1
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Zhang W, Killian L, Thevenon A. Electrochemical recycling of polymeric materials. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8606-8624. [PMID: 38873080 PMCID: PMC11168094 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials play a pivotal role in our modern world, offering a diverse range of applications. However, they have been designed with end-properties in mind over recyclability, leading to a crisis in their waste management. The recent emergence of electrochemical recycling methodologies for polymeric materials provides new perspectives on closing their life cycle, and to a larger extent, the plastic loop by transforming plastic waste into monomers, building blocks, or new polymers. In this context, we summarize electrochemical strategies developed for the recovery of building blocks, the functionalization of polymer chains as well as paired electrolysis and discuss how they can make an impact on plastic recycling, especially compared to traditional thermochemical approaches. Additionally, we explore potential directions that could revolutionize research in electrochemical plastic recycling, addressing associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhang
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lars Killian
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Thevenon
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
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2
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Lindenbeck LM, Barra VC, Dahlhaus S, Brand S, Wende LM, Beele BB, Schebb NH, Rodrigues BVM, Slabon A. Organic Chemicals from Wood: Selective Depolymerization and Dearomatization of Lignin via Aqueous Electrocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301617. [PMID: 38179850 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Replacing crude oil as the primary industrial source of carbon-based chemicals has become crucial for both environmental and resource sustainability reasons. In this scenario, wood arises as an excellent candidate, whilst depolymerization approaches have emerged as promising strategies to unlock the lignin potential as a resource in the production of high-value organic chemicals. However, many drawbacks, such as toxic solvents, expensive catalysts, high energy inputs, and poor product selectivity have represented major challenges to this task. Herein, we present an unprecedented approach using electrocatalysis for the simultaneous depolymerization and dearomatization of lignin in aqueous medium under ambient conditions. By employing water/sodium carbonate as a solvent system, we demonstrated a pathway for selectively depolymerizing lignin under reductive electrochemical conditions using carbon as an electrocatalyst. After reductive electrocatalysis, the presence of aromatic compounds was no longer detected via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Further characterization by NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry revealed the major presences of sodium levulinate, sodium 4-hydroxyvalerate, sodium formate, and sodium acetate as products. By achieving a complete dearomatization, valuable aliphatic intermediates with enhanced reactivity were selectively obtained, opening new avenues for further synthesis of many different organic chemicals, and contributing to a more sustainable and circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie M Lindenbeck
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Vanessa C Barra
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sira Dahlhaus
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Silas Brand
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Luca M Wende
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Björn B Beele
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nils H Schebb
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bruno V M Rodrigues
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Adam Slabon
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
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3
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Christoff-Tempesta T, Epps TH. Ionic-Liquid-Mediated Deconstruction of Polymers for Advanced Recycling and Upcycling. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1058-1070. [PMID: 37516988 PMCID: PMC10433533 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a promising medium to assist in the advanced (chemical and biological) recycling of polymers, owing to their tunable catalytic activity, tailorable chemical functionality, low vapor pressures, and thermal stability. These unique physicochemical properties, combined with ILs' capacity to solubilize plastics waste and biopolymers, offer routes to deconstruct polymers at reduced temperatures (and lower energy inputs) versus conventional bulk and solvent-based methods, while also minimizing unwanted side reactions. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the use of ILs as catalysts and mediators in advanced recycling, with an emphasis on chemical recycling, by examining the interplay between IL chemistry and deconstruction thermodynamics, deconstruction kinetics, IL recovery, and product recovery. We also consider several potential environmental benefits and concerns associated with employing ILs for advanced recycling over bulk- or solvent-mediated deconstruction techniques, such as reduced chemical escape by volatilization, decreased energy demands, toxicity, and environmental persistence. By analyzing IL-mediated polymer deconstruction across a breadth of macromolecular systems, we identify recent innovations, current challenges, and future opportunities in IL application toward circular polymer economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Christoff-Tempesta
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center
for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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4
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Zirbes M, Graßl T, Neuber R, Waldvogel SR. Peroxodicarbonate as a Green Oxidizer for the Selective Degradation of Kraft Lignin into Vanillin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219217. [PMID: 36719064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the world's largest resource of renewable aromatics, with annually roughly 50 million tons of accruing technical lignin, mainly Kraft lignin, is highly underdeveloped regarding the production of monoaromatics. We demonstrate the oxidative depolymerization of Kraft lignin at 180 °C to produce vanillin 1 in yields up to 6.2 wt % and 92 % referred to the maximum yield gained from the quantification reaction utilizing nitrobenzene. Using peroxodicarbonate (C2 O6 2- ) as "green" oxidizer for the degradation, toxic and/or harmful reagents are prevented. Also, the formed waste can serve as makeup chemical in the pulping process. Na2 C2 O6 is synthesized in an ex-cell electrolysis of aqueous Na2 CO3 at BDD anodes, achieving a yield of Na2 C2 O6 with 41 %. At least, the oxidation and degradation of Kraft lignin is analysis via UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zirbes
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Graßl
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Rieke Neuber
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Li P, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Li K, Jin Y, Wu W. DES: their effect on lignin and recycling performance. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3241-3254. [PMID: 36756401 PMCID: PMC9872775 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06033g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass raw materials are renewable resources with abundant reserves in nature, and have many advantages, such as being green, biodegradable and cheap. Lignin, one of the three significant components of lignocellulose, possesses a chemical structure rich in phenylpropane and is a primary aromatic resource for the bio-based economy. For the extraction and degradation of lignin, the most common method is the pretreatment of lignocellulose with deep eutectic solvents (DES), which have similar physicochemical properties to ionic liquids (ILs) but address the disadvantages associated with ILs (DES have the advantages of low cost, low toxicity, and non-flammability). In lignocellulose pretreatment, a large amount of solvent is generally required to achieve the desired effect. However, after treatment, a substantial volume of solvent will be wasted, and thus, the problem of the recovery and reuse of DES solution needs to be adequately solved. The methods and mechanisms of perfect DES regeneration will be discussed from the perspective of the elemental composition and features of DESs in this review, which will also outline the present DES recovery methods, such as rotary evaporation, membrane separation, freeze-drying, electrodialysis, etc. The detailed process and the advantages and disadvantages of each method since 2018 are introduced in detail. Future DES recovery methods have been prospected, and the optimization of the functional properties of DESs after recovery is discussed. It is expected to find a convenient and efficient application method for DES extraction or degradation of lignin with low energy and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China .,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zihui Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China .,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Kongyan Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China .,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China .,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China .,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
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6
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Ionic liquids enhance the electrocatalysis of lignin model compounds towards generating valuable aromatic molecules. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Wan Z, Zhang H, Guo Y, Li H. Advances in Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyuanye Wan
- Zhouyuanye Wan Prof. Dr. Yanzhu Guo Prof. Dr. Haiming Li Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute Co. Ltd. Beijing 100102 China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- Zhouyuanye Wan Prof. Dr. Yanzhu Guo Prof. Dr. Haiming Li Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Haiming Li
- Zhouyuanye Wan Prof. Dr. Yanzhu Guo Prof. Dr. Haiming Li Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
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8
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Lu X, Gu X. A review on lignin pyrolysis: pyrolytic behavior, mechanism, and relevant upgrading for improving process efficiency. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:106. [PMID: 36221137 PMCID: PMC9552425 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is a promising alternative to traditional fossil resources for producing biofuels due to its aromaticity and renewability. Pyrolysis is an efficient technology to convert lignin to valuable chemicals, which is beneficial for improving lignin valorization. In this review, pyrolytic behaviors of various lignin were included, as well as the pyrolytic mechanism consisting of initial, primary, and charring stages were also introduced. Several parallel reactions, such as demethoxylation, demethylation, decarboxylation, and decarbonylation of lignin side chains to form light gases, major lignin structure decomposition to generate phenolic compounds, and polymerization of active lignin intermediates to yield char, can be observed through the whole pyrolysis process. Several parameters, such as pyrolytic temperature, time, lignin type, and functional groups (hydroxyl, methoxy), were also investigated to figure out their effects on lignin pyrolysis. On the other hand, zeolite-driven lignin catalytic pyrolysis and lignin co-pyrolysis with other hydrogen-rich co-feedings were also introduced for improving process efficiency to produce more aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs). During the pyrolysis process, phenolic compounds and/or AHs can be produced, showing promising applications in biochemical intermediates and biofuel additives. Finally, some challenges and future perspectives for lignin pyrolysis have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- grid.410625.40000 0001 2293 4910Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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9
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Hansen-Felby M, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Electrocatalytic Depolymerization of Self-Immolative Poly(Dithiothreitol) Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:6292. [PMID: 36234828 PMCID: PMC9573698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the use of electrogenerated anthraquinone radical anion (AQ•-) to trigger fast catalytic depolymerization of polymers derived from poly(dithiothreitol) (pDTT)-a self-immolative polymer (SIP) with a backbone of dithiothreitols connected with disulfide bonds and end-capped via disulfide bonds to pyridyl groups. The pDTT derivatives studied include polymers with simple thiohexyl end-caps or modified with AQ or methyl groups by Steglich esterification. All polymers were shown to be depolymerized using catalytic amounts of electrons delivered by AQ•-. For pDTT, as little as 0.2 electrons per polymer chain was needed to achieve complete depolymerization. We hypothesize that the reaction proceeds with AQ•- as an electron carrier (either molecularly or as a pendant group), which transfers an electron to a disulfide bond in the polymer in a dissociative manner, generating a thiyl radical and a thiolate. The rapid and catalytic depolymerization is driven by thiyl radicals attacking other disulfide bonds internally or between pDTT chains in a chain reaction. Electrochemical triggering works as a general method for initiating depolymerization of pDTT derivatives and may likely also be used for depolymerization of other disulfide polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Hansen-Felby
- Department of Chemistry and Interdiciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen U. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdiciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry and Interdiciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Mukhopadhyay D, Gupta P, Patidar R, Srivastava VC. Microbial peroxide producing cell mediated lignin valorization. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:431-437. [PMID: 34999046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the most abundant naturally occurring polymers and can produce value-added products such as vanillin and p-coumaric acid. In the current work, in-situ depolymerization of lignin for its valorization in a microbial peroxide-producing cell (MPPC) system was performed. It is an electrochemical cell that requires no external energy to produce H2O2 for the advanced oxidation process. Lignin in the MPPC system undergoes oxidative depolymerization to generate value-added products. The maximum open-circuit voltage (OCV) was 1.143 V, the current density and power densities were 14 mA/cm2 and 13 mW/cm2, respectively, along with the production of 26 mM of H2O2. The degradation of signature linkages such as β-β bond and β-0-4 bond were analyzed and confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. Vanillin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, etc. were generated during depolymerization and were detected using LC-QTOF-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chattisgarh 492010, India.
| | - Pratima Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chattisgarh 492010, India.
| | - Ritesh Patidar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India; Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan 324010, India.
| | - Vimal Chandra Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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11
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Ayub R, Raheel A. High-Value Chemicals from Electrocatalytic Depolymerization of Lignin: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3767. [PMID: 35409138 PMCID: PMC8999055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is renewable and one of the most abundant sources for the production of high-value chemicals, materials, and fuels. It is of immense importance to develop new efficient technologies for the industrial production of chemicals by utilizing renewable resources. Lignocellulosic biomass can potentially replace fossil-based chemistries. The production of fuel and chemicals from lignin powered by renewable electricity under ambient temperatures and pressures enables a more sustainable way to obtain high-value chemicals. More specifically, in a sustainable biorefinery, it is essential to valorize lignin to enhance biomass transformation technology and increase the overall economy of the process. Strategies regarding electrocatalytic approaches as a way to valorize or depolymerize lignin have attracted significant interest from growing scientific communities over the recent decades. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the electrocatalytic methods for depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass with an emphasis on untargeted depolymerization as well as the selective and targeted mild synthesis of high-value chemicals. Electrocatalytic cleavage of model compounds and further electrochemical upgrading of bio-oils are discussed. Finally, some insights into current challenges and limitations associated with this approach are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- RISE Processum AB, Bioeconomy and Health Division, SE-891 22 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
| | - Ahmad Raheel
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
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12
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Khan RJ, Lau CY, Guan J, Lam CH, Zhao J, Ji Y, Wang H, Xu J, Lee DJ, Leu SY. Recent advances of lignin valorization techniques toward sustainable aromatics and potential benchmarks to fossil refinery products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126419. [PMID: 34838966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds are important fuels and key chemical precursors for organic synthesis, however the current aromatics market are mainly relying on fossil resources which will eventually contribute to carbon emissions. Lignin has been recognized as a drop-in substitution to conventional aromatics, with its values gradually realized after tremendous research efforts in the recent five years. To facilitate the development of a possible lignin economics, this study overviewed the recent advances of various biorefinery techniques and the remaining challenging for lignin valorization. Starting with recent discovery of unexplored lignin structures, the potential functions of lignin related chemical structures were emphasized. The important breakthrough of lignin-first pretreatment, catalytic lignin depolymerization, and the high value products with possible benchmark with modern aromatics were reviewed with possible future targets. Possible retrofit of conventional petroleum refinery for lignin products were also introduced and hopefully paving a way to progressively migrate the industry towards carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Jalil Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Yin Lau
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jianyu Guan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Ji
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Huaimin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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13
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Homann J, Zirbes M, Arndt‐Engelbart M, Scholz D, Waldvogel SR, Hoffmann T. Development of a Method for Anodic Degradation of Lignin for the Analysis of Paleo‐Vegetation Proxies in Speleothems. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Homann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Meiko Arndt‐Engelbart
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Denis Scholz
- Institute for Geosciences Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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14
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Yang C, Chen H, Peng T, Liang B, Zhang Y, Zhao W. Lignin valorization toward value-added chemicals and fuels via electrocatalysis: A perspective. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Nurdin M, Abimanyu H, Haris A, Maulidiyah M, Fitriady MA, Mansur D, Arham Z, Wibowo D, Salim LOA. Effectiveness of Green Chemical Solvent-based on Triethylammonium Methanesulfonate Ion Liquid for the OPEFB Pretreatment Process. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1509-1515. [PMID: 34615831 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have explored the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass based on oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) which is categorized as potential biomass waste for bioethanol production. Before proceeding further to obtain bioethanol, several steps such as pretreatment to increase organic constituents are needed. The ionic liquids (ILs) were commonly investigated by many researchers for lignocellulosic pretreatment because it is easy solubilization property, non-toxic, and not harmful impacts on the environment. Therefore in this study, the hypothesis and main objective were to observe the effectiveness of triethylammonium methanesulfonate ion liquid (TMS IL) in the OPEFB lignocellulose pretreatment process. Three variations were studied to obtain optimization of the pretreatment process, such as times duration, IL composition, and temperature. Based on these results, we observed the effectiveness of the time duration for OPEFB pretreatment of 20 hours. Furthermore, it was applied to determine the optimization of IL composition and temperature showing that using 91% (1:1:10) at 120°C for 20 hours has provided good performance for the OPEFB lignocellulose pretreatment process. TMS IL has exhibited the ability to reduce hemicellulose and lignin contents to 7.35% and 17.80%, whereas cellulose was increased by 54.24%. This has the opportunity to be projected to a larger scale for bioethanol production based on OPEFB lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nurdin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo
| | - Haznan Abimanyu
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
| | - Abdul Haris
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo
| | - Maulidiyah Maulidiyah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo
| | | | - Dieni Mansur
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
| | - Zul Arham
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kendari
| | - Dwiprayogo Wibowo
- Department of Environmental Engineerng, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kendari
| | - La Ode Agus Salim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo
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16
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Investigating Lignin-Derived Monomers and Oligomers in Low-Molecular-Weight Fractions Separated from Depolymerized Black Liquor Retentate by Membrane Filtration. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26102887. [PMID: 34068097 PMCID: PMC8152784 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Base-catalyzed depolymerization of black liquor retentate (BLR) from the kraft pulping process, followed by ultrafiltration, has been suggested as a means of obtaining low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds. The chemical complexity of BLR, which consists of a mixture of softwood and hardwood lignin that has undergone several kinds of treatment, leads to a complex mixture of LMW compounds, making the separation of components for the formation of value-added chemicals more difficult. Identifying the phenolic compounds in the LMW fractions obtained under different depolymerization conditions is essential for the upgrading process. In this study, a state-of-the-art nontargeted analysis method using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC/HRMSn) combined with a Kendrick mass defect-based classification model was applied to analyze the monomers and oligomers in the LMW fractions separated from BLR samples depolymerized at 170–210 °C. The most common phenolic compound types were dimers, followed by monomers. A second round of depolymerization yielded low amounts of monomers and dimers, while a high number of trimers were formed, thought to be the result of repolymerization.
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17
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Qin J, Wang M, Wang Y, Wang C, Lu Y, Huo F, He H. Understanding Electric Field‐Dependent Structure Variation of Functional Ionic Liquids at the Electrode Interface. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Mi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chenlu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yumiao Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Feng Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Hongyan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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18
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Sivagurunathan P, Raj T, Mohanta CS, Semwal S, Satlewal A, Gupta RP, Puri SK, Ramakumar SSV, Kumar R. 2G waste lignin to fuel and high value-added chemicals: Approaches, challenges and future outlook for sustainable development. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129326. [PMID: 33360003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is produced as a byproduct in cellulosic biorefinery as well in pulp and paper industries and has the potential for the synthesis of a variety of phenolics chemicals, biodegradable polymers, and high value-added chemicals surrogate to conventional petro-based fuels. Therefore, in this critical review, we emphasize the possible scenario for lignin isolation, transformation into value addition chemicals/materials for the economic viability of current biorefineries. Additionally, this review covers the chemical structure of lignocellulosic biomass/lignin, worldwide availability of lignin and describe various thermochemical (homogeneous/heterogeneous base/acid-catalyzed depolymerization, oxidative, hydrogenolysis etc.) and biotechnological developments for the production of bio-based low molecular weight phenolics, i.e. polyhydroxyalkanoates, vanillin, adipic acid, lipids etc. Besides, some functional chemicals applications, lignin-formaldehyde ion exchange resin, electrochemical and production of few targeted chemicals are also elaborated. Finally, we examine the challenges, opportunities and prospects way forward related to lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sivagurunathan
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Tirath Raj
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanta
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Surbhi Semwal
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Alok Satlewal
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Suresh K Puri
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India.
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19
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Di Fidio N, Timmermans JW, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM, Gosselink RJA, Bisselink RJM, Slaghek TM. Electro-oxidative depolymerisation of technical lignin in water using platinum, nickel oxide hydroxide and graphite electrodes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the lignin exploitation to added-value bioproducts, a mild chemical conversion route based on electrochemistry was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
- University of Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Johan W. Timmermans
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
- University of Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | | | - Richard J. A. Gosselink
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Roel J. M. Bisselink
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Ted M. Slaghek
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
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20
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Melro E, Filipe A, Sousa D, Medronho B, Romano A. Revisiting lignin: a tour through its structural features, characterization methods and applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A pedagogical overview of the main extraction procedures and structural features, characterization methods and state-of-the-art applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Melro
- University of Coimbra
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- Rua Larga
- 3004-535 Coimbra
| | - Alexandra Filipe
- CIEPQPF
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Coimbra
- Pólo II – R. Silvio Lima
- 3030-790 Coimbra
| | - Dora Sousa
- c5Lab – Edifício Central Park
- Rua Central Park 6
- 2795-242 Linda-a-Velha
- Portugal
| | - Bruno Medronho
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture
- Environment and Development
- Universidade do Algarve
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Campus de Gambelas
| | - Anabela Romano
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture
- Environment and Development
- Universidade do Algarve
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Campus de Gambelas
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21
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Sarika PR, Nancarrow P, Khansaheb A, Ibrahim T. Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2237. [PMID: 32998463 PMCID: PMC7599631 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Sarika
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE; (P.R.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Paul Nancarrow
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE; (P.R.S.); (T.I.)
| | | | - Taleb Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE; (P.R.S.); (T.I.)
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22
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Garedew M, Lin F, Song B, DeWinter TM, Jackson JE, Saffron CM, Lam CH, Anastas PT. Greener Routes to Biomass Waste Valorization: Lignin Transformation Through Electrocatalysis for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4214-4237. [PMID: 32460408 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignin valorization is essential for biorefineries to produce fuels and chemicals for a sustainable future. Today's biorefineries pursue profitable value propositions for cellulose and hemicellulose; however, lignin is typically used mainly for its thermal energy value. To enhance the profit potential for biorefineries, lignin valorization would be a necessary practice. Lignin valorization is greatly advantaged when biomass carbon is retained in the fuel and chemical products and when energy quality is enhanced by electrochemical upgrading. Though lignin upgrading and valorization are very desirable in principle, many barriers involved in lignin pretreatment, extraction, and depolymerization must be overcome to unlock its full potential. This Review addresses the electrochemical transformation of various lignins with the aim of gaining a better understanding of many of the barriers that currently exist in such technologies. These studies give insight into electrochemical lignin depolymerization and upgrading to value-added commodities with the end goal of achieving a global low-carbon circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlet Garedew
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Fang Lin
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Bing Song
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3020, New Zealand
| | - Tamara M DeWinter
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - James E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christopher M Saffron
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- City University of Hong Kong, School of Energy and Environment, Kowloon Tong, China
| | - Paul T Anastas
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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23
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Du X, Zhang H, Sullivan KP, Gogoi P, Deng Y. Electrochemical Lignin Conversion. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4318-4343. [PMID: 33448690 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the largest source of renewable aromatic compounds, making the recovery of aromatic compounds from this material a significant scientific goal. Recently, many studies have reported on lignin depolymerization and upgrading strategies. Electrochemical approaches are considered to be low cost, reagent free, and environmentally friendly, and can be carried out under mild reaction conditions. In this Review, different electrochemical lignin conversion strategies, including electrooxidation, electroreduction, hybrid electro-oxidation and reduction, and combinations of electrochemical and other processes (e. g., biological, solar) for lignin depolymerization and upgrading are discussed in detail. In addition to lignin conversion, electrochemical lignin fractionation from biomass and black liquor is also briefly discussed. Finally, the outlook and challenges for electrochemical lignin conversion are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Du
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Haichuan Zhang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, GA 303320620, USA
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kevin P Sullivan
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Parikshit Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Nowgong College, Nagaon, 782001, Assam, India
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, GA 303320620, USA
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24
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Li T, Mo JY, Weekes DM, Dettelbach KE, Jansonius RP, Sammis GM, Berlinguette CP. Photoelectrochemical Decomposition of Lignin Model Compound on a BiVO 4 Photoanode. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3622-3626. [PMID: 32369260 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectrochemical decomposition of lignin model compounds at a BiVO4 photoanode is demonstrated with simulated sunlight and an applied bias of 2.0 V. These prototypical lignin model compounds are photoelectrochemically converted into the corresponding aryl aldehyde and phenol derivatives in a single step with conversion of up to ≈64 % over 20 h. Control experiments suggest that vanadium sites are electrocatalytically active, which precludes the need for a redox mediator in solution. This feature of the system is corroborated by a layer of V2 O5 deposited on BiVO4 serving to boost the conversion by 10 %. Our methodology capitalizes on the reactive power of sunlight to drive reactions that have only been studied previously by electrochemical or catalytic methods. The use of a BiVO4 photoanode to drive lignin model decomposition therefore provides a new platform to extract valuable aromatic chemical feedstocks using solar energy, electricity and biomass as the only inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jia Yi Mo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - David M Weekes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kevan E Dettelbach
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ryan P Jansonius
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Glenn M Sammis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Curtis P Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
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25
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Sun W, Othman MZ. A selective fractionation method of lignocellulosic materials using electro-assisted organosolv pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121421. [PMID: 31152951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials (LCMs) extracted from waste-wood products are promising sources of renewable chemicals and fuels. Organosolv pretreatment is commonly used for the fractionation of LCMs; however, these methods require high reaction temperatures, which remain problematic. In this study, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and electrochemical conversion were used for LCMs fractionation. This paper presents a modified organosolv pretreatment, termed electro-assisted organosolv pretreatment (EAOP), which utilises gamma-valerolactone and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate as binary solution, in the presence of electrical energy. Importantly, EAOP can selectively fractionate lignin or cellulose at temperatures lower than 80 °C. Cellulose dissolution occurred at 2.4 V whereas lignin dissolution occurred at 4.2 V. A capacitance parameter was established and validated to describe the operating condition and selectively of EAOP. Operations conducted with capacitance less than 2317 F have the potential for cellulose solubilisation, whereas at capacitance exceeding 2317, lignin solubilisation was observed. This study showed that EAOP can overcome organosolv pretreatment shortfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangqiyue Sun
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Australia
| | - Maazuza Z Othman
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Australia.
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26
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Asim AM, Uroos M, Naz S, Sultan M, Griffin G, Muhammad N, Khan AS. Acidic ionic liquids: Promising and cost-effective solvents for processing of lignocellulosic biomass. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Sun W, Trevorah R, Othman MZ. Fractionation of spent liquor from organosolv-pretreatment using lignin-incompatible extraction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 269:255-261. [PMID: 30189378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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28
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Alternatives for Chemical and Biochemical Lignin Valorization: Hot Topics from a Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Published During the 2000–2016 Period. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6080098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A complete bibliometric analysis of the Scopus database was performed to identify the research trends related to lignin valorization from 2000 to 2016. The results from this analysis revealed an exponentially increasing number of publications and a high relevance of interdisciplinary collaboration. The simultaneous valorization of the three main components of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) has been revealed as a key aspect and optimal pretreatment is required for the subsequent lignin valorization. Research covers the determination of the lignin structure, isolation, and characterization; depolymerization by thermal and thermochemical methods; chemical, biochemical and biological conversion of depolymerized lignin; and lignin applications. Most methods for lignin depolymerization are focused on the selective cleavage of the β-O-4 linkage. Although many depolymerization methods have been developed, depolymerization with sodium hydroxide is the dominant process at industrial scale. Oxidative conversion of lignin is the most used method for the chemical lignin upgrading. Lignin uses can be classified according to its structure into lignin-derived aromatic compounds, lignin-derived carbon materials and lignin-derived polymeric materials. There are many advances in all approaches, but lignin-derived polymeric materials appear as a promising option.
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29
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Di Marino D, Shalaby M, Kriescher S, Wessling M. Corrosion of metal electrodes in deep eutectic solvents. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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30
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Den W, Sharma VK, Lee M, Nadadur G, Varma RS. Lignocellulosic Biomass Transformations via Greener Oxidative Pretreatment Processes: Access to Energy and Value-Added Chemicals. Front Chem 2018; 6:141. [PMID: 29755972 PMCID: PMC5934431 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change, principally induced by the large volume of carbon dioxide emission from the global economy driven by fossil fuels, has been observed and scientifically proven as a major threat to civilization. Meanwhile, fossil fuel depletion has been identified as a future challenge. Lignocellulosic biomass in the form of organic residues appears to be the most promising option as renewable feedstock for the generation of energy and platform chemicals. As of today, relatively little bioenergy comes from lignocellulosic biomass as compared to feedstock such as starch and sugarcane, primarily due to high cost of production involving pretreatment steps required to fragment biomass components via disruption of the natural recalcitrant structure of these rigid polymers; low efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of refractory feedstock presents a major challenge. The valorization of lignin and cellulose into energy products or chemical products is contingent on the effectiveness of selective depolymerization of the pretreatment regime which typically involve harsh pyrolytic and solvothermal processes assisted by corrosive acids or alkaline reagents. These unselective methods decompose lignin into many products that may not be energetically or chemically valuable, or even biologically inhibitory. Exploring milder, selective and greener processes, therefore, has become a critical subject of study for the valorization of these materials in the last decade. Efficient alternative activation processes such as microwave- and ultrasound irradiation are being explored as replacements for pyrolysis and hydrothermolysis, while milder options such as advanced oxidative and catalytic processes should be considered as choices to harsher acid and alkaline processes. Herein, we critically abridge the research on chemical oxidative techniques for the pretreatment of lignocellulosics with the explicit aim to rationalize the objectives of the biomass pretreatment step and the problems associated with the conventional processes. The mechanisms of reaction pathways, selectivity and efficiency of end-products obtained using greener processes such as ozonolysis, photocatalysis, oxidative catalysis, electrochemical oxidation, and Fenton or Fenton-like reactions, as applied to depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass are summarized with deliberation on future prospects of biorefineries with greener pretreatment processes in the context of the life cycle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Den
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Virender K. Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Mengshan Lee
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Govind Nadadur
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
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Rauber D, Dier TK, Volmer DA, Hempelmann R. Electrochemical Lignin Degradation in Ionic Liquids on Ternary Mixed Metal Electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-0951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer and a promissing feedstock for the generation of renewable aromatic chemicals. We present an fundamental approach for the electrocatalytic cleavage of lignin dissolved in a recoverable, inexpensive ionic liquid using mixed metal oxide electrodes of different compositions. The distribution of depolymerization products generated by electrochemical oxidation were analyzed by means of mass spectrometry. The distribution and yield of the cracked species was found to depended strongly on the implemented metal catalyst and therefore offers the potential to tailor the amount and composition of the low molecular weight cleavage products. This approach could help to provide a more sustainable valorization of lignin for the potential production of high value aromatic compounds due to synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rauber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Saarland University , Campus B2.2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Transfercentre Sustainable Electrochemistry , Saarland University and KIST Europe , 66125 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Tobias K.F. Dier
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry , Saarland University , Campus B2.2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry , Saarland University , Campus B2.2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Saarland University , Campus B2.2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Transfercentre Sustainable Electrochemistry , Saarland University and KIST Europe , 66125 Saarbrücken , Germany
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