1
|
Mayer A, Li J, McLaughlin G, Gladfelter A, Roper M. Mitigating transcription noise via protein sharing in syncytial cells. Biophys J 2024; 123:968-978. [PMID: 38459697 PMCID: PMC11052695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bursty transcription allows nuclei to concentrate the work of transcribing mRNA into short, intermittent intervals, potentially reducing transcriptional interference. However, bursts of mRNA production can increase noise in protein abundances. Here, we formulate models for gene expression in syncytia, or multinucleate cells, showing that protein abundance noise may be mitigated locally via spatial averaging of diffuse proteins. Our modeling shows a universal reduction in protein noise, which increases with the average number of nuclei per cell and persists even when the number of nuclei is itself a random variable. Experimental data comparing distributions of a cyclin mRNA that is conserved between brewer's yeast and a closely related filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii confirm that syncytism is permissive of greater levels of transcriptional noise. Our findings suggest that division of transcriptional labor between nuclei allows syncytia to sidestep tradeoffs between efficiency and precision of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mayer
- Department of Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Grace McLaughlin
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Biology, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amy Gladfelter
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marcus Roper
- Department of Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Department of Computational Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Latgé JP. Cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus: Variability and response to stress. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1259-1266. [PMID: 37495316 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The fungal cell is surrounded by a thick cell wall which obviously play an essential role in the protection of the fungus against external aggressive environments. In spite of 50 years of studies, the cell wall remains poorly known and especially its constant modifications during growth as well as environmental changes is not well appreciated. This review focus on the cell wall changes seen between different fungal stages and cell populations with a specific view to explain the resistance to stresses.
Collapse
|
3
|
Songster LD, Bhuyan D, Christensen JR, Reck-Peterson SL. Woronin body hitchhiking on early endosomes is dispensable for septal localization in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br9. [PMID: 37017489 PMCID: PMC10295486 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning of organelles depends on their intracellular localization, mediated by motor protein-dependent transport on cytoskeletal tracks. Rather than directly associating with a motor protein, peroxisomes move by hitchhiking on motile early endosomes in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. However, the physiological role of peroxisome hitchhiking is unclear. Peroxisome hitchhiking requires the protein PxdA, which is conserved within the fungal subphylum Pezizomycotina but absent from other fungal clades. Woronin bodies are specialized peroxisomes that are also unique to the Pezizomycotina. In these fungi, multinucleate hyphal segments are separated by incomplete cell walls called septa that possess a central pore enabling cytoplasmic exchange. Upon damage to a hyphal segment, Woronin bodies plug septal pores to prevent widespread leakage. Here, we tested whether peroxisome hitchhiking is important for Woronin body motility, distribution, and function in A. nidulans. We show that Woronin body proteins are present within all motile peroxisomes and hitchhike on PxdA-labeled early endosomes during bidirectional, long-distance movements. Loss of peroxisome hitchhiking significantly affected Woronin body distribution and motility in the cytoplasm, but Woronin body hitchhiking is ultimately dispensable for septal localization and plugging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia D. Songster
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Devahuti Bhuyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jenna R. Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Samara L. Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roth MG, Westrick NM, Baldwin TT. Fungal biotechnology: From yesterday to tomorrow. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1135263. [PMID: 37746125 PMCID: PMC10512358 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1135263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have been used to better the lives of everyday people and unravel the mysteries of higher eukaryotic organisms for decades. However, comparing progress and development stemming from fungal research to that of human, plant, and bacterial research, fungi remain largely understudied and underutilized. Recent commercial ventures have begun to gain popularity in society, providing a new surge of interest in fungi, mycelia, and potential new applications of these organisms to various aspects of research. Biotechnological advancements in fungal research cannot occur without intensive amounts of time, investments, and research tool development. In this review, we highlight past breakthroughs in fungal biotechnology, discuss requirements to advance fungal biotechnology even further, and touch on the horizon of new breakthroughs with the highest potential to positively impact both research and society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G. Roth
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Nathaniel M. Westrick
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thomas T. Baldwin
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Songster LD, Bhuyan D, Christensen JR, Reck-Peterson SL. Woronin bodies move dynamically and bidirectionally by hitchhiking on early endosomes in Aspergillus nidulans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524968. [PMID: 36711994 PMCID: PMC9882315 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The proper functioning of organelles depends on their intracellular localization, mediated by motor protein-dependent transport on cytoskeletal tracks. Rather than directly associating with a motor protein, peroxisomes move by hitchhiking on motile early endosomes in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans . However, the cellular function of peroxisome hitchhiking is unclear. Peroxisome hitchhiking requires the protein PxdA, which is conserved within the fungal subphylum Pezizomycotina, but absent from other fungal clades. Woronin bodies are specialized peroxisomes that are also unique to the Pezizomycotina. In these fungi, multinucleate hyphal segments are separated by incomplete cell walls called septa that possess a central pore enabling cytoplasmic exchange. Upon damage to a hyphal segment, Woronin bodies plug septal pores to prevent wide-spread leakage. Here, we tested if peroxisome hitchhiking is important for Woronin body motility, distribution, and function in A. nidulans . We show that Woronin body proteins are present within all motile peroxisomes and hitchhike on PxdA-labeled early endosomes during bidirectional, long-distance movements. Loss of peroxisome hitchhiking by knocking out pxdA significantly affected Woronin body distribution and motility in the cytoplasm, but Woronin body hitchhiking is ultimately dispensable for septal localization and plugging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia D. Songster
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Devahuti Bhuyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jenna R. Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to JRC () or SLR-P ()
| | - Samara L. Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to JRC () or SLR-P ()
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ijadpanahsaravi M, Teertstra WR, Wösten HAB. Inter- and intra-species heterogeneity in germination of Aspergillus conidia. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:1151-1164. [PMID: 35857156 PMCID: PMC9363317 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aspergilli are among the most abundant fungi worldwide. They degrade organic material and can be pathogens of plants and animals. Aspergilli spread by forming high numbers of conidia. Germination of these stress resistant asexual spores is characterized by a swelling and a germ tube stage. Here, we show that conidia of Aspergillusniger,Aspergillusoryzae,Aspergillusclavatus, Aspergillusnidulans and Aspergillusterreus show different swelling and germ tube formation dynamics in pure water or in water supplemented with (in)organic nutrients. Apart from inter-species heterogeneity, intra-species heterogeneity was observed within spore populations of the aspergilli except for A.terreus. Sub-populations of conidia differing in size and/or contrast showed different swelling and germ tube formation dynamics. Together, data imply that aspergilli differ in their competitive potential depending on the substrate. Moreover, results suggest that intra-species heterogeneity provides a bet hedging mechanism to optimize survival of aspergilli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ijadpanahsaravi
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wieke R. Teertstra
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Han A. B. Wösten
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lübeck M, Lübeck PS. Fungal Cell Factories for Efficient and Sustainable Production of Proteins and Peptides. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040753. [PMID: 35456803 PMCID: PMC9025306 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are a large and diverse taxonomically group of microorganisms found in all habitats worldwide. They grow as a network of cells called hyphae. Since filamentous fungi live in very diverse habitats, they produce different enzymes to degrade material for their living, for example hydrolytic enzymes to degrade various kinds of biomasses. Moreover, they produce defense proteins (antimicrobial peptides) and proteins for attaching surfaces (hydrophobins). Many of them are easy to cultivate in different known setups (submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation) and their secretion of proteins and enzymes are often much larger than what is seen from yeast and bacteria. Therefore, filamentous fungi are in many industries the preferred production hosts of different proteins and enzymes. Edible fungi have traditionally been used as food, such as mushrooms or in fermented foods. New trends are to use edible fungi to produce myco-protein enriched foods. This review gives an overview of the different kinds of proteins, enzymes, and peptides produced by the most well-known fungi used as cell factories for different purposes and applications. Moreover, we describe some of the challenges that are important to consider when filamentous fungi are optimized as efficient cell factories.
Collapse
|
8
|
Herman K, Bleichrodt R. Go with the flow: mechanisms driving water transport during vegetative growth and fruiting. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
9
|
Beasley AE, Ayres P, Tegelaar M, Tsompanas MA, Adamatzky A. On electrical gates on fungal colony. Biosystems 2021; 209:104507. [PMID: 34403720 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycelium networks are promising substrates for designing unconventional computing devices providing rich topologies and geometries where signals propagate and interact. Fulfilling our long-term objectives of prototyping electrical analog computers from living mycelium networks, including networks hybridised with nanoparticles, we explore the possibility of implementing Boolean logical gates based on electrical properties of fungal colonies. We converted a 3D image-data stack of Aspergillus niger fungal colony to an Euclidean graph and modelled the colony as resistive and capacitive (RC) networks, where electrical parameters of edges were functions of the edges' lengths. We found that and, or and and-not gates are implementable in RC networks derived from the geometrical structure of the real fungal colony.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Beasley
- Centre for Engineering Research, University of Hertfordshire, UK; Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, UK
| | - Phil Ayres
- The Centre for Information Technology and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Tegelaar
- Microbiology Department, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu P, Wang S, Li C, Zhuang Y, Xia J, Noorman H. Dynamic response of Aspergillus niger to periodical glucose pulse stimuli in chemostat cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2265-2282. [PMID: 33666237 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In industrial large-scale bioreactors, microorganisms encounter heterogeneous substrate concentration conditions, which can impact growth or product formation. Here we carried out an extended (12 h) experiment of repeated glucose pulsing with a 10-min period to simulate fluctuating glucose concentrations with Aspergillus niger producing glucoamylase, and investigated its dynamic response by rapid sampling and quantitative metabolomics. The 10-min period represents worst-case conditions, as in industrial bioreactors the average cycling duration is usually in the order of 1 min. We found that cell growth and the glucoamylase productivity were not significantly affected, despite striking metabolomic dynamics. Periodical dynamic responses were found across all central carbon metabolism pathways, with different time scales, and the frequently reported ATP paradox was confirmed for this A. niger strain under the dynamic conditions. A thermodynamics analysis revealed that several reactions of the central carbon metabolism remained in equilibrium even under periodical dynamic conditions. The dynamic response profiles of the intracellular metabolites did not change during the pulse exposure, showing no significant adaptation of the strain to the more than 60 perturbation cycles applied. The apparent high tolerance of the glucoamylase producing A. niger strain for extreme variations in the glucose availability presents valuable information for the design of robust industrial microbial hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianye Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Henk Noorman
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Mela AP, Rico-Ramírez AM, Glass NL. Syncytia in Fungi. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102255. [PMID: 33050028 PMCID: PMC7600787 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi typically grow as interconnected multinucleate syncytia that can be microscopic to many hectares in size. Mechanistic details and rules that govern the formation and function of these multinucleate syncytia are largely unexplored, including details on syncytial morphology and the regulatory controls of cellular and molecular processes. Recent discoveries have revealed various adaptations that enable fungal syncytia to accomplish coordinated behaviors, including cell growth, nuclear division, secretion, communication, and adaptation of the hyphal network for mixing nuclear and cytoplasmic organelles. In this review, we highlight recent studies using advanced technologies to define rules that govern organizing principles of hyphal and colony differentiation, including various aspects of nuclear and mitochondrial cooperation versus competition. We place these findings into context with previous foundational literature and present still unanswered questions on mechanistic aspects, function, and morphological diversity of fungal syncytia across the fungal kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Mela
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.P.M.); (A.M.R.-R.)
| | - Adriana M. Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.P.M.); (A.M.R.-R.)
| | - N. Louise Glass
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.P.M.); (A.M.R.-R.)
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: cellular, genomic and metabolic complexity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1198-1232. [PMID: 32301582 PMCID: PMC7539958 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The question of how phenotypic and genomic complexity are inter-related and how they are shaped through evolution is a central question in biology that historically has been approached from the perspective of animals and plants. In recent years, however, fungi have emerged as a promising alternative system to address such questions. Key to their ecological success, fungi present a broad and diverse range of phenotypic traits. Fungal cells can adopt many different shapes, often within a single species, providing them with great adaptive potential. Fungal cellular organizations span from unicellular forms to complex, macroscopic multicellularity, with multiple transitions to higher or lower levels of cellular complexity occurring throughout the evolutionary history of fungi. Similarly, fungal genomes are very diverse in their architecture. Deep changes in genome organization can occur very quickly, and these phenomena are known to mediate rapid adaptations to environmental changes. Finally, the biochemical complexity of fungi is huge, particularly with regard to their secondary metabolites, chemical products that mediate many aspects of fungal biology, including ecological interactions. Herein, we explore how the interplay of these cellular, genomic and metabolic traits mediates the emergence of complex phenotypes, and how this complexity is shaped throughout the evolutionary history of Fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010BarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feldman D, Yarden O, Hadar Y. Seeking the Roles for Fungal Small-Secreted Proteins in Affecting Saprophytic Lifestyles. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:455. [PMID: 32265881 PMCID: PMC7105643 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small secreted proteins (SSPs) comprise 40–60% of the total fungal secretome and are present in fungi of all phylogenetic groups, representing the entire spectrum of lifestyles. They are characteristically shorter than 300 amino acids in length and have a signal peptide. The majority of SSPs are coded by orphan genes, which lack known domains or similarities to known protein sequences. Effectors are a group of SSPs that have been investigated extensively in fungi that interact with living hosts, either pathogens or mutualistic systems. They are involved in suppressing the host defense response and altering its physiology. Here, we aim to delineate some of the potential roles of SSPs in saprotrophic fungi, that have been bioinformatically predicted as effectors, and termed in this mini-review as “effector-like” proteins. The effector-like Ssp1 from the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus is presented as a case study, and its potential role in regulating the ligninolytic system, secondary metabolism, development, and fruiting body initiation are discussed. We propose that deciphering the nature of effector-like SSPs will contribute to our understanding of development and communication in saprophytic fungi, as well as help, to elucidate the origin, regulation, and mechanisms of fungal-host, fungal-fungal, and fungal-bacterial interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Feldman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The R.H. Smith Faculty Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The R.H. Smith Faculty Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The R.H. Smith Faculty Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The PoV mycovirus affects extracellular enzyme expression and fruiting body yield in the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1094. [PMID: 31974404 PMCID: PMC6978373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isogenic virus-cured and virus-infected fungal strains were previously obtained and compared to investigate mycoviral diseases and, specifically, the influence of viral infection on the vegetative growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. The present study demonstrated that infection with mycovirus PoV-ASI2792 (PoV) caused phenotypic and physiological changes in fungal cells and mycelia. The microscopically determined growth rate of the virus-infected strain was lower than that of the virus-cured strain, due to the conglomerate phenomenon during the mycelial growth process. An exploration of the viral effects of PoV on fruiting bodies yield showed significantly lower than that on virus-cured P. ostreatus. A colorimetric assay of polyphenol oxidase activity in the strains showed very weak activity in the virus-infected strain. To estimate the activity levels of enzymes related to the growth and fruiting body formation, the relative expression levels of genes encoding various extracellular enzymes such as Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes) were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The expression levels of the assayed genes were significantly lower in virus-infected than in virus-cured P. ostreatus. Together, these results indicate that PoV infection affects the spawn growth and fruiting body formation of P. ostreatus via decreased expression and activity of some extracellular enzymes including lignocellulolytic enzymes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Apical but not sub-apical hyphal compartments are self-sustaining in growth. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:697-706. [PMID: 31919791 PMCID: PMC7138781 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It was recently demonstrated that apical compartments of Aspergillus niger hyphae are self-sustaining in growth. This was shown by assessing the growth rate of individual hyphae before and after dissection of the second compartment. Using the same methodology, it is here demonstrated that single apical compartments of the septate fungi Penicillium chrysogenum and Schizophyllum commune as well as the 500-µm-apical region of the non-septate fungus Rhizopus stolonifer are also self-sustaining in growth. In contrast, single 2nd compartments (obtained by dissection of the first and third compartment) of the septate fungi or the region between 500 and 1000 µm from tips of R. stolonifer were severely impacted in their growth rate. In addition, it is shown that existing or newly formed branches originating from the 2nd compartments function as a backup system for hyphal growth when the apical part of the hypha of the three studied fungi is damaged. Together, it is concluded that the apical compartments/zones of the studied fungi are self-sustaining in growth. In contrast, the subapical region is not self-sustaining but functions as a backup once the apical zone is damaged. This back up system is relevant in nature because the apices of hyphae are the first to be exposed to (a)biotic stress conditions when entering an unexplored substrate.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic fungus; its primary habitat is the soil. In its ecological niche, the fungus has learned how to adapt and proliferate in hostile environments. This capacity has helped the fungus to resist and survive against human host defenses and, further, to be responsible for one of the most devastating lung infections in terms of morbidity and mortality. In this review, we will provide (i) a description of the biological cycle of A. fumigatus; (ii) a historical perspective of the spectrum of aspergillus disease and the current epidemiological status of these infections; (iii) an analysis of the modes of immune response against Aspergillus in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients; (iv) an understanding of the pathways responsible for fungal virulence and their host molecular targets, with a specific focus on the cell wall; (v) the current status of the diagnosis of different clinical syndromes; and (vi) an overview of the available antifungal armamentarium and the therapeutic strategies in the clinical context. In addition, the emergence of new concepts, such as nutritional immunity and the integration and rewiring of multiple fungal metabolic activities occurring during lung invasion, has helped us to redefine the opportunistic pathogenesis of A. fumigatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Latgé
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tegelaar M, Bleichrodt RJ, Nitsche B, Ram AFJ, Wösten HAB. Subpopulations of hyphae secrete proteins or resist heat stress in Aspergillus oryzae colonies. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:447-455. [PMID: 31736205 PMCID: PMC6972715 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyphae at the outer part of colonies of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae are heterogeneous with respect to transcriptional and translational activity. This heterogeneity is maintained by Woronin body mediated closure of septal pores that block interhyphal mixing of cytoplasm. Indeed, heterogeneity between hyphae is abolished in ΔhexA strains that lack Woronin bodies. The subpopulation of hyphae with high transcriptional and translational activity secretes enzymes that degrade the substrate resulting in breakdown products that serve as nutrients. The role of hyphae with low transcriptional and translational activity was not yet known. Here, we show that this subpopulation is more resistant to environmental stress in A. oryzae, in particular to temperature stress, when compared to hyphae with high transcriptional and translational activity. Notably, all hyphae of the ΔhexA strain of A. oryzae were sensitive to heat stress explained by the reduced heterogeneity in this strain. Together, we show that different subpopulations of hypha secrete proteins and resist heat stress showing the complexity of a fungal mycelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tegelaar
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Benjamin Nitsche
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Filamentous fungi for the production of enzymes, chemicals and materials. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 59:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
20
|
Zacchetti B, Wösten HA, Claessen D. Multiscale heterogeneity in filamentous microbes. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2138-2149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
21
|
|