a pooled multi-group analysis, and in timepoint-specific multi- and pair-wise comparisons. The developed testing platform can be useful for minimally invasive and biosecure collection of biomarkers associated with human, wildlife and livestock diseases for development of diagnostic point-of-care and field surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L Maurer
- Iowa State University, Dept. of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Christine K Ellis
- USDA-APHIS-WS-National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Mycobacterial Diseases, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Somchai Rice
- Iowa State University, Dept. of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jacek A Koziel
- Iowa State University, Dept. of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Pauline Nol
- USDA-APHIS-WS-Wildlife Livestock Disease Investigations Team, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- USDA-APHIS-WS-National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
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18
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The Proof-of-the-Concept of Application of Pelletization for Mitigation of Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12101692. [PMID: 31137692 PMCID: PMC6566988 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Waste can be effectively reused through the production of carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) that enables further energy recovery. Developing cleaner production of CRDF requires consideration of practical issues of storage and handling. Thus, it needs to be ensured that CRDF does not pose an excessive risk to humans and the ecosystem. Very few studies indicate a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present in CRDF, some of which are toxic. During handling, storage, transportation, and use of VOC-rich CRDF, workers and end-users could be exposed to emissions that could pose a health and safety hazard. Our recent study shows that CRDF densification via pelletization can increase the efficiency of storage and transportation. Thus, the following research question was identified: can pelletization mitigate VOCs emissions from CRDF during storage? Preliminary research aiming at the determination of the influence of CRDF pelletization on VOCs emission during storage was completed to address this question. The VOCs emissions from two types of CRDF: ground (loose, torrefied refuse-derived fuel (RDF)) and pelletized, were measured. Pelletization reduced the VOCs emissions potential during the four-day storage by ~86%, in comparison with ground CRDF. Mitigation of VOCs emissions from densified CRDF is feasible, and research is warranted to understand the influence of structural modification on VOCs emission kinetics, and possibilities of scaling up this solution into the practice of cleaner storage and transportation of CRDF.
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19
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Janda ED, Perry KL, Hankinson E, Walker D, Vaglio S. Sex differences in scent-marking in captive red-ruffed lemurs. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22951. [PMID: 30663779 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Primate chemical communication remains underappreciated, as primates are considered to rely on other sensory modalities. However, various lines of evidence suggest that olfaction plays an important role in primate societies, including the conspicuous scent-marking behavior of many strepsirrhines and callitrichines. Although lemurs typically show scent-marking, little is known about this behavior in red-ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata rubra). We combined behavioral observations and semiochemistry analyses to improve our understanding of scent-marking in two captive troops housed at Dudley and Twycross zoos (UK). We collected olfactory behavioral observations by focusing on two family troops (N = 7) for 132 hr. We investigated the volatile compounds of ano-genital scent-marks using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared volatile chemical profiles with features of the signaller. Males scent-marked most frequently and predominantly in specific meaningful areas of the enclosure, while within females the occurrence of scent-marking was related to their age. We found behavioral sexual dimorphism, with male predominantly depositing secretions via neck and mandible glands and females via ano-genital glands. We identified a total of 32 volatile components of ano-genital gland secretion, including compounds that have already been found in other mammals as sex pheromones and cues to fitness, in ano-genital scent-marks spontaneously left on filter paper by adult females. Our findings suggest that red-ruffed lemurs might use scent-marking to convey information about sex and female age, with male neck-marking behavior playing defensive territorial functions and ano-genital marking related to socio-sexual communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellesse D Janda
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, City Campus South, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L Perry
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, City Campus South, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Hankinson
- Department of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - David Walker
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, City Campus South, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Vaglio
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, City Campus South, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.,Department of Anthropology and Behaviour Ecology and Evolution Research (BEER) Centre, Science Site, Durham, United Kingdom
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20
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Białowiec A, Micuda M, Szumny A, Łyczko J, Koziel JA. Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123208. [PMID: 30563101 PMCID: PMC6321041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) were quantified on a laboratory scale. The analyzed CRDF was generated from the torrefaction of municipal waste. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify 84 VOCs, including many that are toxic, e.g., derivatives of benzene or toluene. The highest emissions were measured for nonanal, octanal, and heptanal. The top 10 most emitted VOCs contributed to almost 65% of the total emissions. The VOC mixture emitted from torrefied CRDF differed from that emitted by other types of pyrolyzed biochars, produced from different types of feedstock, and under different pyrolysis conditions. SPME was a useful technology for surveying VOC emissions. Results provide an initial database of the types and relative quantities of VOCs emitted from CRDF. This data is needed for further development of CRDF technology and comprehensive assessment of environmental impact and practical storage, transport, and potential adoption of CRDF as means of energy and resource recovery from municipal waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Białowiec
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Monika Micuda
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Jacek Łyczko
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Jacek A Koziel
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, USA.
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Detection of Volatile Compounds Emitted from Nasal Secretions and Serum: Towards Non-Invasive Identification of Diseased Cattle Biomarkers. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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22
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Analysis of Odorants in Marking Fluid of Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) Using Simultaneous Sensory and Chemical Analysis with Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070834. [PMID: 27347921 PMCID: PMC6273184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Scent-marking is the most effective method of communication in the presence or absence of a signaler. These complex mixtures result in a multifaceted interaction triggered by the sense of smell. The objective was to identify volatile organic compound (VOC) composition and odors emitted by total marking fluid (MF) associated with Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Siberian tiger, an endangered species, was chosen because its MF had never been analyzed. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) for headspace volatile collection combined with multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry for simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses were used. Thirty-two VOCs emitted from MF were identified. 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, the sole previously identified compound responsible for the "characteristic" odor of P. tigris MF, was identified along with two additional compounds confirmed with standards (urea, furfural) and four tentatively identified compounds (3-methylbutanamine, (R)-3-methylcyclopentanone, propanedioic acid, and 3-hydroxybutanal) as being responsible for the characteristic aroma of Siberian tiger MF. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses improved characterization of scent-markings and identified compounds not previously reported in MF of other tiger species. This research will assist animal ecologists, behaviorists, and zookeepers in understanding how scents from specific MF compounds impact tiger and wildlife communication and improve management practices related to animal behavior. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses is applicable to unlocking scent-marking information for other species.
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