1
|
Balukova A, Bokea K, Barber PR, Ameer-Beg SM, MacRobert AJ, Yaghini E. Cellular Imaging and Time-Domain FLIM Studies of Meso-Tetraphenylporphine Disulfonate as a Photosensitising Agent in 2D and 3D Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4222. [PMID: 38673807 PMCID: PMC11050357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and confocal fluorescence studies of a porphyrin-based photosensitiser (meso-tetraphenylporphine disulfonate: TPPS2a) were evaluated in 2D monolayer cultures and 3D compressed collagen constructs of a human ovarian cancer cell line (HEY). TPPS2a is known to be an effective model photosensitiser for both Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Photochemical Internalisation (PCI). This microspectrofluorimetric study aimed firstly to investigate the uptake and subcellular localisation of TPPS2a, and evaluate the photo-oxidative mechanism using reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation probes combined with appropriate ROS scavengers. Light-induced intracellular redistribution of TPPS2a was observed, consistent with rupture of endolysosomes where the porphyrin localises. Using the same range of light doses, time-lapse confocal imaging permitted observation of PDT-induced generation of ROS in both 2D and 3D cancer models using fluorescence-based ROS together with specific ROS inhibitors. In addition, the use of red light excitation of the photosensitiser to minimise auto-oxidation of the probes was investigated. In the second part of the study, the photophysical properties of TPPS2a in cells were studied using a time-domain FLIM system with time-correlated single photon counting detection. Owing to the high sensitivity and spatial resolution of this system, we acquired FLIM images that enabled the fluorescence lifetime determination of the porphyrin within the endolysosomal vesicles. Changes in the lifetime dynamics upon prolonged illumination were revealed as the vesicles degraded within the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balukova
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK; (A.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Kalliopi Bokea
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK; (A.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Paul R. Barber
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK;
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Simon M. Ameer-Beg
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK; (A.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Elnaz Yaghini
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK; (A.B.); (K.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuzmina NS, Fedotova EA, Jankovic P, Gribova GP, Nyuchev AV, Fedorov AY, Otvagin VF. Enhancing Precision in Photodynamic Therapy: Innovations in Light-Driven and Bioorthogonal Activation. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:479. [PMID: 38675140 PMCID: PMC11053670 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has evolved as a minimally invasive treatment modality offering precise control over cancer and various other diseases. To address inherent challenges associated with PDT, researchers have been exploring two promising avenues: the development of intelligent photosensitizers activated through light-induced energy transfers, charges, or electron transfers, and the disruption of photosensitive bonds. Moreover, there is a growing emphasis on the bioorthogonal delivery or activation of photosensitizers within tumors, enabling targeted deployment and activation of these intelligent photosensitive systems in specific tissues, thus achieving highly precise PDT. This concise review highlights advancements made over the last decade in the realm of light-activated or bioorthogonal photosensitizers, comparing their efficacy and shaping future directions in the advancement of photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexey Yu. Fedorov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Av. 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.S.K.); (E.A.F.); (P.J.); (G.P.G.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Vasilii F. Otvagin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Av. 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.S.K.); (E.A.F.); (P.J.); (G.P.G.); (A.V.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huis in ‘t Veld RV, Heuts J, Ma S, Cruz LJ, Ossendorp FA, Jager MJ. Current Challenges and Opportunities of Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020330. [PMID: 36839652 PMCID: PMC9965442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established, minimally invasive treatment for specific types of cancer. During PDT, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated that ultimately induce cell death and disruption of the tumor area. Moreover, PDT can result in damage to the tumor vasculature and induce the release and/or exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that may initiate an antitumor immune response. However, there are currently several challenges of PDT that limit its widespread application for certain indications in the clinic. METHODS A literature study was conducted to comprehensively discuss these challenges and to identify opportunities for improvement. RESULTS The most notable challenges of PDT and opportunities to improve them have been identified and discussed. CONCLUSIONS The recent efforts to improve the current challenges of PDT are promising, most notably those that focus on enhancing immune responses initiated by the treatment. The application of these improvements has the potential to enhance the antitumor efficacy of PDT, thereby broadening its potential application in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben V. Huis in ‘t Veld
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeroen Heuts
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Sen Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Luis J. Cruz
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry A. Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang W, Choi J, Choi SH, Shin S, Park SM, Lee Y, Seo J. A conjugate of chlorin e6 and cationic amphipathic peptoid: a dual antimicrobial and anticancer photodynamic therapy agent. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 22:655-667. [PMID: 36481980 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cationic amphipathic structures are often utilized in natural membrane-active host-defense peptides. Negatively charged surface membranes of rapidly proliferating bacterial and cancer cells have been targeted by various synthetic peptides and peptidomimetics adopting the structural motif. Herein, we synthesized a set of conjugates composed of cationic amphipathic peptoids (i.e., oligo-N-substituted glycines) and a chlorin photosensitizer, named chlorin e6 (Ce6)-peptoid conjugates (CPCs). Among the nine CPCs, CPC 7, composed of Ce6, a PEG linker, and guanidine-rich helical amphipathic peptoids, exhibited a distinct photoresponsive inactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Subsequent studies showed that CPC 7 effectively killed various cancer cells after irradiation with red light (655 nm), suggesting the potential of CPC 7 as a dual antimicrobial and anticancer agent. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry data suggested that CPC 7 could induce apoptotic cell death. Our results show the potential of peptoid-based photosensitizer conjugates as a versatile platform for antimicrobial and anticancer photodynamic therapy agents and peptoid therapeutics.
Collapse
|
5
|
Imanparast A, Attaran N, Eshghi H, Sazgarnia A. Surface modification of gold nanoparticles with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol to facilitate dual conjugation of protoporphyrin IX and folic acid for improving the targeted photochemical internalization. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:970-979. [PMID: 36159333 PMCID: PMC9464342 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.63622.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Photochemical internalization (PCI) is an important type of photodynamic therapy for delivering macromolecules into the cytosol by the endocytosis process. In this study, 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MH) was used to functionalize the gold nanostructure as a primer for surface modification to improve conjugation of multi-agents such as protoporphyrin IX (Pp-IX) and folic acid with gold nanoparticles (PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP) to facilitate the photochemical internalization. Materials and Methods: After surface modification of AuNPs with MH, PpIX and FA are bonded to the surface of the MH-AuNPs through the coupling reaction to produce the desired conjugated AuNPs. In the next step, the synthesized nanostructures were characterized by different methods. Finally, after selecting specific concentrations, light treatments were applied and cell survival was measured based on MTT analysis. Also, in order to better study the morphology of the cells, they were stained by the Giemsa method. The SPSS 16 software was used for data analysis Results: By surface modification of the nanostructure with MH and then conjugation of FA to it, the incubation time of the drug in PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP was reduced from 3 hr to 30 min. Also, at each light dose, cell death in the presence of PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP was significantly reduced compared with unconjugated conditions (P<0.001). Under these conditions, the ED50 for PpIX and PpIX-MH-AuNP and PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP at a concentration of 2.5 μg/ml is 8.9, 9.1, and 6.17 min, respectively. Conclusion: The results show that the PCI of PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP increases the selective phototoxicity efficiency on cancer cells compared with the conventional process of photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Imanparast
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Neda Attaran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ameneh Sazgarnia
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moreira MIF, Almeida J, Leite A, Lobo Ferreira AIMC, Santos LMNBF, Silva AMG, Rangel M. Ohmic heating-assisted synthesis and characterization of Zn(II), Cu(II) and Pd(II) complexes of heterocyclic-fused chlorins. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3520-3530. [PMID: 35142773 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorins are highly interesting compounds due to their spectroscopic properties in both UV-Vis and NIR regions. Upon coordination to a metal ion, the corresponding metallochlorins exhibit more valuable physicochemical properties that enable a broader range of applications, such as in photodynamic therapy (PDT), water splitting catalysis, optical sensor devices and dye-sensitized solar cells. Synthetic chemistry has been in a continuous quest to fulfil most green chemistry requirements through the development of efficient reactions. Being a heating process that does not depend on heat transfer to the reaction medium, ohmic heating accomplishes the mentioned requirements and allows a fast and uniform heating regime thanks to the ionic conductivity of the reaction medium. Herein, we report the metallation of pyrrolidine- and isoxazolidine-fused chlorins with Zn(II), Cu(II) and Pd(II) salts by ohmic heating, using non-toxic aqueous solutions, and their corresponding physico-chemical characterization. All pyrrolidine-fused chlorins showed higher yields, when compared with isoxazolidine ones. From the thermogravimetric analysis performed it is possible to infer that the metal enhances the steadiness of the macrocycle, making it easier to cause the thermal decomposition of the pyrrolidine- and isoxazolidine-fused chlorins. The Zn(II) complexes showed high absorption in the NIR spectral region, a low fluorescence quantum yield and a short excited singlet state, which indicate the high efficiency of intersystem crossing to the triplet state, making them very promising candidates as photosensitizers for PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I F Moreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Leite
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana I M C Lobo Ferreira
- CIQUP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS) - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís M N B F Santos
- CIQUP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS) - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M G Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aerssens D, Cadoni E, Tack L, Madder A. A Photosensitized Singlet Oxygen ( 1O 2) Toolbox for Bio-Organic Applications: Tailoring 1O 2 Generation for DNA and Protein Labelling, Targeting and Biosensing. Molecules 2022; 27:778. [PMID: 35164045 PMCID: PMC8838016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the excited state of ground, triplet state, molecular oxygen (O2). Photosensitized 1O2 has been extensively studied as one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), responsible for damage of cellular components (protein, DNA, lipids). On the other hand, its generation has been exploited in organic synthesis, as well as in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of various forms of cancer. The aim of this review is to highlight the versatility of 1O2, discussing the main bioorganic applications reported over the past decades, which rely on its production. After a brief introduction on the photosensitized production of 1O2, we will describe the main aspects involving the biologically relevant damage that can accompany an uncontrolled, aspecific generation of this ROS. We then discuss in more detail a series of biological applications featuring 1O2 generation, including protein and DNA labelling, cross-linking and biosensing. Finally, we will highlight the methodologies available to tailor 1O2 generation, in order to accomplish the proposed bioorganic transformations while avoiding, at the same time, collateral damage related to an untamed production of this reactive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (D.A.); (E.C.); (L.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin MHC, Chang LC, Chung CY, Huang WC, Lee MH, Chen KT, Lai PS, Yang JT. Photochemical Internalization of Etoposide Using Dendrimer Nanospheres Loaded with Etoposide and Protoporphyrin IX on a Glioblastoma Cell Line. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111877. [PMID: 34834292 PMCID: PMC8621426 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary neoplasm of the adult central nervous system originating from glial cells. The prognosis of those affected by GBM has remained poor despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a release mechanism of endocytosed therapeutics into the cytoplasm, which relies on the membrane disruptive effect of light-activated photosensitizers. In this study, phototherapy by PCI was performed on a human GBM cell-line using the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide (Etop) and the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) loaded in nanospheres (Ns) made from generation-5 polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM(G5)). The resultant formulation, Etop/PpIX-PAMAM(G5) Ns, measured 217.4 ± 2.9 nm in diameter and 40.5 ± 1.3 mV in charge. Confocal microscopy demonstrated PpIX fluorescence within the endo-lysosomal compartment, and an almost twofold increase in cellular uptake compared to free PpIX by flow cytometry. Phototherapy with 3 min and 5 min light illumination resulted in a greater extent of synergism than with co-administered Etop and PpIX; notably, antagonism was observed without light illumination. Mechanistically, significant increases in oxidative stress and apoptosis were observed with Etop/PpIX-PAMAM(G5) Ns upon 5 min of light illumination in comparison to treatment with either of the agents alone. In conclusion, simultaneous delivery and endo-lysosomal co-localization of Etop and PpIX by PAMAM(G5) Ns leads to a synergistic effect by phototherapy; in addition, the finding of antagonism without light illumination can be advantageous in lowering the dark toxicity and improving photo-selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hsiu-Chu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yen Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Wei-Chao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Ming-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Kuo-Tai Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Tsung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi Branch, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; (M.H.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (W.-C.H.); (M.-H.L.); (K.-T.C.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-5-3621000 (ext. 3412); Fax: +886-5-3621000 (ext. 3002)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nath P, Hamadna SS, Karamchand L, Foster J, Kopelman R, Amar JG, Ray A. Intracellular detection of singlet oxygen using fluorescent nanosensors. Analyst 2021; 146:3933-3941. [PMID: 33982697 PMCID: PMC8210662 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00456e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Detection of singlet oxygen is of great importance for a range of therapeutic applications, particularly photodynamic therapy, plasma therapy and also during photo-endosomolytic activity. Here we present a novel method of intracellular detection of singlet oxygen using biocompatible polymeric nanosensors, encapsulating the organic fluorescent dye, Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green (SOSG) within its hydrophobic core. The singlet oxygen detection efficiency of the nanosensors was quantified experimentally by treating them with a plasma source and these results were further validated by using Monte Carlo simulations. The change in fluorescence intensity of the nanosensors serves as a metric to detect singlet oxygen in the local micro-environment inside mammalian cancer cells. We used these nanosensors for monitoring singlet oxygen inside endosomes and lysosomes of cancer cells, during cold plasma therapy, using a room-temperature Helium plasma jet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peuli Nath
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | | - John Foster
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Raoul Kopelman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacques G Amar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
| | - Aniruddha Ray
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ciaffaglione V, Waghorn PA, Exner RM, Cortezon-Tamarit F, Godfrey SP, Sarpaki S, Quilter H, Dondi R, Ge H, Kociok-Kohn G, Botchway SW, Eggleston IM, Dilworth JR, Pascu SI. Structural Investigations, Cellular Imaging, and Radiolabeling of Neutral, Polycationic, and Polyanionic Functional Metalloporphyrin Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1374-1392. [PMID: 33525868 PMCID: PMC8299459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Over the past decade,
porphyrin derivatives have emerged as invaluable
synthetic building blocks and theranostic kits for the delivery of
cellular fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy. Tetraphenylporphyrin
(TPP), its metal complexes, and related derivatives have been investigated
for their use as dyes in histology and as components of multimodal
imaging probes. The photophysical properties of porphyrin–metal
complexes featuring radiometals have been a focus of our attention
for the realization of fluorescence imaging probes coupled with radioimaging
capabilities and therapeutic potential having “true”
theranostic promise. We report hereby on the synthesis, radiochemistry,
structural investigations, and preliminary in vitro and in vivo uptake studies on a range of functionalized
porphyrin-based derivatives. In pursuit of developing new porphyrin-based
probes for multimodality imaging applications, we report new functionalized
neutral, polycationic, and polyanionic porphyrins incorporating nitroimidazole
and sulfonamide moieties, which were used as targeting groups to improve
the notoriously poor pharmacokinetics of porphyrin tags. The resulting
functional metalloporphyrin species were stable under serum challenges
and the nitroimidazole and sulfonamide derivatives remained fluorescent,
allowing in vitro confocal studies and visualization
of the lysosomal uptake in a gallium(III) sulfonamide derivative.
The molecular structures of selected porphyrin derivatives were determined
by single crystal X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. We
also investigated the nature of the emission/excitation behavior of
model functional porphyrins using in silico approaches
such as TD DFT in simple solvation models. The conjugation of porphyrins
with the [7-13] and [7-14] fragments of bombesin was also achieved,
to provide targeting of the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR).
Depending on the metal, probe conjugates of relevance for single photon
emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography
(PET) probes have been designed and tested hereby, using TPP and related
functional free base porphyrins as the bifunctional chelator synthetic
scaffold and 111In[In] or 68Ga[Ga], respectively,
as the central metal ions. Interestingly, for simple porphyrin conjugates
good radiochemical incorporation was obtained for both radiometals,
but the presence of peptides significantly diminished the radio-incorporation
yields. Although the gallium-68 radiochemistry of the bombesin conjugates
did not show radiochemical incorporation suitable for in vivo studies, likely because the presence of the peptide changed the
behavior of the TPP-NH2 synthon taken alone, the optical
imaging assays indicated that the conjugated peptide tags do mediate
uptake of the porphyrin units into cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ciaffaglione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A Waghorn
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rüdiger M Exner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samuel P Godfrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Sarpaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Quilter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ruggero Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Haobo Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Kohn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Material and Chemical Characterisation (MC2), University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Dilworth
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia I Pascu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tewari KM, Dondi R, Yaghini E, Pourzand C, MacRobert AJ, Eggleston IM. Peptide-targeted dendrimeric prodrugs of 5-aminolevulinic acid: A novel approach towards enhanced accumulation of protoporphyrin IX for photodynamic therapy. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104667. [PMID: 33611140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach for the targeted treatment of cancer and various other human disorders. An effective, clinically approved approach in PDT involves the administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to generate elevated levels of the natural photosensitiser protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). The development of prodrugs of ALA is of considerable interest as a means to enhance the efficiency and cell selectivity of PpIX accumulation for PDT applications. In this work a novel peptide-targeted dendrimeric prodrug of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) 13 was synthesised which displays nine copies of ALA on a core structure that is linked to a homing peptide for targeted delivery to a specific cancer cell type. The synthesis was accomplished effectively via a flexible, modular solid phase and solution phase route, using a combination of solid phase peptide synthesis and copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition chemistry. The prodrug system shows a sustained and enhanced production of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in the MDA-MB-231 cell line that over-expresses the epidernal growth factor receptor (EGFR+) in comparison to equimolar ALA and the corresponding non-targeted ALA dendrimer (nine copies of ALA). This study provides a proof of concept for the development of a new generation of prodrugs for ALA-based photodynamic therapy that can deliver an enhanced ALA payload to specific tissue types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Tewari
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - R Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - E Yaghini
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PE, UK
| | - C Pourzand
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - A J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PE, UK
| | - I M Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Soe TH, Watanabe K, Ohtsuki T. Photoinduced Endosomal Escape Mechanism: A View from Photochemical Internalization Mediated by CPP-Photosensitizer Conjugates. Molecules 2020; 26:E36. [PMID: 33374732 PMCID: PMC7793540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal escape in cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-based drug/macromolecule delivery systems is frequently insufficient. The CPP-fused molecules tend to remain trapped inside endosomes and end up being degraded rather than delivered into the cytosol. One of the methods for endosomal escape of CPP-fused molecules is photochemical internalization (PCI), which is based on the use of light and a photosensitizer and relies on photoinduced endosomal membrane destabilization to release the cargo molecule. Currently, it remains unclear how this delivery strategy behaves after photostimulation. Recent findings, including our studies using CPP-cargo-photosensitizer conjugates, have shed light on the photoinduced endosomal escape mechanism. In this review, we discuss the structural design of CPP-photosensitizer and CPP-cargo-photosensitizer conjugates, and the PCI mechanism underlying their application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tet Htut Soe
- Department of Biotechnology, Mandalay Technological University, Patheingyi, Mandalay 05072, Myanmar;
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shi L, Wu W, Duan Y, Xu L, Xu Y, Hou L, Meng X, Zhu X, Liu B. Light‐Induced Self‐Escape of Spherical Nucleic Acid from Endo/Lysosome for Efficient Non‐Cationic Gene Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Wenbo Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yukun Duan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Lidan Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 639 Zhizaoju Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 639 Zhizaoju Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shi L, Wu W, Duan Y, Xu L, Xu Y, Hou L, Meng X, Zhu X, Liu B. Light-Induced Self-Escape of Spherical Nucleic Acid from Endo/Lysosome for Efficient Non-Cationic Gene Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19168-19174. [PMID: 32686235 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Developing non-cationic gene carriers and achieving efficient endo/lysosome escape of functional nucleic acids in cytosol are two major challenges faced by the field of gene delivery. Herein, we demonstrate the concept of self-escape spherical nucleic acid (SNA) to achieve light controlled non-cationic gene delivery with sufficient endo/lysosome escape capacity. In this system, Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotides (OSAs) were conjugated onto the surface of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer (PS) nanoparticles to form core-shell SNA. Once the SNAs were taken up by tumor cells, and upon light irradiation, the accumulative 1 O2 produced by the AIE PSs ruptured the lysosome structure to promote OSA escape. Prominent in vitro and in vivo results revealed that the AIE-based core-shell SNA could downregulate the anti-apoptosis protein (Bcl-2) and induce tumor cell apoptosis without any transfection reagent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenbo Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yukun Duan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Lidan Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mohammad Hadi L, Yaghini E, MacRobert AJ, Loizidou M. Synergy between Photodynamic Therapy and Dactinomycin Chemotherapy in 2D and 3D Ovarian Cancer Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3203. [PMID: 32366058 PMCID: PMC7247344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we explored the efficacy of combining low dose photodynamic therapy using a porphyrin photosensitiser and dactinomycin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. The studies were carried out on compressed collagen 3D constructs of two human ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and HEY) versus their monolayer counterparts. An amphiphilc photosensitiser was employed, disulfonated tetraphenylporphine, which is not a substrate for ABC efflux transporters that can mediate drug resistance. The combination treatment was shown to be effective in both monolayer and 3D constructs of both cell lines, causing a significant and synergistic reduction in cell viability. Compared to dactinomycin alone or PDT alone, higher cell kill was found using 2D monolayer culture vs. 3D culture for the same doses. In 3D culture, the combination therapy resulted in 10 and 22 times higher cell kill in SKOV3 and HEY cells at the highest light dose compared to dactinomycin monotherapy, and 2.2 and 5.5 times higher cell kill than PDT alone. The combination of low dose PDT and dactinomycin appears to be a promising way to repurpose dactinomycin and widen its therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Layla Mohammad Hadi
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK; (E.Y.); (A.J.M.)
| | | | | | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK; (E.Y.); (A.J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Y, Hu J, Ding A. Synthesis of an anthraquinone-containing polymeric photosensitizer and its application in aerobic photooxidation of thioethers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10661-10665. [PMID: 35492936 PMCID: PMC9050403 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00880j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Work on the synthesis of a polymeric photosensitizer and its application in the photooxidation of thioethers is reported herein. Firstly, the polymeric photosensitizer was designed and synthesized by the reaction of anthraquinone-2-carbonyl chloride (AQ-2-COCl) with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA). Then, the visible light-induced photooxidation of thioethers under aerobic conditions was investigated. The results revealed that the reaction yielded sulfoxides highly chemoselectively in excellent yields with good substrate tolerance. Importantly, AQ-PHEMA could be easily recovered and reused more than 20 times without significant loss of the catalytic activity. Work on the synthesis of a polymeric photosensitizer and its application in the photooxidation of thioethers is reported herein.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China +86-21-31242888 +86-21-55665280
| | - Jianhua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China +86-21-31242888 +86-21-55665280
| | - Aishun Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China +86-21-31249190 +86-21-31249190
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Coupling Chlorin e6 to the surface of Nanoscale Gas Vesicles strongly enhance their intracellular delivery and photodynamic killing of cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2802. [PMID: 32071325 PMCID: PMC7029015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-based nanobubbles such as halophilic archaeabacterial gas vesicles (GVs) represent a new class of stable, homogeneous nanoparticles with acoustic properties that allow them to be visualized by ultrasound (US) waves. To design GVs as theranostic agents, we modified them to respond to light, with a view to locally generate reactive oxygen species that can kill cancer cells. Specifically, up to 60,000 photoreactive chlorin e6 (Ce6) molecules were chemically attached to lysine ε-amino groups present on the surface of each purified Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 GV. The resulting fluorescent NRC-1 Ce6-GVs have dimensions comparable to that of native GVs and were efficiently taken up by human breast [MCF-7] and human hypopharyngeal [FaDu-GFP] cancer cells as monitored by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. When exposed to light, internalized Ce6-GVs were 200-fold more effective on a molar basis than free Ce6 at killing cells. These results demonstrate the potential of Ce6-GVs as novel and promising nanomaterials for image-guided photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Miyoshi Y, Kadono M, Okazaki S, Nishimura A, Kitamatsu M, Watanabe K, Ohtsuki T. Endosomal Escape of Peptide-Photosensitizer Conjugates Is Affected by Amino Acid Sequences near the Photosensitizer. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:916-922. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miyoshi
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Maho Kadono
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ayano Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kitamatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rafique R, Gul AR, Lee IG, Baek SH, Kailasa SK, Iqbal N, Cho EJ, Lee M, Park TJ. Photo-induced reactions for disassembling of coloaded photosensitizer and drug molecules from upconversion-mesoporous silica nanoparticles: An effective synergistic cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110545. [PMID: 32204054 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an emerging noninvasive cancer treatment approach, which requires a photosensitizer (PS), light, and molecular oxygen. In this study, we have successfully fabricated a dual nature (pH- and reactive-oxygen-species-responsive) upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) to utilize coloaded doxorubicin (DOX) and chlorin e6 (Ce6) with high antitumor efficacy. The model anticancer drug (DOX) and PS (Ce6) were conjugated in a ratio of 1:1 (w:w), and then loaded on the surface of UCNPs@mesoporous silica (mSiO2) (85.63 ± 9.87 nm). Cellular uptake could be achieved by either increased permeability or ionic effect of UCNPs@mSiO2, where Ce6 controlled the DOX release under a near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation at 980 nm. A cytotoxicity analysis revealed that the dual-responsive UCNPs@mSiO2 could successfully deliver DOX and Ce6 at the tumor site, causing cell death with a high efficiency. This study shows that the modified UCNPs@mSiO2 is a promising system to realize NIR-light-triggered PS and drug delivery approach to improve synergistic therapies in vitro and in vivo, in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafia Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Anam Rana Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, India
| | - Naeem Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 23-088F, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Synthesis of novel thioxanthone-containing macromolecular photosensitizer and its photocatalytic property. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Amirshaghaghi A, Yan L, Miller J, Daniel Y, Stein JM, Busch TM, Cheng Z, Tsourkas A. Chlorin e6-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle (SPION) Nanoclusters as a Theranostic Agent for Dual-Mode Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2613. [PMID: 30796251 PMCID: PMC6385362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved modality for the treatment of various types of maligancies and diseased states. However, most of the available photosensitizers (PS) are highly hydrophobic, which limits their solubility and dispersion in biological fluids and can lead to self-quenching and sub-optimal therapeutic efficacy. In this study, chlorin e6 (Ce6)-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) nanoclusters (Ce6-SCs) were prepared via an oil-in-water emulsion. The physical-chemical properties of the Ce6-SCs were systematically evaluated. Dual-mode imaging and PDT was subsequently performed in tumor-bearing mice. Chlorin e6 is capable of solubilizing hydrophobic SPION into stable, water-soluble nanoclusters without the use of any additional amphiphiles or carriers. The method is reproducible and the Ce6-SCs are highly stable under physiological conditions. The Ce6-SCs have an average diameter of 92 nm and low polydispersity (average PDI < 0.2). Encapsulation efficiency of both Ce6 and SPION is ≈100%, and the total Ce6 payload can be as high as 56% of the total weight (Ce6 + Fe). The Ce6-SCs localize within tumors via enhanced permeability and retention and are detectable by magnetic resonance (MR) and optical imaging. With PDT, Ce6-SCs demonstrate high singlet oxygen generation and produce a significant delay in tumor growth in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Amirshaghaghi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lesan Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Joann Miller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yonathan Daniel
- Department of Biology, College of Computer, Mathematical, & Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Joel M Stein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhiliang Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yaghini E, Dondi R, Edler KJ, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Eggleston IM. Codelivery of a cytotoxin and photosensitiser via a liposomal nanocarrier: a novel strategy for light-triggered cytosolic release. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:20366-20376. [PMID: 30376028 PMCID: PMC6251340 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal entrapment is a key issue for the intracellular delivery of many nano-sized biotherapeutics to their cytosolic or nuclear targets. Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a novel light-based solution that can be used to trigger the endosomal escape of a range of bioactive agents into the cytosol leading to improved efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical studies. PCI typically depends upon the endolysosomal colocalisation of the bioactive agent with a suitable photosensitiser that is administered separately. In this study we demonstrate that both these components may be combined for codelivery via a novel multifunctional liposomal nanocarrier, with a corresponding increase in the biological efficacy of the encapsulated agent. As proof of concept, we show here that the cytotoxicity of the 30 kDa protein toxin, saporin, in MC28 fibrosarcoma cells is significantly enhanced when delivered via a cell penetrating peptide (CPP)-modified liposome, with the CPP additionally functionalised with a photosensitiser that is targeted to endolysosomal membranes. This innovation opens the way for the efficient delivery of a range of biotherapeutics by the PCI approach, incorporating a clinically proven liposome delivery platform and using bioorthogonal ligation chemistries to append photosensitisers and peptides of choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Yaghini
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Ruggero Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Ian M. Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hadi LM, Yaghini E, Stamati K, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ. Therapeutic enhancement of a cytotoxic agent using photochemical internalisation in 3D compressed collagen constructs of ovarian cancer. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:80-92. [PMID: 30267880 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a method for enhancing delivery of drugs to their intracellular target sites of action. In this study we investigated the efficacy of PCI using a porphyrin photosensitiser and a cytotoxic agent on spheroid and non-spheroid compressed collagen 3D constructs of ovarian cancer versus conventional 2D culture. The therapeutic responses of two human carcinoma cell lines (SKOV3 and HEY) were compared using a range of assays including optical imaging. The treatment was shown to be effective in non-spheroid constructs of both cell lines causing a significant and synergistic reduction in cell viability measured at 48 or 96 h post-illumination. In the larger spheroid constructs, PCI was still effective but required higher saporin and photosensitiser doses. Moreover, in contrast to the 2D and non-spheroid experiments, where comparable efficacy was found for the two cell lines, HEY spheroid constructs were found to be more susceptible to PCI and a lower dose of saporin could be used. PCI treatment was observed to induce death principally by apoptosis in the 3D constructs compared to the mostly necrotic cell death caused by PDT. At low oxygen levels (1%) both PDT and PCI were significantly less effective in the constructs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Assessment of new drugs or delivery systems for cancer therapy prior to conducting in vivo studies often relies on the use of conventional 2D cell culture, however 3D cancer constructs can provide more physiologically relevant information owing to their 3D architecture and the presence of an extracellular matrix. This study investigates the efficacy of Photochemical Internalisation mediated drug delivery in 3D constructs. In 3D cultures, both oxygen and drug delivery to the cells are limited by diffusion through the extracellular matrix unlike 2D models, and in our model we have used compressed collagen constructs where the density of collagen mimics physiological values. These 3D constructs are therefore well suited to studying drug delivery using PCI. Our study highlights the potential of these constructs for identifying differences in therapeutic response to PCI of two ovarian carcinoma lines.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kruger CA, Abrahamse H. Utilisation of Targeted Nanoparticle Photosensitiser Drug Delivery Systems for the Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:E2628. [PMID: 30322132 PMCID: PMC6222717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer incidence world-wide has caused an increase in the demand for effective forms of treatment. One unconventional form of treatment for cancer is photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT has 3 fundamental factors, namely a photosensitiser (PS) drug, light and oxygen. When a PS drug is administered to a patient, it can either passively or actively accumulate within a tumour site and once exposed to a specific wavelength of light, it is excited to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in tumour destruction. However, the efficacy of ROS generation for tumour damage is highly dependent on the uptake of the PS in tumour cells. Thus, PS selective/targeted uptake and delivery in tumour cells is a crucial factor in PDT cancer drug absorption studies. Generally, within non-targeted drug delivery mechanisms, only minor amounts of PS are able to passively accumulate in tumour sites (due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect) and the remainder distributes into healthy tissues, causing unwanted side effects and poor treatment prognosis. Thus, to improve the efficacy of PDT cancer treatment, research is currently focused on the development of specific receptor-based PS-nanocarrier platform drugs, which promote the active uptake and absorption of PS drugs in tumour sites only, avoiding unwanted side effects, as well as treatment enhancement. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to focus on current actively targeted or passively delivered PS nanoparticle drug delivery systems, that have been previously investigated for the PDT treatment of cancer and so to deduce their overall efficacy and recent advancements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Ann Kruger
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2001, South Africa.
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Gobbo
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadova35131 Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padova UnitPadova35131 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mirabello V, Cortezon-Tamarit F, Pascu SI. Oxygen Sensing, Hypoxia Tracing and in Vivo Imaging with Functional Metalloprobes for the Early Detection of Non-communicable Diseases. Front Chem 2018; 6:27. [PMID: 29527524 PMCID: PMC5829448 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia has been identified as one of the hallmarks of tumor environments and a prognosis factor in many cancers. The development of ideal chemical probes for imaging and sensing of hypoxia remains elusive. Crucial characteristics would include a measurable response to subtle variations of pO2 in living systems and an ability to accumulate only in the areas of interest (e.g., targeting hypoxia tissues) whilst exhibiting kinetic stabilities in vitro and in vivo. A sensitive probe would comprise platforms for applications in imaging and therapy for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) relying on sensitive detection of pO2. Just a handful of probes for the in vivo imaging of hypoxia [mainly using positron emission tomography (PET)] have reached the clinical research stage. Many chemical compounds, whilst presenting promising in vitro results as oxygen-sensing probes, are facing considerable disadvantages regarding their general application in vivo. The mechanisms of action of many hypoxia tracers have not been entirely rationalized, especially in the case of metallo-probes. An insight into the hypoxia selectivity mechanisms can allow an optimization of current imaging probes candidates and this will be explored hereby. The mechanistic understanding of the modes of action of coordination compounds under oxygen concentration gradients in living cells allows an expansion of the scope of compounds toward in vivo applications which, in turn, would help translate these into clinical applications. We summarize hereby some of the recent research efforts made toward the discovery of new oxygen sensing molecules having a metal-ligand core. We discuss their applications in vitro and/or in vivo, with an appreciation of a plethora of molecular imaging techniques (mainly reliant on nuclear medicine techniques) currently applied in the detection and tracing of hypoxia in the preclinical and clinical setups. The design of imaging/sensing probe for early-stage diagnosis would longer term avoid invasive procedures providing platforms for therapy monitoring in a variety of NCDs and, particularly, in cancers.
Collapse
|